Normalization process model: Difference between revisions

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The '''Normalizationnormalization process model''' is a sociological model, developed by [[Carl R. May]], that describes the adoption of new technologies in health care. The model provides framework for process evaluation using three components{{snd}}actors, objects, and contexts{{snd}}that are compared across four constructs: Interactional workability, relational integration, skill-set workability, and contextual integration. This model helped build the [[Normalizationnormalization process theory]].

== Development ==

The normalization process model is a [[theory]] that explains how new technologies are embedded in health care work.<ref>May, C. 2006. "A rational model for assessing and evaluating complex interventions in health care." BMC Health Services Research 6: 1-11.[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/6/86].</ref> The model was developed by [[Carl R. May]] and co-workers,<ref>Finch, T. L., F. S. Mair, and C. R. May. 2007. "Teledermatology in the UK: lessons in service innovation." British Journal of Dermatology 156: 521-527; May, C., M. Mort, T. Williams, F.S. Mair, and L. Gask. 2003a. "Health Technology Assessment in its local contexts: studies of telehealthcare." Social Science and Medicine 57: 697-710; May, C.R., R. Harrison, T. Finch, A. MacFarlane, F.S. Mair, and P. Wallace. 2003b. "Understanding the normalization of telemedicine services through qualitative evaluation." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 10: 596-604.</ref> and is an empirically derived [[grounded theory]] in [[medical sociology]] and [[science and technology studies]] (STS), based on [[qualitative methods]]. Carl May developed the model after he appeared as a witness at a [[British House of Commons]] Health Committee Inquiry on New Medical Technologies in the NHS in 2005.<ref>House of Commons Health Committee. (2005) Inquiry on New Medical Technologies in the NHS. [http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/398/39802.htm]</ref> He asked how new technologies became routinely embedded, and taken-for-granted, in everyday work, in view of the increasing corporate [[organization]] and [[regulation]] of [[healthcare]].<ref>May, C. 2007. "The clinical encounter and the problem of context." Sociology 41: 29-45.</ref> The model explains embedding by looking at the work that people do to make it possible.

The model is a theory in sociology that fits well with macro approaches to [[innovation]] like the [[diffusion of innovations]] theory developed by [[Everett Rogers]]. Although the normalization process model is limited in scope to [[healthcare]] settings<ref>May C, T Finch, FS Mair, L Ballini, C Dowrick, et al. 2007a. "Understanding the implementation of complex interventions in health care: the Normalization Process Model." BMC Health Services Research [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/148]</ref> recent work by May and colleagues has led to the development of [[normalization process theory]], which presents a general sociological theory of implementation and integration of technological and organizational innovations.<ref>May, C., Finch, T., 2009. Implementation, embedding, and integration: an outline of Normalization Process Theory. Sociology. In Press.</ref><ref>May, C., Innovation and Implementation in Health Technology: Normalizing Telemedicine. In: J. Gabe, M. Calnan, Eds.), The New Sociology of the Health Service. Routledge, London, 2009.</ref><ref>May, C., Mundane Medicine, Therapeutic Relationships, and the Clinical Encounter.’ In (eds.) In: B. Pescosolido, et al., Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Health, Illness, and Healing: A Blueprint for the 21st Century. Springer, New York, 2009.</ref> Normalization process theory has now superseded the more limited normalization process model.