Content deleted Content added
No edit summary Tags: Reverted Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
m →Implementations: HTTP to HTTPS for Cornell University |
||
(22 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Algorithm}}
[[File:Simple symmetric encryption-en.
'''
== Types ==
Line 11:
== Implementations ==
Examples of popular symmetric-key algorithms include [[Twofish]], [[Serpent (cipher)|Serpent]], [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] (Rijndael), [[Camellia (cipher)|Camellia]], [[Salsa20]], [[ChaCha20]], [[Blowfish (cipher)|Blowfish]], [[CAST5]], [[Kuznyechik]], [[RC4]], [[Data Encryption Standard|DES]], [[Triple DES|3DES]], [[Skipjack (cipher)|Skipjack]], [[
== Use as a cryptographic primitive ==
Line 30:
Symmetric ciphers have historically been susceptible to [[known-plaintext attack]]s, [[chosen-plaintext attack]]s, [[differential cryptanalysis]] and [[linear cryptanalysis]]. Careful construction of the functions for each [[Round (cryptography)|round]] can greatly reduce the chances of a successful attack.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} It is also possible to increase the key length or the rounds in the encryption process to better protect against attack. This, however, tends to increase the processing power and decrease the speed at which the process runs due to the amount of operations the system needs to do.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hack proofing your network|date=2002|publisher=Syngress|author=David R. Mirza Ahmad |author2=Ryan Russell|isbn=1-932266-18-6|edition=2nd |___location=Rockland, MA|pages=165–203|oclc=51564102}}</ref>
Most modern symmetric-key algorithms appear to be resistant to the threat of [[post-quantum cryptography]].<ref name="djb-intro">{{cite book |author=Daniel J. Bernstein |title=Post-Quantum Cryptography |year=2009 |chapter=Introduction to post-quantum cryptography |author-link=Daniel J. Bernstein |chapter-url=http://www.pqcrypto.org/www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783540887010-c1.pdf}}</ref> [[Quantum computing|Quantum computers]] would exponentially increase the speed at which these ciphers can be decoded; notably, [[Grover's algorithm]] would take the square-root of the time traditionally required for a [[brute-force attack]], although these vulnerabilities can be compensated for by doubling key length.<ref name="djb-groverr">{{cite journal |author=Daniel J. Bernstein |author-link=Daniel J. Bernstein |date=2010-03-03 |title=Grover vs. McEliece |url=http://cr.yp.to/codes/grovercode-20100303.pdf}}</ref> For example, a 128 bit AES cipher would not be secure against such an attack as it would reduce the time required to test all possible iterations from over 10 quintillion years to about six months. By contrast, it would still take a quantum computer the same amount of time to decode a 256 bit AES cipher as it would a conventional computer to decode a 128 bit AES cipher.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Lamont |date=2011-03-21 |title=The Clock Is Ticking for Encryption |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2550008/the-clock-is-ticking-for-encryption.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Computerworld |language=en}}</ref> For this reason, AES-256 is believed to be "quantum resistant".<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Dan |date=2022-04-29 |title=AES-256 joins the quantum resistance |url=https://www.fierceelectronics.com/electronics/aes-256-joins-quantum-resistance |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Fierce Electronics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |
== Key management ==
Line 36:
== Key establishment ==
{{ main |
Symmetric-key algorithms require both the sender and the recipient of a message to have the same secret key. All early cryptographic systems required either the sender or the recipient to somehow receive a copy of that secret key over a physically secure channel.
Line 50:
"it is vital that the secret keys be generated from an unpredictable random-number source."
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |
</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.webhosting.uk.com/blog/symmetric-cryptography/ |title = Symmetric Cryptography |publisher = James |date = 2006-03-11 }}</ref>
Line 111:
* [[Vatsyayana cipher]]
The majority of all modern ciphers can be classified as either a [[stream cipher]], most of which use a reciprocal [[XOR cipher]] combiner, or a [[block cipher]], most of which use a [[Feistel cipher]] or [[Lai–Massey scheme]] with a reciprocal transformation in each round.
==Notes==
|