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The '''α-algorithm''' or '''α-miner''' is an algorithm used in [[process mining]], aimed at reconstructing causality from a set of [[sequence of events|sequences of events]].

{{Short description|Alpha algorithm does so by examining causal relationships observed between tasks. For example, one specific task might always precede another specific task in every execution trace, which would be useful information by Md Wasif Bin Hafiz}}<!--- not to be confused with alpha-beta or with alpha-shapes --->

It was first put forward by [[Wil van der Aalst|van der Aalst]], Weijters and Măruşter.<ref>van der Aalst, W M P and Weijters, A J M M and Maruster, L (2004). "Workflow Mining: Discovering process models from event logs", ''IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering'', vol 16</ref> The goal of Alpha miner is to convert the event log into a workflow-net based on the relations between various activities in the event log. An event log is a multi-set of traces, and a trace is a sequence of activity names. Several extensions or modifications of it have since been presented, which will be listed below.

The '''α-algorithm''' is an algorithm used in [[process mining]], aimed at reconstructing causality from a set of [[sequence of events|sequences of events]].

It was first put forward by [[Wil van der Aalst|van der Aalst]], Weijters and Măruşter.<ref>van der Aalst, W M P and Weijters, A J M M and Maruster, L (2004). "Workflow Mining: Discovering process models from event logs", ''IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering'', vol 16</ref> Several extensions or modifications of it have since been presented, which will be listed below.

Alpha miner was the first [[Business process discovery|process discovery]] algorithm ever proposed, and it gives a good overview of the aim of process discovery and how various activities within the process are executed. Alpha miner was also the basis for the development of many other process mining techniques such as [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229124308_Process_Mining_with_the_Heuristics_Miner-algorithm heuristic miner], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220783863_Genetic_Process_Mining genetic mining] was developed based on the idea alpha miner is built on.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=van der Aalst|first1=W.|last2=Weijters|first2=T.|last3=Maruster|first3=L.|date=September 2004|title=Workflow mining: discovering process models from event logs|journal=IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering|volume=16|issue=9|pages=1128–1142|doi=10.1109/TKDE.2004.47|bibcode=2004IDSO...16.1128V |s2cid=5282914 |issn=1558-2191}}</ref>

It constructs [[petri nets|P/T nets]] with special properties ([[workflow net]]s) from event logs (as might be collected by an [[Enterprise resource planning|ERP]] system). Each transition in the net corresponds to an observed task.

==Short description==

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* A '''workflow trace''' or '''execution trace''' is a [[String (computer science)|string]] over an [[alphabet (computer science)|alphabet]] <math>T</math> of ''tasks''.

* A '''workflow log''' is a set of workflow traces.

<!--- * A '''workflow net''' is a [[petri net structure|petri net]] <math>(P,T,F)</math> with a designated ''input place'' <math>i\in P</math> with --->

<!--- draw an example --->

==Description Event log ==

Declaratively, the algorithm can be presented as follows.

Three sets of tasks are determined:

* <math>T_W</math> is the set of all tasks which occur in at least one trace

* <math>T_I</math> is the set of all tasks which occur trace-initially

* <math>T_O</math> is the set of all tasks which occur trace-terminally

Event log is the primary requirement for applying any process discovery algorithm. An event log consists of a unique identifier for a case, activity name describing the action occurring in the process and timestamp. An event log can be represented as a multi-set of activities. For the sake of simplicity the following example would use alphabetic letter to represent an activity. Consider an example event log shown in the following figure:

Basic ordering relations are determined (<math>\succ_{W}</math> first, the latter three can be constructed therefrom)

{| class="wikitable"

* <math>a \succ_W b</math> iff <math>a</math> directly precedes <math>b</math> in some trace

|+Sample event log

* <math>a\rightarrow_W b</math> iff <math>a\succ_Wb \wedge b\not\succ_Wa</math>

!Case id

* <math>a\#{}_Wb</math> iff <math>a\not\succ_Wb \wedge b\not\succ_Wa</math>

!Activity

* <math>a\Vert_Wb</math> iff <math>a\succ_Wb \wedge b\succ_Wa</math>

!Timestamp

|-

|1

|A

|2019/10/09 14:50:17.000

|-

|1

|B

|2019/10/09 15:50:17.000

|-

|1

|C

|2019/10/09 15:56:17.000

|-

|1

|D

|2019/10/10 13:50:17.000

|-

|2

|A

|2019/10/10 14:30:17.000

|-

|2

|C

|2019/10/10 14:50:14.000

|-

|2

|B

|2019/10/11 09:50:17.000

|-

|2

|D

|2019/10/11 10:50:17.000

|-

|3

|A

|2019/10/11 12:50:17.000

|-

|3

|E

|2019/10/21 14:50:17.000

|-

|3

|D

|2019/10/21 15:50:17.000

|}

An event log is a multi set of traces, and a trace is a sequence of activities. Thus, an event log such as above can be represented using the following notation:

<math>L1 = [<A,B,C,D>, <A,C,B,D>, <A,E,D>]</math>

Places are discovered. Each place is identified with a pair of ''sets of'' tasks, in order to keep the number of places low.

<!--- as would be the result of merging --->

Every event log can be boiled down into a multi-set of traces, and such traces can be further used to break down relationships between various activities in the process. According to the rules of alpha miner, activities belonging to various cases can have 4 types of relationships between them:<ref name=":02"/>

* '''Direct Succession: x > y''' if and only if some relation x is directly following by y. In our example, we can consider that '''A > B''', '''A > E''', '''A > C.'''

* '''Causality: x → y''' iff x > y and not y > x. In our example, we can consider that '''A → E.'''

* '''Parallel: x || y''' iff x > y and y > x. In our example, we have '''B || C.'''

* '''Choice: x # y''' iff not(x > y) and not(y > x). In our example, we have '''A # D.'''

== Patterns ==

[[File:Sequence_pattern_for_petri_nets.png|alt=Sequence Pattern|349x349px]] '''Sequence Pattern: A → B'''

[[File:Xor-split_pattern_for_petri_nets.png|alt=XOR-split Pattern|321x321px]] '''XOR-split Pattern: A → B, A → C,''' and '''B # C'''

[[File:And-split_pattern_for_petri_nets.png|alt=AND-split Pattern|321x321px]] '''AND-split Pattern: A → B, A → C,''' and '''B || C'''

==Description==

The alpha miner starts with converting an event log into directly-follows, sequence, parallel, and choice relations, and using them to create a petri net describing the process model. Initially the algorithm constructs a footprint matrix. Using the footprint matrix and the above shown pattern, one can construct a process model.

Based on the four relations described earlier a footprint based matrix is first discovered. Using the footprint based matrix places are discovered. Each place is identified with a pair of ''sets of'' tasks, in order to keep the number of places low.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Footprint matrix for the log L1

!

!a

!b

!c

!d

!e

|-

|'''a'''

|#

|'''→'''

|'''→'''

|#

|'''→'''

|-

|'''b'''

|←

|#

|<nowiki>||</nowiki>

|'''→'''

|#

|-

|'''c'''

|←

|<nowiki>||</nowiki>

|#

|'''→'''

|#

|-

|'''d'''

|#

|←

|←

|#

|←

|-

|'''e'''

|←

|#

|#

|'''→'''

|#

|}

* <math>Y_W</math> is the set of all pairs <math>(A,B)</math> of maximal sets of tasks such that

** Neither <math>A \times A</math> and <math>B \times B</math> contain any members of <math>\succ_W</math'''>''' and

** <math>A \times B</math> is a subset of <math>\rightarrow_W</math>'''→'''

* <math>P_W</math> contains one place <math>p_{(A,B)}</math> for every member of <math>Y_W</math>, plus the input place <math>i_W</math> and the output place <math>o_W</math>

The flow relation <math>F_W</math> is the union of the following:

* <math>\{(a,p_{(CA,B)}) | (A,B) \in Y_W \wedge a \in A\}</math>

* <math>\{(p_{(A,B)},b) | (A,B) \in Y_W \wedge b \in B\}</math>

* <math>\{(i_W,t) | t\in T_I\}</math>

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* with one input place <math>i_W</math> and one output place <math>o_W</math>

* because every transition of <math>T_W</math> is on a <math>F_W</math>-path from <math>i_W</math> to <math>o_W</math>, it is indeed a workflow net.

For the example given above, the following petri net would be resultant of the application of alpha miner.

<!--- consequence: short loops never occur. --->

[[File:Petri_net_for_alpha_miner_example.png|alt=Petri net for alpha miner example|448x448px]]

==Properties==

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==Limitations==

General workflow nets may contain several types of constructs <ref>A. de Medeiros, A K and van der Aalst, W M P and Weijters, A J M M (2003). "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A_Weijters/publication/2915096_Workflow_Mining_Current_Status_and_Future_Directions/links/0fcfd510d6160d3544000000.pdf Workflow Mining: Current Status and Future Directions]". in: "volume 2888 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science", Springer-Verlag</ref> which the α-algorithm cannot rediscover.

{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

Constructing <math>Y_W</math> takes exponential time in the number of tasks, since <math>\succ_W</math> is not constrained and arbitrary subsets of <math>T_W</math> must be considered.

<!--- double-check, don't swallow! --->

* '''Implicit places:''' Alpha miner cannot distinguish between implicit and required places and thus might result in additional non required places in the discovered petri net.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discovering Petri Nets from Event Logs|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265764352|access-date=2021-08-31|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>

==Extensions==

* '''Loops:''' Alpha miner cannot discover loops of the length 1 and 2 in the process model.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Limitations of Alpha miner|url=https://courses.edsa-project.eu/pluginfile.php/281/mod_resource/content/0/17%20Alpha%20Algorithm%20-%20Limitations.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831175934/https://courses.edsa-project.eu/pluginfile.php/281/mod_resource/content/0/17%20Alpha%20Algorithm%20-%20Limitations.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-31 }}</ref>

{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

* Local dependencies are often missed in alpha miner.<ref name=":1" />

for example <ref name="extending_the">A. de Medeiros, A K and van Dongen, B F and van der Aalst, W M P and Weijters, A J M M (2004). "[https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/1864325/576199.pdf Process mining: extending the α-algorithm to mine short loops]"</ref>

* '''Representational bias:''' Alpha miner can only discover petri net thus adding representational bias such as requirement on unique visible labels for every transition.<ref name=":1" />

<ref name="wen2007mining">Wen, L and van der Aalst, W M P and Wang, J and Sun, J (2007). "[http://wwwis.win.tue.nl/~wvdaalst/publications/p394.pdf Mining process models with non-free-choice constructs]",

"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery" vol 15, p. 145--180, Springer-Verlag</ref>

==References==