Coeur d'Alene miners' dispute and Pawan Kalyan: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox actor

The '''Coeur d'Alene miners' dispute''' refers to two incidents: a strike in 1892, and a strike in 1899. The strike of 1892 was the primary reason for the formation of the [[Western Federation of Miners]] (WFM); the WFM called the strike in 1899.

| name =Pawan Kalyan

| image =

|image size =220

| caption = Pawan Kalyan

| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1971|9|2}}

| ___location = {{flagicon|India}} [[Mogalthur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]

| height = 5'10''

| deathplace =

| birthname = Konidala Kalyan

| othername =Pawan Kalyan, "Power Star" Pawan Kalyan, Pavan Kalyan

| homepage =

| notable role = Balu in Toliprema, Subash in Thammudu, Badri in Badri, Siddartha Roy in Kushi.

| spouse = [[Renu Desai]]

| children = Akira Nandan

}}

'''Pawan Kalyan''' (born [[September 2]], [[1971]] is a [[Popular culture|popular]] [[India]]n film star and director in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is fondly called Power Star by his fans. His birth name is Konidala Kalyan.He is younger brother to popular Telugu Actor [[Chiranjeevi]] and Naga Babu.

==Coeur d'AleneEarly strikecareer of 1892==

Pawan Kalyan entered Telugu movie industry with the movie [[Akkada Abbai Ikkada Ammayi]] as Kalyan Babu. This film did not do well at the box office. However, he was noticed for his [[Martial Arts]].

== Career ==

In 1891, gold ore worth nine million dollars had been shipped out of the [[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho|Coeur d’Alene]], [[Idaho]] mining district, plus a quarter million dollars worth of gold bullion. Mine owners were making fortunes, but [[Underground mining (hard rock)|hardrock miners]] and common laborers were not.

After his first movie, his second movie ''[[Gokulamlo Sita]]'' was an average flick but his next movies like ''[[Suswagatham]]'', ''[[Tholi Prema]]'', ''[[Thammudu]]'', ''[[Badri]]'', and ''[[Kushi (Telugu film)|Kushi]]'' went on to become hits which earned him a decent reputation. ''[[Kushi]]'' was a trend setter and was received well both commercially and critically.He even directed few song sequences and fight sequences in the Sensational Film [[Kushi]]. Also directed one fight sequence in the film [[Daddy]] for his brother Megastar [[Chiranjeevi]].

==Controversies==

Then mine operators got into a dispute with the railroads which had raised rates for hauling ore. Mine operators also introduced hole-boring machines into the mines. Mine operators found a reduction in wages the easiest way to mitigate increased costs. After the machines were installed, the mine owners were going to pay the mine workers $3.00 to $3.50 per day, depending upon their specific jobs.<Ref>Labor's Greatest Conflicts, Emma F. Langdon, 1908, page 12.</Ref> The operators also increased miners' work hours from nine to ten hours per day, with no corresponding increase in pay. The work week would be seven days long, with an occasional Sunday off for those who didn't have pumping duty. The miners had other grievances &mdash; for example, high payments for room and board in company lodging, and check cashing fees at company saloons.<Ref>"Shoot-Out In Burke Canyon," American Heritage Magazine, Earl Clark, August 1971, Volume 22, Issue 5, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1971/5/1971_5_44.shtml Retrieved March 28, 2007.</Ref>

1) Pawan Kalyan was rumoured to have threatened former TDP MLA Paritala Ravindra over some land grabbing rights. It was a fact that Paritala Ravindra illegally grabbed Chiranjeevi's land in Jubilee Hills and had to be warned.It was also falsely rumoured that Paritala Ravi who was a factionist had Pawan Kalyan's head tonsured (Gundu (in Telugu)/Takla (in Hindi)) before sending him back to Hyderabad. As fate would have it, Paritala Ravindra was later killed brutally, a fitting end to a violent life. Andhra Pradesh is a better place without Paritala Ravindra.

Source: http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/topstory/pawan_paritala.html ;

http://www.idleburra.com/feeds/8632234486587833225/comments/default ;

http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/pk-dcprotest.html

http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/22pawan.htm ;

http://infiya.blogspot.com/2007/08/pawan-kalyan-tollywood-actor-biography.html

== ==

In 1892, the miners declared a strike against the reduction of wages and the increase in work hours. The miners demanded that a "living wage"<Ref>Labor's Greatest Conflicts, Emma F. Langdon, 1908, page 12.</Ref> of $3.50 per day<Ref>"Shoot-Out In Burke Canyon," American Heritage Magazine, Earl Clark, August 1971, Volume 22, Issue 5, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1971/5/1971_5_44.shtml Retrieved March 28, 2007.</Ref> be paid to every man working underground&mdash;the common laborer as well as the skilled. In an era when many unions were [[American Federation of Labor|AFL]] [[Craft unionism|craft unions]], in which skilled workers frequently looked after their own kind, this was an unusual circumstance&mdash;approximately three thousand higher-paid miners standing up for five hundred<Ref>"Shoot-Out In Burke Canyon," American Heritage Magazine, Earl Clark, August 1971, Volume 22, Issue 5, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1971/5/1971_5_44.shtml Retrieved March 28, 2007.</Ref> lower-paid, in this case ''common'' laborers. This principle was the inspiration for the [[industrial unionism]] that for more than a decade would animate hardrock miners throughout the region.

2) He is supposedly involved in a bigamy case, currently under the Visakhapatnam District Court. As per sources, one lady Nandini filed a complaint under the section of 494 for bigamy with Vizag court on 22nd June that she is the first wife of Pawan Kalyan and Pawan Kalyan entered into second marriage with actress Renu Desai without her consent nor taking divorce from the first marriage. She also filed a petition with women's court seeking alimony amount 5 Lakhs per month for monthly maintainance. As per her complaint, she is married to Pawan Kalyan on May 17th, 1997 with the blessings of the elders. They seperated few years after that but Pawan Kalyan met her whenever he was in Vizag. Starting 2005, Nandini moved in with her parents and is now dependent on them. Pawan Kalyan married actress Renu Desai a few years ago. He shared screen with her in two films viz. Badri and Jhonny. The couple also have a son Akira.

Sources: http://www.totaltollywood.com/news/ttnews1436.html ;

http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/21/stories/2007092154600400.htm ;

http://mynation.wordpress.com/2007/07/07/i-have-not-married-pavan-kalyan-counters-renu-desai/ ;

http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pawankalyan-vizagcourt.html

== ==

3) On 22 October, 2007, Kalyan told the media he decided to 'surrender' his licensed weapon to the police. "I don't need (it) any more as there is no threat to my life now," he said. In connection with the elopement and marriage of Srija (Chiranjeevi's daughter), Pawan Kalyan said "I would like to assure her that no harm will come to her or the boy. I don't have any hired goondas (goons) or musclemen. I have come to surrender my revolver and its license to the police because I don't need this weapon now. We don't have hired goondas, we only have fans who love us and they don't resort such acts. Denying that he was an emotional and angry young man like his screen image, Pawan Kalyan said ''if he wanted he could have harmed Sirish because he had information that the couple was running away. But we don't want to harm them. If their love is true nobody can harm them.'' The statement obviously sounds ominous and people assume this as the rationale for Srija's elopement!

Source: http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/22chiru.htm ;

http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/004200710221641.htm

Power Star Pawan Kalyan announced Common man Protection Force (CMPF) to help the poor and helpless. He donated Rs.1.Crore from his personal savings for CMPF as corpus fund. He said "i am not angry,i am just emotional. I can't tolerate the injustice in this society. So i want to do some thing for the people... always. me and my friends are discussing about CMPF from many days. And we think this is the right time to announce it. I had 1000's of fans who love me. I am starting this to do good for the society, i am confident some other fans and like minded people will join hands with me. I am unhappy even now after earning so much Money, name & fame. I want to be happy by doing something to the people who are in need. I don't want to buy plots in different cities, agriculture lands and don't want to earn crores on them. I will do my best to my country and my people. And Mother Promise, i don't have any political intensions. Any one who needs help can contact CMPF on these numbers 98663 44833, 98663 44733. I stay at 32, nandagiri hills, Jubilee hills check post, Hyderabad. You can even visit me if you need some help. i will do my best to help you " -by Power Star Pawan Kalyan. Yes, We are with You.

When the union miners walked out of the mines, the companies advertised in the midwest for workers to come and take the places of the striking miners. Soon every inbound train was filled with replacement workers. But groups of armed, striking miners would frequently meet them, and often persuaded the workers not to take the jobs during a strike.<Ref>"Shoot-Out In Burke Canyon," American Heritage Magazine, Earl Clark, August 1971, Volume 22, Issue 5, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1971/5/1971_5_44.shtml Retrieved March 28, 2007.</Ref>

The silver-mine owners responded by hiring [[Pinkerton National Detective Agency|Pinkertons]] and the [[Thiel Detective Service Company|Thiel Detective Agency agents]] to [[Labor spies|infiltrate the union and suppress strike activity]].<Ref>From Blackjacks To Briefcases &mdash; A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States, Robert Michael Smith, 2003, page 21.</Ref> Pinkertons and strong-arm agents went into the district in large numbers.<Ref>Labor's Greatest Conflicts, Emma F. Langdon, 1908, page 12.</Ref>

== Trivia ==

Soon there was a significant private army available to protect new workers coming into the mines. Fora time the struggle manifested as a war of words in the local newspapers, with mine owners and mine workers denouncing each other. There were incidents of brawling, and arrests for carrying weapons. Two mines settled and opened with union men, and these mine operators were ostracized by other mine owners who didn't want the union. But two large mines, the Gem mine and the Frisco mine in Burke Canyon, were operating full scale.<Ref>"Shoot-Out In Burke Canyon," American Heritage Magazine, Earl Clark, August 1971, Volume 22, Issue 5, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1971/5/1971_5_44.shtml Retrieved March 28, 2007.</Ref>

*Pawan Kalyan is a [[Vegetarian]].

*He holds a Black Belt in [[Martial arts |Martial Arts]] and did real stunts for his movies - Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbai and [[Thammudu]].

The tension between strikers and strike breakers grew. An undercover Pinkerton agent, soon-to-be well-known lawman [[Charlie Siringo]], had worked in the Gem mine. Siringo used the alias C. Leon Allison to join the union, ingratiating himself by buying drinks and loaning money to his fellow miners. Siringo had been installed early enough to have been elected Recording Secretary, a key position for a [[Labor spies|labor spy]], providing him with access to all of the union's books and records.

*[[Renu Desai |Renu Desai]] is the Costume designer for most of his films.

*Pawan Kalyan was the first south indian actor to appear in an endorsement,for the soft drink [[PEPSI]] but now replaced by his nephew [[Allu Arjun]].

*He returned money back to the distributors for his film Johnny didnt do well at the Box Office.

*Apart from being an actor, he feels also as a Director, Screenplay writer, Choreographer, Stunt Master and a Playback singer.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0436302/ "Pawan Kalyan Filmography"]</ref>

*Pawan enjoys doing cultivation and spends lot of time in his farm house doing gardening

*Ali is the best friend of pawan kalyan

*[[Daggubati Venkatesh |"Victory" Venkatesh]] is a good friend of Pawan Kalyan and both expressed their interest to act in a film.

*Tamil sensational actor [[Vijay (actor) |Vijay]] is also a good friend and great fan of him.<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-01/17-03-06-vijay.html "Behind Woods: Vijay at Hyderabad: Telugu fans happy"]</ref>

*Tamil and Telugu actress [[Trisha Krishnan |Trisha]] in an interview said that, she had a crush on Pawan Kalyan.<ref>[http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/may2007/trisha_love.php] "Trisha: I love Pawan Kalyan but don't know why"</ref>

*Telugu movie actress Nikita's favourite hero too is Pawan Kalyan.<ref>[http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/nikita_profile.php "TeluguCinema.com:, Star Interviews: Nikita's Personal Profile]</ref>

*Telugu actresses Genelia and shriya are also big fans of pawankalyan.

*He has a good rapport with music director [[Ramana Gogula]] and the creative directors - [[Puri Jagannadh |Puri Jagannadh]] and [[A. Karunakaran |A. Karunakaran]].

Siringo promptly began to report all union business to his employers, allowing the mine owners to outmaneuver the miners on a number of occasions. Strikers planned to intercept a train of incoming strike breakers, so the mine owners dropped off the replacement workers in an unexpected ___location. When the local union president, Oliver Hughes, ordered Siringo to remove a page from the union record book that recorded a conversation about possibly flooding the mines, the agent mailed that page to the Mine Owners' Association. Siringo also "told his employer's clients what they wanted to hear," referring to union officials such as [[George Pettibone]] as "dangerous anarchists."<Ref>From Blackjacks To Briefcases &mdash; A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States, Robert Michael Smith, 2003, pages 77-78.</Ref>

==Filmography==

Siringo was suspected as a spy when the MOA's newspaper, the ''Coeur d'Alene Barbarian'', began publishing union secrets. Although the union had advised the miners against violence,<Ref>From Blackjacks To Briefcases &mdash; A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States, Robert Michael Smith, 2003, page 78.</Ref> their anger at discovering the infiltration prompted them to seek a confrontation with the companies.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes

|-

|rowspan="1"| 1996

| ''[[Akkada Abbai Ikkada Ammayi]]''

| Kalyan Kumar

| debut film,Average

|-

|rowspan="1"| 1997

| ''[[Gokulamlo Seetha]]''

| Pavan

| Play Boy

|-

|rowspan="2"| 1998

| ''[[Suswagatham]]''

| Ganesh

| Hit

|-

| ''[[Tholi Prema]]''

| Balu

| [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholi_Prema]]; National Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu<ref>[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|"National Film award for the best Telugu Feature Film"]]</ref> and State Golden Nandi award for the best feature film<ref>[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|"List of Nandi Award winners for the Best Feature Film]]</ref>

|-

|rowspan="1"| 1999

| ''[[Thammudu]]''

| Subrahmanyam / "Subbu" Subhash

| Kick Boxer,Hit

|-

|rowspan="1"| 2000

| ''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]''

| Badri-Badrinath

| Fashion Designer and Ad director,Hit

|-

|rowspan="1"| 2001

| ''[[Khushi (Telugu film)|Khushi]]''

| "Sidhu" Sidhartha Roy

| Mega Blockbuster, Also provided stunts and choreographed a couple of songs[[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0436302/]]

|-

|rowspan="1"| 2003

| ''[[Johnny (film)|Johnny]]''

| Johnny

| Flop

|-

|rowspan="2"| 2004

| ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]''

| Shankar / Kalyanji - Anandji

| Flop

|-

| ''[[Shankardada MBBS]]''

| Special appearance

|-

|rowspan="1"| 2005

| ''[[Balu ABCDEFG]]''

| Balu / Ghani

| Average

|-

|rowspan="2"| 2006

| ''[[Bangaram]]''

| Bangaram

| Flop

|-

| ''[[Annavaram]]''

| Annavaram

| Average

|-

|rowspan="2"| 2007

| ''[[Shankardada Zindabad]]''

| Suresh

| Played an important guest role.

|-

| ''[[Jalsa]]''

|

|pawan kalyan oadhi(dus)

|-

On Sunday night, July 10, armed union miners gathered on the hills above the Frisco mine. More union miners were arriving from surrounding communities, and a showdown was inevitable. At five in the morning, shots rang out, and the firing became continuous. The miners claimed the guards fired first, the guards accused the miners. The union miners, exposed on the logged-off hillside, hadn't positioned themselves for a gunfight, while mine guards were able to shelter in buildings. The union men circled above the mill, and got into a position where they could send a box of [[black powder]] down the [[flume]] into one of the mine buildings. The building exploded, killing one company man and injuring several others. The union miners fired into a remaining structure where the guards had taken shelter. A second company man was killed, and sixty or so guards surrendered. Union men marched their prisoners to the union hall.<Ref>"Shoot-Out In Burke Canyon," American Heritage Magazine, Earl Clark, August 1971, Volume 22, Issue 5, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1971/5/1971_5_44.shtml Retrieved March 28, 2007.</Ref>

|

|

Minutes after the explosion at the Frisco mine, hundreds of miners converged on Siringo's boarding house. But Siringo sawed a hole in the floor,<Ref>From Blackjacks To Briefcases &mdash; A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States, Robert Michael Smith, 2003, pages 78-79.</Ref> covered it with a trunk, and crawled for half a block under a wooden boardwalk. Above him, he could hear union men talking about the spy in their midst.<Ref>"Shoot-Out In Burke Canyon," American Heritage Magazine, Earl Clark, August 1971, Volume 22, Issue 5, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1971/5/1971_5_44.shtml Retrieved March 28, 2007.</Ref> Siringo escaped, and fled to the [[Coeur d'Alène Mountains|hills above Coeur d'Alene]].<Ref>From Blackjacks To Briefcases &mdash; A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States, Robert Michael Smith, 2003, pages 78-79.</Ref>

|-

|}

Meanwhile, a more deadly fight broke out at the nearby Gem mine. Guards at the mine had thrown up barricades from which they could pour deadly fire into buildings in the town of Gem, including Daxon's saloon, which was a union hangout.

A man crossing a footbridge was killed, probably by union fire. Company guards and non-union workers fired into the saloon where fifty or so union men were sheltering.

Three union men had been killed, and the union sought a ceasefire and surrender of the men in the Gem mine. After company forces evacuated the Gem mine, hundreds of union men converged on the Bunker Hill mine at [[Wardner, Idaho|Wardner]]. This mine was also evacuated, meaning that the union miners had closed down three major mining facilities that had been using replacement workers. About 130 non-union miners were disarmed and expelled from the area. While these men waited to board a boat at Coeur d’Alene Lake, there was another incident of gunfire, and at least seventeen were wounded. More than a hundred of the men decided not to wait for the boat, and they hiked out of the area.<Ref>"Shoot-Out In Burke Canyon," American Heritage Magazine, Earl Clark, August 1971, Volume 22, Issue 5, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1971/5/1971_5_44.shtml Retrieved March 28, 2007.</Ref>

The miners considered the battle over and the union issued a statement deploring "the unfortunate affair at Gem and Frisco."<Ref>From Blackjacks To Briefcases &mdash; A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States, Robert Michael Smith, 2003, pages 78-79.</Ref> Funerals were Wednesday afternoon, July 13. Three union men and two company men were buried.<Ref>"Shoot-Out In Burke Canyon," American Heritage Magazine, Earl Clark, August 1971, Volume 22, Issue 5, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1971/5/1971_5_44.shtml Retrieved March 28, 2007.</Ref>

The violence provided the mine owners and the governor with an excuse to bring in six companies of the [[Idaho National Guard]] to "suppress insurrection and violence." Federal troops also arrived, and they confined six hundred miners in [[Bullpen|bullpens]] without any hearings or formal charges. Some were later "sent up" for violating injunctions, others for obstructing the United States mail.<Ref>Labor's Greatest Conflicts, Emma F. Langdon, 1908, page 13.</Ref>

After the Guard and federal troops secured the area, Siringo came out of the mountains to finger union leaders, and those who had participated in the attacks on the Gem and Frisco mines. He wrote that for days he was busy "putting unruly cattle in the [[Bullpen|bull pen]]." Siringo then returned to Denver, and the following year the miners formed the [[Western Federation of Miners]] because of the disastrous events in [[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho|Coeur d'Alene]] in 1892. The WFM immediately called for outlawing the hiring of labor spies, but their demand was ignored.<Ref>From Blackjacks To Briefcases &mdash; A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States, Robert Michael Smith, 2003, pages 78-79.</Ref>

One of the leaders, [[George Pettibone]], was convicted of contempt of court and criminal conspiracy. Pettibone was sent to Detroit and held until a decision of the Supreme Court released him. The Court concluded that the prisoners were held illegally. Union members held in jail in Boise, Idaho were also released<Ref>Labor's Greatest Conflicts, Emma F. Langdon, 1908, page 13.</Ref> under the court decision.

The Coeur d'Alene strike of 1892 resulted in the birth of the [[Western Federation of Miners]] (WFM) in Butte, Montana, on May 15, 1893. The WFM embraced the tradition that their organization was born in the Boise, Idaho, jail. Many years later, WFM Secretary-Treasurer [[Bill Haywood]] stated at a convention of the [[United Mine Workers of America]] that the Western Federation of Miners:

<blockquote>

...are not ashamed of having been born in jail, because many great things and many good things have emanated from prison cells.

</blockquote>

Soon after the founding of the Western Federation of Miners, the organization was involved in a significant strike in the [[Cripple Creek, Colorado|Cripple Creek]] district in Colorado. The miners called it "[[Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894|The Bull Hill War]]."<Ref>Labor's Greatest Conflicts, Emma F. Langdon, 1908, page 13.</Ref>

==Coeur d'Alene strike of 1899==

On [[April 29]], [[1899]] members of the [[Western Federation of Miners]] dynamited the $250,000 mill of the [[Bunker Hill Mining Company]] at [[Wardner, Idaho]]. President [[William McKinley]] sent [[Buffalo Soldier|black soldiers]] from [[Brownsville, Texas]], veterans of the [[Spanish-American war]], to roundup 1,000 men into [[Bullpen|bullpens]].

==References==

<div class="references-small">

<references />

</div>

== Additional references ==

*''New Politics'', vol. 7, no. 1 (new series), whole no. 25, Summer 1998 by [[Steve Early]] [http://www.wpunj.edu/~newpol/issue25/early25.htm]

*''Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America'' by [[J. Anthony Lukas]]

==See also==

*[[Chiranjeevi]]

*[[Daggubati Venkatesh |"Victory" Venkatesh]]

*[[Allu Arjun]]

*[[Bala Krishna]]

*[[Ram Charan Teja]]

*[[Tollywood]]

== References ==

*[[Ed Boyce]]

<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

*[[Bill Haywood]]

*[[Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894]]

*[[Colorado Labor Wars]] of 1903-04

[[Category:Miners' labor disputes]]

[[Category:Labor disputes in the United States]]

[[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)]]

[[Category:Mining in the United States]]

== External links ==

* {{imdb name|id=0436302|name=Pawan Kalyan}}

* [http://www.telugucinemastills.com/xclusives/akira/akiranandan.html Pawan Kalyan's Son: Akira Nandan Konidela]

* [http://www.pawankalyansatyagrahi.com/ Pawan Kalyan's Satyagrahi]

* [http://www.pawanfans.com Pawan Kalyan Fansite]

* [http://www.megafans.com Chiranjeevi - Pawan Kalyan Fansite]

* [http://www.cherryfans.com Mega Fansite]

* [http://www.commonmanprotectionforce.org - Common Man Protection Force]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyan, Pawan}}

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[[Category:Living people]]

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[[Category:1973 births]]

{{Idaho-stub}}

[[Category:Telugu people]]

[[Category:Indian actors]]

[[Category:Indian film directors]]

[[Category:Tollywood]]

[[Category:Indian vegetarians]]

[[Category:Telugu film directors]]