Extraversion and introversion: Difference between revisions

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[[File:20220822 Distinguishing introversion and extraversion (extroversion) - comparison chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.5 |Behavioral and psychological characteristics distinguishing introversion and extraversion, which are generally conceived as lying along a continuum]]

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'''Extraversion''' and '''introversion''' are a central [[trait theory|trait]] dimension in human [[personality psychology|personality]] theory. The terms were introduced into psychology by [[Carl Jung]],<ref name="Psychologist he">{{cite book | vauthors = Jung CG | title = Psychologische Typen | publisher = Rascher & Verlag, A.G. | ___location = Zürich, Leipzig, Stuttgart | date = 1923 | translator-last = Baynes HG }}</ref> though both the popular understanding and current psychological usage are not the same as Jung's original concept. Extraversion (also spelled '''''extroversion'''''<ref name="sp">{{cite web | vauthors = Barnett G |title=Is it extraversion or extroversion?|url=https://www.predictiveindex.com/blog/is-it-extraversion-or-extroversion|website=The Predictive Index|date=2016-08-02 | access-date = 2018-02-21 }}</ref>) is typically associated with sociability, talkativeness, and high energy, while introversion is linked to introspection, reserve, and a preference for solitary activities.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013 |title=Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2008-10_45_6/page/542 |year=2008 | vauthors = Thompson ER |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=542–8}}</ref> Jung defined introversion as an "attitude-type characterised by orientation in life through subjective. psychic contents", and extraversion as "an attitude-type characterised by concentration of interest on the external object".<ref>{{cite book|title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections| vauthors = Jung C |publisher=Fontana Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-00-654027-4|___location=London|pages=414–5}}</ref>

While often presented as opposite ends of a single [[Continuum (theory)|continuum]], many personality theorists, such as Carl Jung, have suggested that most individuals possesses elements of both traits, with one being more dominant. Virtually all comprehensive models of personality include these concepts in various forms. Examples include the [[Big Five personality traits|Big Five model]], Jung's [[analytical psychology]], [[Hans Eysenck]]'s [[Hans Eysenck#Model of personality|three-factor model]], [[Raymond Cattell]]'s [[16 personality factors]], the [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory]], and the [[Myers–Briggs Type Indicator]].

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=== Ambiversion ===

Most contemporary [[Trait theory|trait theories]] measure levels of extraversion-introversion as part of a single, continuous dimension of personality, with some scores near one end, and others near the halfway mark.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Heffner CL | orig-date = August 21, 2002 | chapter-url = http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/trait_application.html | chapter = Chapter 4: Trait Theory: The OCEAN of Personality | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707120053/http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/trait_application.html | archive-date=July 7, 2011 | title = Personality Synopsis | publisher = AllPsych Online | date = March 23, 2004 }}</ref> Ambiversion is falling more or less in the middle.<ref name= "mw"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cohen D, Schmidt JP | title = Ambiversion: characteristics of midrange responders on the Introversion-Extraversion continuum | journal = Journal of Personality Assessment | volume = 43 | issue = 5 | pages = 514–516 | date = October 1979 | pmid = 16367029 | doi = 10.1207/s15327752jpa4305_14 }}</ref>

=== Omniversion ===

Omniverts can shift between being introverted and extroverted depending on the situation and their mood. This can sometimes lead to people perceiving them as having a dual personality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CredibleMind |url=https://fdhu.crediblemind.com/videos/omniversion-augmenting-personality#:~:text=Andrew%20Dong%20introduces%20the%20concept,leaders%20they%20aspire%20to%20be. |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=CredibleMind |language=en}}</ref>

===Relative prevalence===

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=== Internalization and Self-Deception ===

Recent research has explored how [[Self-perception theory|self-perception]] can shift following intentional [[self-presentation]]. A study by Ueda, Yamagata, and Kiyokawa (2024)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Ueda |first1=Sasuke |last2=Yamagata |first2=Shinji |last3=Kiyokawa |first3=Sachiko |date=2024 |title=High Self-Deceivers Internalize Self-Presentation of Extraversion Through Biased Evaluation of Their Performance |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpr.12393 |journal=Japanese Psychological Research |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1111/jpr.12393 |issn=1468-5884|doi-access=free }}</ref> found that individuals instructed to present themselves as extraverted later rated themselves as more extraverted, even when external observers did not perceive them as such.

The study showed that:

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Extraversion is positively associated with subjective well-being.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Richard E. |last2=Fujita |first2=Frank |date=2000 |title=Factors influencing the relation between extraversion and pleasant affect. |url=https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.6.1039 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=79 |issue=6 |pages=1039–1056 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1039 |issn=0022-3514|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Extraverts typically report greater life satisfaction and more frequent positive emotions. However, this may also reflect self-enhancing biases among individuals high in self-deception.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Shelley E. |last2=Brown |first2=Jonathon D. |date=1988 |title=Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. |url=https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.103.2.193 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=193–210 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 |issn=0033-2909|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Other personality traits, such as neuroticism, also influence well-being and may interact with extraversion in complex ways.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Costa |first1=Paul T. |title=The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) |date=2008 |work=The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Volume 2 — Personality Measurement and Testing |pages=179–198 |url=https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200479.n9 |access-date=2025-04-25 |place=1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |last2=McCrae |first2=Robert R. |doi=10.4135/9781849200479.n9 |isbn=978-1-4129-4652-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Neuroticism and extraversion====