Content deleted Content added
m moved spoiler warning |
TPalkovitz (talk | contribs) →Writing: Bill |
||
Line 1:
{{Short description|1993 American fantasy comedy film by Harold Ramis}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Groundhog Day
| image = Groundhog Day (movie poster).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Harold Ramis]]
| producer = {{Unbulleted list |[[Trevor Albert]]|Harold Ramis}}
| screenplay = {{Unbulleted list |[[Danny Rubin]]|Harold Ramis}}
| story = Danny Rubin
| starring = {{Plain list|<!--Per poster billing-->
* [[Bill Murray]]
* [[Andie MacDowell]]
* [[Chris Elliott]]
}}
| music = [[George Fenton]]
| cinematography = [[John Bailey (cinematographer)|John Bailey]]
| editing = [[Pembroke J. Herring]]
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1993|2|4|[[Fox Theater, Westwood Village|Fox Village Theatre]]|1993|2|12|United States}}
| runtime = 101 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $14.6–30 million
| gross = $105 million
}}
'''''Groundhog Day''''' is a 1993 American [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Harold Ramis]] from a screenplay by him and [[Danny Rubin]]. Starring [[Bill Murray]], [[Andie MacDowell]], and [[Chris Elliott]], it tells the story of a cynical television weatherman covering the annual [[Groundhog Day]] event in [[Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania]], who becomes trapped in a [[time loop]], forcing him to relive February{{nbsp}}2 repeatedly. The film also features [[Stephen Tobolowsky]], [[Brian Doyle-Murray]], [[Marita Geraghty]], [[Angela Paton]], [[Rick Ducommun]], [[Rick Overton]], and [[Robin Duke]] in supporting roles.
Rubin conceived the outline of ''Groundhog Day'' in the early 1990s. He wrote it as a [[spec script]] to gain meetings with producers for other work. It eventually came to the attention of Ramis, who worked with Rubin to make his idea less dark in tone and more palatable to a general audience by enhancing the comedy. After being cast, Murray clashed with Ramis over the script; Murray wanted to focus on the philosophical elements, whereas Ramis concentrated on the comedic aspects. [[Principal photography]] took place from March to June 1992, almost entirely in [[Woodstock, Illinois]]. Filming was difficult, in part because of bitterly cold weather but also because of the ongoing conflict between Ramis and Murray.
''Groundhog Day'' was a box-office success on its release, earning over $105{{nbsp}}million to become one of the highest-grossing films of 1993. It also received generally positive reviews. Reviewers were consistent in praise for the film's successful melding of highly sentimental and deeply cynical moments, and for the philosophical message beneath the comedy. It received multiple award nominations and won a [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay]]. For all its success, the film marked the end of Ramis's and Murray's long collaborative partnership, which had produced films like ''[[Caddyshack]]'' (1980) and ''[[Ghostbusters]]'' (1984). After filming ended, the pair did not speak to each other until shortly before Ramis's death in 2014. The film was a showcase for Murray; he had previously been seen primarily as a comic actor, and his performance led to more serious roles in critically acclaimed films.
In the years since its release, the film has grown in esteem; it is often considered to be among the greatest films of the 1990s and one of the [[List of films voted the best|greatest comedy films ever made]]. It has also had a significant effect on popular culture: the term ''Groundhog Day'', meaning a monotonous, unpleasant, and repetitive situation, has become part of the English lexicon. Buddhist, Christian, and Jewish scholars have analyzed the film as a religious allegory. ''Groundhog Day'' is also credited with having ushered in mainstream acceptance of comedy films with fantasy-genre elements, and popularizing [[time loop]] narratives. In 2006, the United States [[Library of Congress]] selected the film for preservation in the [[National Film Registry]]. ''Groundhog Day'' was adapted into [[Groundhog Day (musical)|a 2016 musical]], and inspired a 2019 video game sequel, ''Groundhog Day: Like Father Like Son''.
==Plot==
On February{{nbsp}}1, cynical television weatherman Phil Connors reassures his [[Pittsburgh]] viewers that an approaching blizzard will miss [[Western Pennsylvania]]. Alongside his new producer Rita Hanson and cameraman Larry, Phil travels to [[Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania|Punxsutawney]] for his annual coverage of the [[Groundhog Day]] festivities. He makes no secret of his contempt for the assignment, the small town, and the "hicks" who live there, asserting that he will soon be leaving his station for a new job.
[[File:Groundhog day movie 1992 ___location 2007-03-18 IMG 4313.JPG|thumb|left|A private home in [[Woodstock, Illinois]] was used for exteriors of the Cherry Street Inn, the fictional ___location in which Phil awakens every morning in the film.|alt=A white house with green roof. It is set back from a lawn and surrounded by bare trees.]]
On February{{nbsp}}2, Phil awakens in the Cherry Street Inn to [[Sonny & Cher]]'s "[[I Got You Babe]]" playing on the clock radio. He gives a half-hearted report on the [[groundhog]] [[Punxsutawney Phil]] and the festivities. Contrary to his prediction, the blizzard strikes the area, preventing all travel out of Punxsutawney, and although he desperately searches for a way to leave, he is forced to spend the night in the town.
The next morning, Phil wakes once more to "I Got You Babe" and the same DJ banter on the radio in his room at the Cherry Street Inn. Phil experiences the previous day's events repeating exactly and believes he is experiencing [[déjà vu]]. He again unsuccessfully attempts to leave the town and retires to bed. When he awakes, it is again February{{nbsp}}2. Phil gradually realizes that he is trapped in a [[time loop]] of which no one else is aware. He confides his situation to Rita, who directs him to a neurologist, who in turn directs him to a psychologist; neither can explain his experiences. Phil gets drunk with locals Gus and Ralph and then leads police on a high-speed car chase before being arrested and imprisoned; the next morning, Phil awakens in the Cherry Street Inn once again.
Realizing that there are no consequences for his actions, Phil begins to spend loops indulging in binge eating, one-night stands, robbery, and other dangerous activities, using his increasing knowledge of the day's events and the town's residents to manipulate circumstances to his advantage. Eventually, he focuses on seducing the sweet-natured Rita, using the loops to learn more about and manipulate her. No matter what steps he takes, Rita rebuffs his advances, particularly when Phil tells her he loves her; Rita asserts that he does not even know her.
Phil gradually becomes depressed and desperate for a way to escape the loop. He commits suicide in a variety of ways, even kidnapping Punxsutawney Phil and driving them both off a cliff. Each time, he reawakens on February{{nbsp}}2 to "I Got You Babe". He eventually tries to explain his situation to Rita again, using his detailed knowledge of the day to accurately predict events. Convinced, Rita spends the rest of that day's loop with Phil; she encourages him to think of the loops as a blessing instead of a curse. As they lie on the bed together at night, Phil realizes that his feelings for Rita have become sincere. He wakes alone on February{{nbsp}}2. Phil decides to use his knowledge of the loop to change himself and others: he saves people from deadly accidents and misfortunes and learns to play the piano, sculpt ice, and speak French. Regardless of his positive actions, however, he is haunted by his inability to prevent a homeless old man from dying of natural causes.
During one iteration of the loop, Phil reports on the Groundhog Day festivities with such eloquence that other news crews stop working to listen to his speech, amazing Rita. Phil continues his day helping the people of Punxsutawney. That night, Rita witnesses Phil's expert piano-playing as the adoring townsfolk regale her with stories of his good deeds earlier that day. Impressed by his apparent overnight transformation, Rita successfully bids for him at a charity bachelor auction. Phil carves an ice sculpture in Rita's image and tells her that no matter what happens, even if he is trapped in the loop forever, he is finally happy because he loves her. They share a kiss and retire to Phil's room.
Phil wakes the next morning to "I Got You Babe", but finds Rita is still in bed with him and the radio banter has changed; it is now February 3. He tells Rita he wants to live in Punxsutawney with her.
== Cast ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| footer = [[Bill Murray]] (left) in 1989, and [[Andie MacDowell]] in 2003
| image1 = Bill Murray 1989 (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = A 1989 image of actor Bill Murray
| image2 = Andie MacDowell Cannes.jpg
| alt2 = A 2003 image of actress Andie MacDowell in Cannes
}}
* [[Bill Murray]] as Phil Connors
* [[Andie MacDowell]] as Rita Hanson
* [[Chris Elliott]] as Larry the cameraman
* [[Stephen Tobolowsky]] as Ned Ryerson
* [[Brian Doyle-Murray]] as Buster Green
* [[Marita Geraghty]] as Nancy Taylor
* [[Angela Paton]] as Mrs. Lancaster
* [[Rick Ducommun]] as Gus
* [[Rick Overton]] as Ralph
* [[Robin Duke]] as Doris the waitress
In addition to the main cast, ''Groundhog Day'' features [[Ken Hudson Campbell]] as the man in the hotel hallway, [[David Pasquesi]] as Phil's psychiatrist, and [[Richard Henzel]] and Rob Riley as the radio hosts waking Phil every morning. [[Hynden Walch]] and [[Michael Shannon]] portray the newly married couple Debbie and Fred. Les Podewell plays the homeless old man and Rod Sell appears as a Groundhog Day official. Director [[Harold Ramis]] cameos as a neurologist. Punxsutawney Phil is portrayed by a groundhog known as Scooter.<ref name="VarietyBudget" /><ref name="BFICredits" />
{{Clear}}
== Production ==
===Concept and original draft===
[[File:Danny Rubin lectures (cropped).png|thumb|left|upright|Screenwriter [[Danny Rubin]] in 2013]]
The original idea for ''Groundhog Day'' came to writer [[Danny Rubin]] in 1990. He had moved to Los Angeles to work as a screenwriter. While waiting in a theater for a film to start, he was reading [[Anne Rice]]'s book ''[[The Vampire Lestat]]'' (1985).<ref name="DOGRubin" /><ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="bigthink rubin" /> Rubin began musing about vampiric immortality and what one would do with their time if it was limitless. He reasoned that vampires were like normal people who did not need to adhere to ordinary rules or moral boundaries.<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="bigthink rubin" /> He questioned if and when immortality would become boring or pointless, and how a person would change over time, especially if they were incapable of substantial change.<ref name="telegraph interview" /> He singled out men he deemed to be in [[arrested development]], who could not outlive their adolescence.<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="bigthink rubin" />
Having recently sold his first script for what would become the thriller film ''[[Hear No Evil (1993 film)|Hear No Evil]]'' (1993), his agent prompted him to develop a "calling-card" script that he could use to gain meetings with producers. Rubin began work on his idea of a man changing over eternal life, but quickly realized that the idea was impractical because of the expense of depicting historical and future events. At this point, Rubin recalled a brief story concept he had written two years earlier that followed a man who woke every morning to find it was the same day repeating. Rubin married the two ideas to create the outline for ''Groundhog Day''. By portraying eternity as a repeating cycle instead of a straight line through history, he eliminated the production cost of constantly changing settings.<ref name="telegraph interview" /> He believed that the repetition also offered him more dramatic and comedic possibilities.<ref name="bigthink rubin" />
Rubin opened a calendar and picked the next nearest holiday, February{{nbsp}}2, Groundhog Day. He saw it as a date with story potential because it was a recognized holiday without much widespread attention. Rubin believed that people were vaguely aware of the holiday, on which a groundhog predicts the coming of spring. Even so, he believed few people outside Pennsylvania were aware that the actual festival takes place in the small town of Punxsutawney, something he became aware of through a writing job for a local phone company.<ref name="telegraph interview" /> Setting the story in Punxsutawney provided a small area in which to trap Phil Connors, while reporting on the event gave the character a reason to visit. Rubin took the main character's name from Punxsutawney Phil.<ref name="telegraph interview" /> He hoped the film could become a perennial holiday favorite, like ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'' (1946) and ''[[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]'' (1965).<ref name="VultureRubin" /><ref name="Varietyat25" />{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=9}}
Rubin spent eight weeks working on the story: seven making notes to define the rules and characters, and one writing the script.<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="bigthink rubin" /> He struggled to establish a cause for the time loop, considering technological, magical, and celestial origins. He considered these methods interchangeable and felt the cause was unimportant and could detract from the story elements he wanted to focus on. Rubin said that the lack of explanation made Phil's situation more relatable, as "none of us knows exactly how we got stuck here either."<ref name="telegraph interview" /> He chose to begin the story {{lang|la|[[in medias res]]}}, with Phil already caught in the time loop.<ref name="telegraph interview" /> The first scene included Phil waking to "I Got You Babe", predicting the radio host banter and the actions of the hotel patrons, and attacking a pedestrian outside. Rubin thought this would intrigue an audience trying to understand how and why he is doing these things.<ref name="bigthink rubin" /> He chose "I Got You Babe" because it used a lot of repeating lines and was about love, which he felt were thematically resonant aspects.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=34}} He likened his original script to the 1949 British [[black comedy]] film ''[[Kind Hearts and Coronets]]'', particularly the flippant way in which Phil's multiple suicides are shown.<ref name="telegraph interview" />
Rubin did not initially write the film as a broad comedy, considering it more whimsical. He found that the funnier elements were the easiest to think of; one of the earliest scenes he wrote was about Phil using his ever-increasing knowledge to seduce women.<ref name="bigthink rubin" /> Loops were also dedicated to Phil seeing how far he could get outside of Punxsutawney; inevitably, he was always returned to the town.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=65}} Even so, the script focused much more on Phil's loneliness. He breaks the loop only after realizing that there are other lonely people and that he can do good deeds to make them happier. Scenes in the finished film happened much earlier in Rubin's script, such as Phil driving over a cliff. The passage of time was also more distinct; Phil would track it by reading one page of a book per day, reaching his low point when he realizes he has run out of books. The original ending also featured a twist: Phil breaks his loop and then confesses his love to Rita. The perspective then becomes Rita's; she rejects Phil's advance because she is not ready for love and gets trapped in a loop of her own.<ref name="DOGRubin" />
===Development===
[[File:Harold Ramis Oct 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|Director and writer [[Harold Ramis]] in 2009]]
Rubin's agent used the script to arrange meetings with producers; although it did not sell, the meetings generated other work for him.<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="bigthink rubin" /> In 1991, after his agent left the industry, Rubin distributed the ''Groundhog Day'' script in an effort to secure a new representative. It came to the attention of Richard Lovett at [[Creative Arts Agency]].<ref name="bigthink rubin" /><ref name="new yorker" /> Lovett said that he could not represent Rubin, but passed the script to his own client, Harold Ramis.<ref name="bigthink rubin" />
By the early 1990s, Ramis had begun moving away from involvement in the anti-establishment and anti-institutional comedies, such as ''[[Caddyshack]]'' (1980) and ''[[National Lampoon's Vacation]]'' (1983), that had defined his earlier career.<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="new yorker" /> While Ramis had successes in front of the camera and in creative roles like writing, his last directorial effort, ''[[Club Paradise]]'' (1986), had been a critical and commercial failure.<ref name="LATIMesRamis" /><ref name="JamaicaObserver" /><ref name="AVClubParadise" /> He wanted to direct an unusual project and was particularly interested in comedies about redemption and discovering one's purpose in life.<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="new yorker" /> Rubin was aware of Ramis's previous work, having watched him in film and television.<ref name="telegraph interview" />
Ramis admitted that he did not laugh while reading Rubin's script. He was interested in the underlying spirituality and romance present, but thought it needed more humor.<ref name="LATIMesRamis" /> The pair discussed the core ideas in the script, raising parallels between it and the concepts of Buddhism and reincarnation.<ref name="telegraph interview" /> They also discussed whether it was ethical for [[Superman]]—a superhuman being with the power to save the lives of countless people and prevent disasters—to effectively waste time on adventures with his partner [[Lois Lane]].<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="LATIMesRamis" />
Rubin's script became the subject of two offers: one arranged by Ramis through [[Columbia Pictures]] that would grant his project a higher budget, but at the cost of creative control, and a smaller independent studio that offered a lower budget of $3{{nbsp}}million, but would let Rubin retain his original concept. Rubin chose to go with Ramis's deal. As expected, the studio wanted changes.<ref name="DOGRubin" />
===Writing===
Rubin admitted to becoming defensive about the studio's changes. He was concerned that they would remove what he saw as innovative plot points and turn it into a generic comedy film.<ref name="telegraph interview" /> Ramis supervised the rewrite,<ref name="LATIMesRamis" /> tasked with balancing Rubin's desire for originality and the studio's demand for a broad comedy.<ref name="DOGRubin" /> The pair loosely used the [[Kübler-Ross model]] of the five stages of grief—denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance—as an outline.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=49}}<ref name="LATIMesRamis" /> Ramis imagined himself in Phil's situation and the things he would do and feel if in the same cycle of entrapment.<ref name="LATIMesRamis" /> The pair spent weeks revising the script.<ref name="VultureRubin" /> Ramis suggested that Rubin's original ending, with Rita trapped in her own loop, be removed. He felt that audiences would dislike this as it offered no [[catharsis]].<ref name="new yorker" /><ref name="Mentalfloss" /> Similarly, he felt it was important to retain the story's darker elements, such as Phil's suicides, as these compensated for the necessary sentimental moments.<ref name="LATIMesRamis" />
Rubin delivered a fresh draft on February 2, 1991.<ref name="DOGRubin" /> He was contractually permitted to write another draft, but the studio had Ramis take over, bringing Rubin's involvement to an end.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|pp=16–17, 22}} Ramis took Rubin's new draft and began his solo rewrite.<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="DOGRubin" /> He found the sentimentality and sincerity completely opposed to everything he had learned to do as a comedian, and deliberately tempered the sweeter moments with a cynical and grouchy tone.<ref name="LATIMesRamis" /> Ramis reorganized the script into a mainstream three-act narrative.<ref name="uproxx rift" /> He emphasized Phil's smug attitude as a means of distancing himself from others, giving him a defined story arc as a classic comedic lead character deserving of his punishment.<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="new yorker" /> Ramis liked Rubin's concept of starting with the loop in progress, but associate producer Whitney White suggested starting the film before the loop begins because she thought it would be more interesting for the audience to see Phil's initial reaction to his predicament.<ref name="TheWrapGypsy" />{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=16}}
Ramis also removed Rita's boyfriend, Max, and introduced (then removed) Phil's executive producer, Gil Hawley.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|pp=16–17}} This draft featured more scenes focused on Phil's sexual conquests{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=21}} and removed some content deemed more mean-spirited, like Phil asking Rita to be his "love slave". The situation was reversed in the final version of the film, in which Rita buys Phil at the bachelor auction, claiming that she owns him.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|pp=16–17}} Phil's journeys outside Punxsutawney were excised, as Ramis did not want the audience becoming too focused on what the rules of the loop were and felt that keeping the story within the town made it more claustrophobic.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=66}} Phil's [[exposition (narrative)|expositional narration]] was removed as well.<ref name="telegraph interview" />{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=16}} Also excised were more scenes of Phil's later good deeds and the clever methods he used to prevent accidents while making the most efficient use of his time. For example, Phil puts a large rock in a road to stop a truck delivering fish, on which a restaurant patron would have later choked.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=76}} Where Rubin's original script had been more sermonic and deprecating, Ramis made the tone more optimistic.<ref name="TheWrapGypsy" /><ref name="new yorker" /> Two versions of a scene with Phil and Rita in a diner from Rubin's original script and Ramis's rewrite exemplify the shift of emphasis toward both Phil's smugness and the romantic core of the film:<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="new yorker" />
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
<blockquote>
'''Rubin's original script'''{{br}}
'''PHIL''' (voice over) "And me and Rita—together—was the most obvious thing in the world..."<br />
'''PHIL''' "Have you ever felt like you were reliving the same day over and over again?" <br />
'''RITA''' "Like déjà vu?" <br />
'''PHIL''' "More like—déjà, déjà, déjà, déjà..." <br />
'''RITA''' "So, you still think you've been here before?" ''Phil nods.'' <br />
'''RITA''' "And how does this evening turn out?" <br />
'''PHIL''' "I'll tell you what I do know. Even in a day as long as this, even in a lifetime of endless repetition, there's still room for possibilities."<ref name="new yorker" />
</blockquote>
{{Col-2}}
<blockquote>
'''Ramis's rewrite'''{{br}}
'''PHIL''' "What are you looking for? Who's your perfect guy?"<br />
'''RITA''' "Well. First of all, he's too humble to know he's perfect." <br />
'''PHIL''' "That's me." <br />
'''RITA''' "He's intelligent, supportive, funny." <br />
'''PHIL''' "Intelligent, supportive, funny. Me, me, me." <br />
'''RITA''' (thinking) "He's romantic and courageous." <br />
'''PHIL''' "Me, me also." <br />
'''RITA''' "He has a good body but he doesn't have to look in the mirror every two minutes." <br />
'''PHIL''' "I have a great body and I never look at it." <br />
'''RITA''' "He's kind and sensitive and gentle and considerate. And he's not afraid to cry in front of me." <br />
'''PHIL''' "This is a man we're talking about, right?"<ref name="new yorker" />
</blockquote>
{{Col-end}}
It was Ramis's version that attracted Bill Murray to the project, though Murray and Ramis immediately clashed over its tone. Murray wanted to focus on the philosophical elements; Ramis countered that it was meant to be a comedy.<ref name="DOGRubin" /><ref name="new yorker" />{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|pp=16–17}} The studio was happier with Ramis's draft, believing that his changes made it more appealing to audiences.<ref name="DOGRubin" /> Columbia Pictures rehired Rubin to assess the script and provide notes. Rubin returned the script with pages of honest and sometimes sarcastic notes. In response, Murray recommended fully rehiring Rubin to assist on the script.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=22}}
The studio refused to [[green-light|greenlight]] the project without making explicit why Phil becomes trapped.<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="TheWrapGypsy" /> Producer Trevor Albert described a Columbia executive saying, "Why does the day repeat?... I like it... but I don't understand why he gets stuck in this loop."<ref name="TheWrapGypsy" /> Rubin had conceived of several causes for the loop, including a jilted lover placing a curse on Phil and a mad scientist's invention malfunctioning.<ref name="TheWrapGypsy" /> Albert and Ramis worked with Rubin to appease the studio, while agreeing to place the scenes too late in the shooting schedule to be filmed—and if forced to shoot it, to simply not include it in the film.<ref name="TheWrapGypsy" />
As the conflict between Ramis and Murray continued, Ramis sent Rubin to work on the script with Murray; he believed it was the only way to stop Murray's constant early-morning phone calls. When Ramis called to check on their progress, Murray asked Rubin to pretend he was not there.<ref name="DOGRubin" /><ref name="new yorker" /> The pair visited the 1992 Punxsutawney Groundhog Day festival to get a better understanding of the event, remaining discreet and not revealing the reason for their visit.<ref name="PhillyPunxVisit" /><ref name="morning call" /> They then spent weeks working together in New York City revising the script.<ref name="VultureRubin" />{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|pp=22–23}} Rubin found Murray's more laid-back approach to writing "frustrating."{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=23}} They were still working on the script a month before filming began, bringing it back closer to Rubin's original.<ref name="DOGRubin" />
Rubin and Ramis then collaborated on an additional rewrite. The pair worked on individual sections and then edited each other. Ramis then spent a few days refining it into the screenplay.<ref name="DOGRubin" /><ref name="telegraph interview" /> Rubin recommended that they not include any references to the 1990s or any specific period to allow it to remain timeless.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=23}}<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors" /> Rubin has said that the final film largely resembles his script.<ref name="LATIMesRamis" /> He did regret the loss of a scene between Phil and a 14-year-old boy, in which the child behaves like Phil did at the start of the film, contrasting with Phil's character development by that point in the script.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=73}} A few scenes were written but not filmed, including Phil praying at a church, gambling, and a scene Murray personally vetoed, of Phil stripped naked to force an elderly man out of a swimming pool.<ref name="DOGRubin" /><ref name="LATIMesRamis" /> Although the script was complete, it continued to undergo changes during filming.<ref name="SeattleTimes" /><ref name="NorthWestHerald" />
===Casting===
[[File: Chris Elliott (5977198125).jpg|thumb|alt=A smiling man wearing glasses and a cap. |[[Chris Elliott]] (pictured in 2011) portrays Larry the cameraman.]]
For the role of Phil Connors, [[Chevy Chase]], [[Tom Hanks]], and [[Michael Keaton]] were also considered.<ref name="DeadlinePrice" /><ref name="Hollywoodreporterhanks" /><ref name="BusiInsideKeaton" /> Hanks was Ramis's first choice, but he rejected the offer, rationalizing that he was typecast portraying nice people, and the audience would be expecting his inevitable redemption, whereas Murray was "such a miserable [son of a bitch] on- and off-screen" that the outcome would be less predictable. Keaton said that the role of a "wry, sardonic, glib" character was a typical role for him, but that he simply did not understand the film. He later confessed regret in passing on the role.<ref name="Hollywoodreporterhanks" /><ref name="BusiInsideKeaton" /> Phil was written as a younger man, but this was changed when it was determined that the appropriate comic actors were all older.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=15}}
Murray and Ramis had a longstanding friendship and collaborative relationship, having worked together since 1974 on many projects and five films to great success, including ''[[Meatballs (film)|Meatballs]]'' (1979), ''Caddyshack'', and ''[[Ghostbusters]]'' (1984).<ref name="new yorker" /><ref name="uproxx rift" /> Rubin did not write the character as particularly nasty, aiming for a normal person in an extranormal situation. In casting Murray, Phil was portrayed as more cynical, sarcastic, and detached, but not so malicious that audiences would no longer support him.<ref name="TheWrap" /> Rubin wanted [[Kevin Kline]] for the part, believing Murray did not have the necessary acting ability.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=26}} Ramis reassured Rubin, saying, "Don't worry. This is what Bill Murray can do. He can be that nasty and still make you like him." MacDowell agreed, saying "He's a jerk but he makes you laugh."<ref name="TheWrap" />
Albert auditioned comedians for the role of Rita, but determined that someone competing with Murray at comedy would be detrimental. Rita was not intended to trade witty comments with Phil, but instead to offer human warmth and intelligence. MacDowell was cast because she was thought to bring an effortless grace suited to Rita's character. MacDowell tried to adapt to Murray's natural improvisation in scenes. She believed that her character's humor comes from her honesty, without being outlandish.<ref name="TheWrap" /> Singer [[Tori Amos]] was also considered for the role.<ref name="IndieWire" />
Tobolowsky was hired after delivering an "overwhelmingly obnoxious" portrayal during his audition.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=36}} Michael Shannon, who portrays prospective groom Fred, made his on-screen acting debut in the film. He spent much of the shoot in the background of the diner scene as they wanted all the actors in their places even if the camera was not focused on them.<ref name="AVClubShannon" /> A live groundhog, given the name Scooter, was used to portray Punxsutawney Phil. Punxsutawney officials, upset that their town was not used for filming, refused to allow the real Punxsutawney Phil to appear in the film.<ref name="Mentalfloss" /><ref name="PhillyBeast" /> The groundhog itself was not specially bred for use on film and was trapped in the wild near Illinois a few weeks before filming.<ref name="morning call" />
===Preproduction===
[[File:Gobblers Knob - Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania (7086949891).jpg|thumb|left|The real Gobbler's Knob in [[Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania]] (2012)]]
The production wanted to use a "quintessential American town" for ___location shooting, a place that did not look as if it was specific to any particular period.<ref name="Varietyat25" /> The Pennsylvania Film Commission provided [[___location scouting]] tapes of Punxsutawney, but it became obvious that attempting to film in Punxsutawney would present difficulties, as the town had few ideal filming locations for the scripted scenes.<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="morning call" /> Punxsutawney was also too isolated from the necessary amenities. The rural town was nearly {{convert|80|mi}} from [[Pittsburgh]], the nearest large city and did not offer sufficient accommodation for the entire cast and crew.<ref name="morning call" /><ref name="AboutPittsburgh" />
As a Chicago native, Ramis enjoyed filming in Illinois and knew the area could meet their needs.<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="morning call" /> These included being closer to a major metropolitan area with access to highways, a winter aesthetic, and the ability to complete the production as quickly as possible.<ref name="morning call" /><ref name="AboutPittsburgh" /> Ramis also wanted a [[main street]] like Punxsutawney's. Location scout Bob Hudgins thought that [[Mineral Point, Wisconsin]], could meet their requirements. During the scouting journey there, the team stopped in the city of [[Baraboo, Wisconsin]], which happened to have a [[town square]]. The filmmakers could see the benefits of a town square over a main street. Ramis asked for something similar, but in closer proximity to Chicago.<ref name="WoodstockIndependent" />
By the time they arrived in [[Woodstock, Illinois]], over 60 towns had been scouted. Hudgins was aware of Woodstock—a small town of approximately 25,000 people—from his work on the 1987 comedy film ''[[Planes, Trains and Automobiles]]''. Though relatively remote, it offered the timeless quality the filmmakers sought. After Hudgins arranged for Ramis and Albert to view the town from the bell tower of the Woodstock Opera House, the decision was made to film in Woodstock.<ref name="morning call" /><ref name="WoodstockIndependent" /> The town even came with a large pothole for Phil to step in.<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="WoodstockIndependent" />
Scouts initially found a forested preserve area outside of [[McHenry, Illinois]], to film scenes at Gobbler's Knob. The filmmakers later opted to position the site in the town square instead,<ref name="WoodstockIndependent" /> recreating it to scale with detailed notes and videos,<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="morning call" /><ref name="AboutPittsburgh" /> which significantly increased the effect on the town. Thousands of extras were on site across multiple takes. Several local businesses banded together to oppose the film's presence, concerned about the influence the production would have on both the town square and storefronts over an indeterminate amount of time. Hudgins said that he was proud that badges with the number "23" on them—representing the 23 united businesses—had to be amended to "14" as he won several over. The city council was also split on whether to let it proceed.<ref name="WoodstockIndependent" /> Three of the business owners sued Columbia Pictures after filming concluded for lost profits during the production. One of these cases was settled out of court; the outcomes of the other two are unknown.<ref name="ChicagoTribunePremiere" />
===Filming===
[[File:Groundhog day tip top bistro.jpg|thumb|Tip Top Bistro, established at the site of the fictional Tip Top Cafe in Woodstock]]
[[Principal photography]] began on March 16, 1992, and concluded on June{{nbsp}}10, after 86 days.<ref name="TCM" /> The budget was reported to be between $14.6{{nbsp}}million and $30{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="VarietyBudget" /><ref name="morning call" /><ref name="TheNumbers" /> Filming took place mainly in Woodstock, as well as on sets in [[Cary, Illinois]], and [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].<ref name="morning call" /><ref name="PennLive" />
Weather conditions varied considerably during filming. Much of the shoot was conducted in conditions described as frigid and bitterly cold.<ref name="Varietyat25" /> Murray estimated that it was often {{convert|20|F|C}}. The conditions persisted until the end of May. Murray said that being outside for up to 12 hours a day left his skin feeling raw and made him irritable.<ref name="morning call" /> Toward the end of the shoot, as summer began, fake snow was used to replicate the winter setting, and the actors continued to wear their winter gear despite the rising heat.<ref name="AVClubShannon" /> Ramis could not decide on the weather conditions for the background of Phil's and Ned's encounters, so he shot their nine scenes multiple times in differing conditions. He settled on a gloomy setting to indicate a loop coming to an end.<ref name="Varietyat25" /> Weather conditions were a major factor in a two-week shoot for the car crash scene.<ref name="JournalStandard" />
The shoot was also mired in tensions between Ramis and Murray; Ramis was focused on making a romantic comedy, in direct contrast to Murray's desire for a more contemplative film.<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="ReadersDigest" /> Murray was also in the middle of a divorce from Margaret Kelly.<ref name="LATIMesRamis" /> He was reportedly miserable throughout filming, demonstrated erratic behavior, threw tantrums, and often contradicted Ramis's decisions.<ref name="uproxx rift" /><ref name="ReadersDigest" /> Ramis said that Murray constantly showed up late to set, calling his behavior "just irrationally mean and unavailable."<ref name="ReadersDigest" /> The two also disagreed about the script and other actors' performances.<ref name="LATIMesRamis" /> Shannon recounted how he believed he had upset Murray during an encounter. When Ramis heard about this, he made Murray publicly apologize to Shannon.<ref name="AVClubShannon" /> Tobolowsky recounted how before their scene's first take, Murray walked into a bakery and bought all the pastries, which he threw to the gathered onlookers, using Tobolowsky to help carry the load.<ref name="NorthWestHerald" />
[[File:Wdstckoperahouse1.JPG|thumb|left|The Woodstock Opera House served as both the exterior of Rita's hotel and the scene of one of Phil's suicides.]]
The script continued to change during filming. When Tobolowsky arrived for his first scene, he was handed a new script. He estimated that about a third of it was different from his original copy. For example, early in the film, Phil ends his first loop by breaking a pencil to see if it is repaired the following day. A more elaborate scene was filmed in which Phil spray-painted the walls of the room he wakes up in, destroyed objects, and gave himself a [[Mohawk hairstyle]]. The scene took three days to film and was costly; Ramis discarded it for something quieter, simpler, and less manic. The revised script also featured more of Phil's misadventures, and his suicide attempts were set closer to the end. These scenes were moved forward in favor of a long third act showing Phil embracing life.<ref name="SeattleTimes" /><ref name="NorthWestHerald" />
Murray endured physical discomfort for some scenes. To prepare for his step into the water-filled pothole, he wrapped his foot in cling wrap, neoprene, and two pairs of socks. As soon as the scene finished, he began an expletive-filled rant until the costume department dried his foot with hairdryers to avoid frostbite.<ref name="Varietyat25" /> For another scene, Murray asked MacDowell to really slap him, and Ramis instructed the children Murray confronts in a snowball fight to throw hard.<ref name="TheWrap" /><ref name="ReadersDigest" /> During the scene in which Phil drives off with Punxsutawney Phil, the groundhog bit Murray on the knuckle. Although Murray was wearing gloves, the bite broke the skin. During a later take, the groundhog bit him again, in the same spot.<ref name="PhillyBeast" /><ref name="Mentalfloss" />
Murray was hesitant about shooting the final scene in which Phil awakens next to Rita, as how or whether Phil was dressed would affect the tone of the revelation that he had escaped the time loop. Ramis polled the crew, who were split between Phil wearing the same clothes as the previous night and different clothes that suggested the pair had been intimate.<ref name="Varietyat25" /> A young female crew member served as the tiebreaker, ruling that they should be wearing the same clothes as "anything else... will ruin the movie."<ref name="Varietyat25" /> As MacDowell's and Murray's characters venture outside the Cherry Street Inn in the film's denouement, the scripted line "Let's live here" is tempered by a Murray ad lib, "We'll rent to start."{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|pp=80–81}}
Many locations in and around Woodstock were used in the production. The Woodstock Town Square features prominently. A bar in the former courthouse is used for a bar in Rita's hotel. The Woodstock Opera House served as the exteriors of Rita's hotel, and its tower is used for Phil's suicide leap.<ref name="PennLive" /><ref name="LocationHub" /> The Cherry Street Inn was a private residence; the interior was shot on a set.<ref name="PennLive" /> Woodstock City Lanes was used for the bowling alley scene.<ref name="LocationHub" /> The Tip Top Cafe, a setting for several scenes, was purpose-built for the film. Local demand later led to a real diner with a near-identical name at the same ___location.<ref name="LocationHub" /><ref name="HuffPoCafe" /> The bachelor auction where Phil demonstrates his personal transformation was filmed at the Woodstock Moose Lodge.<ref name="PennLive" /><ref name="LocationHub" /> The shots of Murray being nearly run over by a train were filmed at the nearby [[Illinois Railway Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chicago Burlington & Quincy 504 |url=https://www.irm.org/player/cbq504/ |website=Roster of Equipment |publisher=Illinois Railway Museum |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Press and Filming |url=https://www.irm.org/press-page/ |publisher=Illinois Railway Museum |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Museum in the Movies |url=https://www.irm.org/movies/ |publisher=Illinois Railway Museum |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref> The scene of Phil driving a truck over a cliff was shot in Nimtz Quarry in [[Loves Park, Illinois]], about {{convert|34|mi}} from Woodstock. A rail system was used to propel two vehicles into the quarry on separate takes, to give Ramis a choice of shots; pyrotechnics were employed to make each explode.<ref name="JournalStandard" />
{{Clear}}
==Release==
===Context===
{{see also|1993 in film}}
[[File:The Emoji Movie premiere at the Fox Theatre, Westwood Village 4.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[premiere]] of ''Groundhog Day'' took place on February{{nbsp}}4, 1993, at the [[Fox Theater, Westwood Village]] in [[Westwood, Los Angeles]].]]
1993 was considered the year of the family film.<ref name="LAtimesYear1993" /> This was seen as a response to criticism of Hollywood for overusing violence and sex in films, as well as a need for feel-good entertainment in a time of [[recession]].<ref name="LATimesFamily" /><ref name="NYTFAmily" /> As production costs rose, films pitched at both adults and children offered a greater chance being profitable both at the theater and in the ensuing [[home video]] [[Video rentals|rentals]]. By 1993, the three all-time highest-grossing films in North America were family-oriented: ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'', ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'', and ''[[Home Alone]]''. Family films encouraged repeat business and offered more opportunities to sell merchandise.<ref name="LATimesFamily" /><ref name="NYTFAmily" /> Columbia Pictures chairman Mark Canton said that [[PG-Rating|PG-rated]] films were much more likely to make over $100{{nbsp}}million, compared to adult-oriented fare. ''Groundhog Day'' was rated PG, allowing children access with parental permission. The film was seen as a potential [[Sleeper hit|sleeper success]].<ref name="VarietyPG" /><ref name="VarietySleeper" />
''Groundhog Day'' was one of many family films released that year, including ''[[Free Willy]]'', ''[[Last Action Hero]]'', and the highly anticipated ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'', which would go on to become the highest-grossing film to date.<ref name="HoustonPress1993" /> Not all releases that year were family-centric; it would become considered one of the greatest years for film across a range of genres.<ref name="Deseret1993" /><ref name="RogerEbert1993" /> There were blockbusters like ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]'' and ''[[Indecent Proposal]]'', critical favorites such as ''[[Schindler's List]]'' and ''[[Philadelphia (film)|Philadelphia]]'',<ref name="TheNumbers1993" /><ref name="RogerEbert1993" /><ref name="Collider1993" /> and future classics, like ''[[Dazed and Confused (film)|Dazed and Confused]]'', ''[[Batman: Mask of the Phantasm]]'', and ''[[The Nightmare Before Christmas]]''.<ref name="Collider1993" /><ref name="Tribeca1993" /><ref name="TheVerge1993" />
The premiere of ''Groundhog Day'' took place on February{{nbsp}}4, 1993, at the [[Fox Theater, Westwood Village|Fox Theater]] in [[Westwood, Los Angeles]]. Murray did not attend the low-budget event, whose guests included comedian [[Rodney Dangerfield]] and actresses [[Catherine O'Hara]], [[Mimi Rogers]], and [[Virginia Madsen]]. $40,000 of the entry ticket sales profits were donated to the [[Scleroderma Research Foundation]] and Turning Point Shelter.<ref name="LATimesPremiere" /> A second premiere took place the following day in [[Crystal Lake, Illinois]], followed by an auction of [[prop]]s and signed equipment from the film. All proceeds were donated to the Woodstock school district.<ref name="ChicagoTribunePremiere" />
===Box office===
In North America, ''Groundhog Day'' received a wide release on February 12, 1993, across 1,640 theaters. The film earned $12.5{{nbsp}}million—an average of $7,632 per theater. The film benefited from a four-day weekend due to the [[Washington's Birthday|President's Day]] holiday Monday. This increased its weekend total to $14.6{{nbsp}}million—enhancing the theater average to $8,934. This made it the second-biggest opening for a film released in winter, behind ''[[Wayne's World (film)|Wayne's World]]'' ($18{{nbsp}}million) released the year before. ''Groundhog Day'' finished as the number one film of the weekend, ahead of romantic drama ''[[Sommersby]]'' ($9.9{{nbsp}}million), and adventure comedy ''[[Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey]]'' ($8.1{{nbsp}}million), both in their second week of release.<ref name="BOMWeekendBrkDwn" /><ref name="LATimesPresidents" /><ref name="LATimesReleaseWKND" /> Screenings of the film were approximately 80% sold out. 65% of audiences polled said they would "definitely recommend" it.<ref name="VarietyFigures" />
The film retained the number-one position in its second weekend with a further gross of $9.3{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="LATimesFeb23" /> In its third weekend, it dropped to second place with $7.6{{nbsp}}million, behind the debuting crime thriller ''[[Falling Down]]'' ($8.7{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="BOMWeekendBrkDwn" /><ref name="LATimesMar2" /> ''Groundhog Day'' remained in the top 10 grossing films for a further four weeks, earning a total of $57.6{{nbsp}}million. It spent the remainder of its run outside the top 10 apart from two brief resurgences—one during the long Easter weekend in mid-April where it rose to number 2, and approximately 15 weeks into its run, where it rose to number 7 after being released in low-price ticket theaters.<ref name="BOMWeekendBrkDwn" /><ref name="LATimesLowPrice" /><ref name="TheNumbersWeekend" />
In total, the film earned an approximate box office gross of $70.9{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="TheNumbers" /> Though it did not break any records, the film was considered a success, if a modest one.<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors" /><ref name="LATimesHit" /><ref name="PasteHit" /> It finished as the [[1993 in film|10th highest-grossing film of 1993]] behind ''Free Willy'' ($78{{nbsp}}million) and ''[[Cliffhanger (film)|Cliffhanger]]'' ($84{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="LAtimesYear1993" /> When accounting for films released at the end of 1993 that earned most of their box office in 1994, ''Groundhog Day'' becomes the 14th highest-grossing film of 1993.<ref name="TheNumbers1993" /> Industry experts suggest that as of 1997, the [[Film distribution|box office returns to the studio]]—minus the theaters' share—was $32.5{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="VarietyRentals" /> Outside of North America, the film is estimated to have earned a further $34.2{{nbsp}}million, giving it a cumulative worldwide gross of $105{{nbsp}}million and making it the 19th highest-grossing film of the year worldwide.<ref name="TheNumbers" /><ref name="BOMOverview" />{{sfn|Klady|1994|pp=1,42}}
==Reception==
===Critical reception===
[[File:Stephen tobolowsky 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Stephen Tobolowsky]] in 2012. His portrayal of insurance-selling "pest" Ned Ryerson was well received.<ref name="VarietyReview" /><ref name="NYTReview" />]]
''Groundhog Day'' received generally positive reviews from critics.<ref name="RollingStoneCrit" /> [[CinemaScore]] polls reported that moviegoers gave it an average rating of "B+" on a scale of A+ to F.<ref name="CinemaScore" />
It was seen as a significant change from the previous works of Murray and Ramis.<ref name="LATimesReview" /> [[Kenneth Turan]] appreciated it as a gentle, endearing, and smaller-scale film.<ref name="LATimesReview" /> [[Hal Hinson]] called it the best American comedy since 1982's ''[[Tootsie]]'' (also featuring Murray). He said that ''Groundhog Day'' demonstrated Ramis's capable comedic timing, and offered a clever plot without pretension.<ref name="WashingtonPostReview" /> Critics compared it to a combination of ''It's a Wonderful Life'' and the surreal science-fiction/horror television series ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' (1959).<ref name="NYTReview" /><ref name="WashingtonPostReview" /><ref name="THRReview" /> [[Roger Ebert]] compared it to the Murray-starring Christmas-comedy ''[[Scrooged]]'' (1988), featuring a similar transformation from selfish to selfless. He said that where that film offered a "grim discontent," ''Groundhog Day'' offered optimism.<ref name="EbertReviewOrig" />
Critics agreed that the film had an obvious moral, but disagreed on its presentation. [[Desson Thomson]] found the film initially intriguing but believed it deteriorated into a Hollywood-style morality tale.<ref name="WashingtonPostRevHowe" /> In Turan's opinion, ''Groundhog Day'' started as a traditional Hollywood story, but was earnest enough to convert the audience by the end, and had a "romantic innocence" that prevented it becoming formulaic.<ref name="LATimesReview" /> Hinson said that the moral core of the story was never presented in a way that insulted the viewer's intelligence or required they sacrifice their cynicism to accept it. He continued that Phil evolves into a better version of himself, but never stops being a jerk.<ref name="WashingtonPostReview" /> According to [[Janet Maslin]], the film balanced sentimentality and nihilism.<ref name="NYTReview" /> ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' appreciated that the film endorsed small town morals and their positive effect on Phil.<ref name="THRReview" /> The ''[[New Statesman]]'' argued that it appealed simultaneously to cynicism and optimism.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=11}}
The tone was described as inconsistent, and the film poorly paced, some scenes going on too long.<ref name="VarietyReview" /> [[Owen Glieberman]] compared it unfavorably to another time-travel film, ''[[Back to the Future]]'' (1985), which he found more cleverly structured. He described some scenes as isolated comedy sketches rather than part of a larger narrative.<ref name="EWReview" /> Thomson said that the repetition of scenes worked against the film, making it seem as if no progress was being made.<ref name="WashingtonPostRevHowe" /> Hinson countered that minor alterations to the scenes kept them interesting as part of a "brilliantly imaginative" and "complex" script.<ref name="WashingtonPostReview" /> Some reviewers said that the humor was often mild, eliciting small chuckles instead of outright hilarity,<ref name="EWReview" /><ref name="NYTReview" /> although Hinson found it to be "wildly funny."<ref name="WashingtonPostReview" /> ''The Hollywood Reporter'' wrote that it offered a range of comedy and satire, all tempered by the love story between Phil and Rita.<ref name="THRReview" /> Critics highlighted the deeper story behind the comedy. Ebert called it a comedy on the surface but with an underlying thoughtfulness.<ref name="EbertReviewOrig" /> Maslin said that her initial impression was of a lightweight fare, but it became "strangely affecting."<ref name="NYTReview" />
Murray was consistently praised for his performance.<ref name="VarietyReview" /><ref name="LATimesReview" /><ref name="WashingtonPostReview" /><ref name="WashingtonPostRevHowe" /> Critics were in agreement that his performance was essential to the film's success by making Phil's transformation believable.<ref name="VarietyReview" /><ref name="NYTReview" /><ref name="RevSiskel" /> [[Gene Siskel]] wrote that any other actor could not have prevented the film from becoming too "saccharine."<ref name="RevSiskel" /> Turan said that Murray's natural gruffness and comedic barbs prevented over-sentimentality. Turan also appreciated the endearing performance by Murray compared to his more abrasive, past performances.<ref name="LATimesReview" /> Hinson said that Murray had never been funnier. He continued that Murray was a vital component in keeping the film's optimism from seeming dishonest or manufactured. Hinson liked that even after Phil's redemption, he retains a cynical edge.<ref name="WashingtonPostReview" /> Glieberman believed that Murray's indifference retains the audience's attention, but added that while Murray was talented enough to play a redeemed person, it was not a good fit for him.<ref name="EWReview" /> Ebert found Murray significantly funnier as a sarcastic antagonist than the friendly protagonist.<ref name="EbertReviewOrig" />
Critics were enamored with MacDowell's performance. Siskel said that she lit up the screen when she was on.<ref name="RevSiskel" /> Maslin called her a "thorough delight," saying that MacDowell's performance offered a comforting, comedic presence.<ref name="NYTReview" /> Hinson said that the on-screen chemistry between MacDowell and Murray was "otherworldly" and that she was a perfect fit for comedy.<ref name="WashingtonPostReview" /> Tobolowsky also received praise as a hilarious "pest."<ref name="VarietyReview" /><ref name="NYTReview" />
===Accolades===
At the [[1993 New York Film Critics Circle Awards]], the screenplay came runner-up for Best Screenplay, tying with ''Schindler's List''.<ref name="NYTNYC" /> The same year, it won Best Comedy Film at the [[British Comedy Awards]].<ref name="BCA" /> In a then-unprecedented move, in late 1993, Columbia Pictures sent over 4,500 members of the [[Academy Awards]] voting committee a custom box containing videotapes of nine of their eligible films. The campaign was estimated to have cost between $400,000 and $650,000. ''Groundhog Day'' was included among these nine films,<ref name="NYTBlackBox" /><ref name="LATimesBlackBox" /> but received no nominations at the [[66th Academy Awards]].<ref name="1994Oscars" />
At the 1994 [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA Awards]], Rubin and Ramis won the award for [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]].<ref name="BAFTA" /> MacDowell won the award for Best Actress at the [[20th Saturn Awards]] ceremony, where ''Groundhog Day'' also received nominations for Best Fantasy Film (losing to ''The Nightmare Before Christmas''), Bill Murray for Best Actor (losing to [[Robert Downey Jr.]] in ''[[Heart and Souls]]''), Best Writing and Best Direction (losing both to ''Jurassic Park''), and Best Costumes for Jennifer Butler (losing to ''[[Hocus Pocus (1993 film)|Hocus Pocus]]'').<ref name="SaturnAwards" /> At the [[American Comedy Awards]], Murray and Elliott were nominated for, respectively, Funniest Actor and Funniest Supporting Actor.<ref name="VarietyACA" /> The film was nominated for Best Dramatic Presentation at the [[Hugo Award]]s, losing to ''Jurassic Park''.<ref name="HugoAward" />
==Post-release==
===Aftermath===
[[File:Recent photo of Richard A. Lupoff.jpg|thumb|Author [[Richard A. Lupoff]] threatened legal action against the filmmakers, alleging that they had copied his own time loop-based story "[[12:01 P.M.]]"]]
Despite its relative success, a sequel was ruled out by November 1993.<ref name="Sequel" /> ''Groundhog Day'' was one of the films credited with helping to reverse Columbia's failures at the box office, alongside the 1992 films ''[[Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992 film)|Bram Stoker's Dracula]]'', ''[[A Few Good Men]]'' and ''[[A League of Their Own]]''.<ref name="LATimesFortunes" /> Shortly after its release, author [[Richard A. Lupoff]] threatened legal action against the filmmakers, alleging the film copied his short story "[[12:01 P.M.]]" and its associated 1990 [[12:01 PM (1990 film)|short film adaptation]] about a man stuck in a time loop. The case was never formally filed as the film's production company refused to support legal action.<ref name="VultureRubin" />{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=14}} Similarly, author Leon Arden attempted legal action, claiming the film plagiarized his novel ''One Fine Day'', which he had unsuccessfully pitched as a script to Columbia Pictures, about a man repeating April 15. The judge ruled against Arden.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=14}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ctinsider.com/news/article/An-Author-s-Cautionary-Tale-16869615.php |title=An Author's Cautionary Tale |access-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204133342/https://www.ctinsider.com/news/article/An-Author-s-Cautionary-Tale-16869615.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Murray initially hated the finished ''Groundhog Day''.<ref name="ReadersDigest" /> In a 1993 interview, he said that he wanted to focus on the comedy and the underlying theme of people repeating their lives out of fear of change. Ramis wanted to focus on the redeeming power of love. Even so, Murray agreed that Ramis had ultimately been right to do so.<ref name="PhillyBeast" /> The film marked the end of Ramis and Murray's nearly 20-year long partnership that among other things, had created films like ''Caddyshack'', ''[[Stripes (film)|Stripes]]'' (1981), and ''Ghostbusters''. After filming concluded, Murray stopped speaking to Ramis. He never contacted Ramis, and refused to speak about him in interviews.<ref name="new yorker" /> Ramis openly spoke about Murray, both criticizing him and discussing his dreams where the pair were once again friends.<ref name="uproxx rift" /><ref name="ReadersDigest" /> Some of their close acquaintances, including producer [[Michael Shamberg]], speculated that Murray had grown disillusioned with the assumption that his best work only came in collaboration with Ramis, or that Ramis was responsible for Murray's public persona.<ref name="new yorker" /><ref name="uproxx rift" /> Ramis said that he could make Murray as funny as possible, and in return, Murray's improvisational skills could save even the most lackluster of scripts.<ref name="uproxx rift" />
Murray felt that ''Groundhog Day'' had given him an opportunity to showcase a different side of himself. He admitted that he was bothered by his perception that his previous films focused on jokes without offering a deeper subtext. Even so, he said that he had found solace in meeting the people entertained by his work.<ref name="PhillyBeast" /> Ramis believed that Murray's dramatic turns in films like ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'' (2003) revealed more about Murray than anything else. Speaking in 2009, Ramis said that he thought Murray had grown tired of being the manic, energetic person carrying a film, and wanted to explore his potential.<ref name="AVClubRamis" /> Ramis reached out to Murray to cast him in his 2005 black comedy ''[[The Ice Harvest]]''. Murray's brother Brian declined on his behalf. When Ramis enquired further, Brian said that Murray never discussed Ramis. Except for a few brief exchanges at public events, the pair did not speak for nearly two decades.<ref name="new yorker" /> They reunited only in the final few months of Ramis's life in 2014.<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="VultureMemoir" /> Rubin said that Murray and his brother now speak fondly of Ramis.<ref name="Varietyat25" />
Rubin was in high demand as a screenwriter but retained his desire to tell original stories and refused to tell a traditional Hollywood narrative arc, as he found defying the expected premise and structure the most interesting part. He said that studios wanted him to simply put his spin on a conventional story. Eventually, the offers stopped coming. He continued to write scripts, but none progressed. In a 2017 interview, Rubin admitted some regret that ''Groundhog Day'' remained his biggest success.<ref name="VultureRubin" />
===Home media and rereleases===
''Groundhog Day'' was released on [[VHS]] in early September 1993. It debuted at number 11 on the VHS rental chart, rising to number 1 by the end of September, replacing ''Falling Down''.<ref name="LATimesVHS" /><ref name="LATimesVHS2" /><ref name="LATimesVHS5" /> It remained the number 1 rental until mid-October when it was knocked off the top spot by ''[[Point of No Return (1993 film)|Point of No Return]]'' at number 2 and ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' at number 1.<ref name="LATimesVHS3" /><ref name="LATimesVHS4" /> It was considered the most successful comedy release of late 1993.<ref name="LATimesVHS6" />
The film was released on [[DVD-Video|DVD]] in 1998.<ref name="HomeMediaCommonSense" /> The 2002 "Special Edition" DVD included the film's trailers, an audio commentary by Ramis, and ''The Weight of Time''—a behind-the-scenes documentary about the making of the film, featuring cast and crew interviews.<ref name="HomeMediaSpecialEdition" /><ref name="HomeMediaForbes" /> Murray did not participate.<ref name="HomeMediaEWDVD" /> A 15th-anniversary edition DVD was released in January 2008.<ref name="HomeMediaReuters" /> The film was digitally remastered under Ramis's supervision. This set included Ramis' audio commentary and ''The Weight of Time'', and added an interview with Ramis, a short documentary on groundhogs, and deleted scenes.<ref name="HomeMediaForbes" /><ref name="HomeMediaEWDVD" /><ref name="HomeMediaIGN15" /> This version was later released on [[Blu-ray]] disc in 2009, with an additional [[picture-in-picture]] feature with Tobolowsky reprising his role as Ned to provide facts about the film.<ref name="HomeMediaBluRay09" />
To celebrate the film's 25th anniversary in February 2018, a remastered [[4k resolution]] version of the film was released in select theaters.<ref name="Rerelease" /> In April 2018, the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] presented a special one-night screening of the remastered film at the [[Samuel Goldwyn Theater]] in [[Beverly Hills, California]].<ref name="AcademyScreening" /> The remastered version was also released as an [[Ultra HD Blu-ray]] disc, [[Blu-ray]] disc, and a [[Digital distribution|digital download]]. It included the same extras as the 15th-anniversary edition.<ref name="HomeMediaForbes" />
To celebrate the film's 30th anniversary, the film was released in select theaters for two days in February 2023, with one of those days being February 2, Groundhog Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundhog Day 30th Anniversary |url=https://www.fathomevents.com/events/Groundhog-Day-30th-Anniversary |access-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118234515/https://www.fathomevents.com/events/Groundhog-Day-30th-Anniversary |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Analysis==
===Time loop duration===
The duration of Phil's real-time entrapment in the time loop has been the subject of much discussion.<ref name="Hollywoodreporterhanks" /><ref name="IFC" /> Ramis once said that he believed the film took place over ten years.<ref name="Hollywoodreporterhanks" /> When a blogger estimated the actual length to be approximately nine years, Ramis disputed that estimate and his own. He replied that it takes at least 10 years to become good at an activity (such as Phil learning ice sculpting and to speak French) and "allotting for the down-time and misguided years he spent, it had to be more like 30 or 40 years."<ref name="Heeb" /> A similar estimate suggests that it takes at least 10,000 hours of study (just over a year's worth of time) to become an expert in a field, and given the number of loops seen or mentioned on screen, and how long Phil could spend per day studying, that Phil spent approximately 12,400 days, or nearly 34 years, trapped in the loop.<ref name="IFC" /> In Rubin's original concept draft, Phil himself estimates that he has been trapped for between 70 and 80 years, having used books to track the passage of time.<ref name="DOGRubin" />
Born to a Jewish family, Ramis had adopted a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] lifestyle from his second wife, embracing some of its precepts.<ref name="new yorker" /><ref name="LionsRoad" /><ref name="NationalReview" /> He said that based on Buddhist doctrine, it takes approximately 10,000 years for a soul to evolve to the next level.<ref name="Varietyat25" /> In 2005, Rubin said, "it became this weird political issue because if you asked the studio, 'How long was the repetition?', they'd say, 'Two weeks'. But the point of the movie to me was that you had to feel you were enduring something that was going on for a long time.... For me it had to be—I don't know. A hundred years. A lifetime."{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=19}} In his book ''Groundhog Day'', Ryan Gilbey thought the vagueness surrounding the length of the loop was one of the most remarkable elements of the film. Just as there is no justification for why or how Phil is caught in the loop, the length of time is only as long as it takes for Phil to become a better person.<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors" />
===Thematic analysis===
[[File:Plaosan Bodhisattva 02.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A 9th-century [[bodhisattva]] bas-relief. The character of Phil Connors has been interpreted as a bodhisattva: someone who helps others reach [[nirvana]].]]
The film has been interpreted in many ways by different groups.<ref name="VultureRubin" /><ref name="new yorker" /> Rubin has said that he did not set out to write the film as a spiritual [[allegory]]. He simply wanted to tell a story about human life and periods when a person becomes trapped in a cycle that they cannot escape.<ref name="TheWrapToblowsky" /> He said it was not "just about a man repeating the same day but a story about how to live. Whose life isn't a series of days? Who doesn't feel stuck from time to time?"<ref name="telegraph interview" /> In the bowling alley scene, Phil asks two Punxsutawney residents if they understand what it is like to be stuck in a place where nothing they do matters. He is referring to his own situation, but the two men, trapped in their own small-town lives, know exactly what he means.<ref name="NYTReview" />
While Rubin and Ramis discussed several of the philosophical and spiritual aspects of the film, they "never intended [it] to be anything more than a good, heartfelt, entertaining story."<ref name="telegraph interview" /> Murray saw the original script as an interpretation of how people repeat the same day over and over because they are afraid of change.<ref name="PhillyBeast" /> Rubin added that at the start of the loop, it is the worst day of Phil's life. By being forced to change who he is, to embrace the world around him, and each moment of his day, it becomes the best day of his life; the day he falls in love.<ref name="bigthink rubin" /> In a 2017 interview, Murray said he believed ''Groundhog Day'' still resonated because it is about "the idea that we just have to try again... it's such a beautiful, powerful idea."<ref name="RollingStoneMusical" />
Rubin has been contacted throughout the years by different experts providing their own interpretations.<ref name="IndependentThemes" /> It has been seen as a Christian allegory with Punxsutawney Phil representing [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]],<ref name="IndependentThemes" /> an example of the [[Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzschean]] concept of [[eternal return]], the spirit of Judaism, and the essence of homeopathy.<ref name="bigthink rubin" /><ref name="VultureRubin" /> It has also been interpreted as an adaptation of the Greek mythological figure [[Sisyphus]] who is also condemned to an eternal, daily punishment.<ref name="ConsequenceofSound" /><ref name="FieldsGHD" /> Others have found significance in the numbers present in the film.<ref name="VultureRubin" /> Ramis himself was fascinated by Rubin's original draft and its concepts of reincarnation.<ref name="TheWrapRubin" /> The date of Groundhog Day also has implications. It is set between the end of winter—characterized in the film as a period of satire and the end of things—and spring—a season represented by comedy and connected with themes of renewal and redemption.{{sfn|Glausser|2019|pp=3, 7}}
Buddhist leaders commended the representation of the ideologies of regeneration. Phil can be interpreted as a [[bodhisattvas|bodhisattva]], someone who has reached the brink of [[Nirvana]] and returns to Earth to help others to do the same. His loops can represent [[saṃsāra]], a cycle of suffering from which he must escape. In the Jewish faith, Phil's escape or reward can be seen as him being returned to Earth to perform moral deeds or ''[[mitzvah|mitzvot]]''—the precepts and commandments of God.<ref name="NYTSpiritual" /> In Christianity, his journey can be interpreted as a form of resurrection or a means of securing a place in heaven. In [[Falun Gong]] religious philosophy, the film has been interpreted as a message that the spiritual self cannot evolve until it learns from past mistakes.<ref name="IndependentThemes" /><ref name="TheWrapRubin" /><ref name="NYTSpiritual" /> In Catholicism, Phil's situation can be identified as a form of [[purgatory]], escaped only by embracing selflessness.<ref name="NationalReview" /> MacDowell said "Wouldn't it be great if we had that kind of experience and learn something from it? We go through life and are not always conscious of it... whatever religion you want to base yourself in, that's ultimately why we're here."<ref name="TheWrapRubin" /> ''Groundhog Day'' can also be interpreted as a secular tale in which Phil is experiencing an existential crisis where primal self-indulgence is no longer satisfying, causing him to fall into a depression that he escapes by taking ownership of his own self-improvement; he then uses his improved persona to benevolently help others.{{sfn|Glausser|2019|p=16}}
Phil initially compares himself to a god, declaring that as a weatherman, he makes the weather.<ref name="TheWrapRubin" /> After several loops, he comes to believe he is a god, asserting that omnipotence may be mistaken for having lived so long one simply knows everything.<ref name="NationalReview" /> Using his knowledge he is able to manipulate events in his favor.<ref name="LionsRoad" /> The repetition gives Phil an opportunity to escape from his own narcissistic self-confinement. Unwilling to change himself, the means to do so are forced upon him.<ref name="LionsRoad" /> After constant rejection by Rita and his idea of love, Phil hits an emotional low and repeatedly commits suicide. At one point, he suggests that he has killed himself enough times to no longer exist. It is at this point, Ramis suggests, that Phil becomes ready to change.<ref name="LionsRoad" /><ref name="ConsequenceofSound" />
It is only when Phil stops using the loops to indulge his own desires and instead uses them to selflessly help others that he is freed.<ref name="LATIMesRamis" /> In repeatedly failing to save the old homeless man, Phil is also forced to accept that he is not a god.<ref name="ThemesOldMan" /> Similarly, regardless of how much knowledge he gains about Rita, and despite his accomplishments learned throughout the loops, he is unable to impress her enough to earn her love. He wins her over only once he stops trying to do so, and instead demonstrates genuine care for others without fakery or self-interest, will likely reset, and it will have all been for naught. Only then does Rita return his affections.<ref name="new yorker" /><ref name="LATIMesRamis" /><ref name="ConsequenceofSound" /> The aspects of Rita that Phil mocked at the start of the film have become qualities he admires and respects, and in turn, Phil receives Rita's love not because he desires it, but because he has genuinely become the type of person that Rita could love.{{sfn|Racicot|2006|pp=194–195}} This demonstrates the redeeming power of love, something Ramis wanted to emphasize.<ref name="PhillyBeast" /><ref name="ConsequenceofSound" /> For him, ''Groundhog Day'' represents having the strength and knowledge to make a change when faced with the opportunity to repeat previous mistakes.<ref name="LionsRoad" />
Rick Brookhiser argues that it is because Phil fully appreciates every facet of the day that he is rewarded by the day being taken from him. He said, "loving life includes loving the fact that it goes."<ref name="NationalReview" /> [[John Seamon]] said that where other films use memory as a means of reflection or escape, Phil effectively lives within his memories, repeating them indefinitely; he has no hope for a future because everything will reset. By remembering and appreciating new details, Phil is able to grow as a person and becomes the agent of his own change.{{sfn|Seamon|2015|pp=51–54}} Rubin said Phil will not return to his old ways after his experiences, but might suffer disappointment that no day will ever live up to his final, perfect February{{nbsp}}2, after which he essentially loses his superpowers.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=81}}
==Legacy==
[[File:Prlaque of Movie(Groundhog day) Woodstock, IL.jpg|thumb|A floor-positioned plaque in [[Woodstock, Illinois]] commemorating the pothole Bill Murray's character steps in during ''Groundhog Day'']]
''Groundhog Day'' is considered one of the most beloved comedy films ever made, an all-time classic, and a pop culture touchstone.<ref name="Varietyat25" /><ref name="io9classic" /><ref name="EONlineTerm" /> In 2020, ''[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]'' described it as having a "mythic, permanent pop cultural status reserved for few films."<ref name="PasteHit" /> The film's success made Ramis a credible comedy director, opening up more creative opportunities for him.<ref name="VarietyRamis" /><ref name="GuardianRamis" /> Over the rest of the 1990s, he would direct 1996's ''[[Multiplicity (film)|Multiplicity]]'' (also starring MacDowell), 1999's ''[[Analyze This]]'', and 2000's ''[[Bedazzled (2000 film)|Bedazzled]]''.<ref name="new yorker" /><ref name="GuardianRamis" /> ''Groundhog Day'' also showcased Murray's capabilities as an actor, changing perceptions of him as a comedian to a broad-ranged actor and credible romantic lead. His performance is seen as a transitioning point to later roles in serious films like ''[[Rushmore (film)|Rushmore]]'' (1998), his Academy Award-nominated performance in ''Lost in Translation'', and ''[[Moonrise Kingdom]]'' (2012).<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors" /> Rubin started a blog in 2007 that featured fictional conversations between himself and Phil Connors, who had since retired to live on a mountainside near [[Taos, New Mexico]]. Rubin taught screenwriting at [[Harvard University]] for several years.<ref name="VultureRubin" />
Its impact on Woodstock and Punxsutawney was lasting and significant. Since the film's release, Woodstock has hosted its own Groundhog Day festivals. These have included groundhog Woodstock Willie,<ref name="PennLive" /> screenings of the film, and walking tours of filming locations.<ref name="LocationHub" /> The town attracts approximately 1,000 tourists for its yearly event, which has featured appearances by Albert, Rubin, and Tobolowsky.<ref name="Varietyat25" /> Punxsutawney, which once drew only a few hundred visitors to its festival, has since attracted tens of thousands. The year following the film's release, over 35,000 people visited the town for Groundhog Day.<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="Varietyat25" /> Residents appreciate the film's impact on the town, but assert that their focus remains on Punxsutawney Phil and the long-lived festival.<ref name="Varietyat25" /> In Woodstock, plaques are positioned at key locations used in the film, commemorating moments including Phil meeting Ned, the pothole in which Phil trips, and the town square pavilion where Phil and Rita share a dance.<ref name="PennLive" /><ref name="NWHeraldPlaque" />
As of 2016, Rubin continued to receive mail from fans, philosophers, and religious leaders; their content ranged from simple letters to sermons and dissertations. He has spoken of psychiatrists who recommend the film to their patients, and addicts who have told him that it helped them realize they were trapped in a repeating cycle of their own.<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="VultureRubin" /> Some time after the film's release, Murray changed his opinion about it. He called it "probably the best work I've done," adding "and probably the best work Harold will ever do."<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors" />{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=86}} In 2018, Tobolowsky said "I think [Murray's] performance in ''Groundhog Day'' will stand as one of the greatest comedic performances of all time.... He is able to be both antagonist and protagonist at the same time in the same film. He's everything that's horrible and everything that's wonderful.... I think it's gonna stand up as long as films are made."<ref name="Varietyat25" /> The city of Chicago made a proclamation on February 2, 2024, as "Harold Ramis Day", in a ceremony joined by Murray, Ramis' widow Erica Mann Ramis, and other actors from the film.<ref name="abc7 ramis day" />
===Critical reassessment===
''Groundhog Day'' is considered one of the greatest films ever made.<ref name="Collider1993" /><ref name="NationalReview" /><ref name="RogerEbertGreat" /><ref name="Empire500" /><ref name="THRJun14" /> [[Rotten Tomatoes]] assesses a {{RT data|score}} approval rating from the aggregated reviews of {{RT data|count}} critics, with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}. The consensus reads, "Smart, sweet, and inventive, ''Groundhog Day'' highlights Murray's dramatic gifts while still leaving plenty of room for laughs."<ref name="RottenTomatoes" /> The film has a score of 72 out of 100 on [[Metacritic]] based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref name="Metacritic" />
In 2004, ''[[The New Yorker]]'' called it Ramis's masterpiece.<ref name="new yorker" /> In 2005, as part of his ''[[The Great Movies]]'' series, Ebert raised his original score for the film from three stars to a full four stars.<ref name="bigthink rubin" /> In this updated review, Ebert said that he had underestimated the film and noted that Murray's performance was essential to making the film work.<ref name="VultureRubin" /><ref name="RogerEbertGreat" /> That same year, [[Jonah Goldberg]] called it one of the best films of the previous 40 years, positioning it alongside ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'' as one of America's most uplifting and timeless films.<ref name="NationalReview" /> In 2009, literary theorist [[Stanley Fish]] listed it as one of the ten best American films. He wrote, "The comedy and the philosophy (how shall one live?) do not sit side by side, but inhabit each other in a unity that is incredibly satisfying."<ref name="StanleyFish" /> It is listed in the 2013 film reference book ''[[1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die]]'', which says "...Bill Murray gives what may be the best and warmest performance of his career in this genius comedy—arguably the best of the 1990s{{nbsp}}..."{{sfn|Schneider|2013}} ''[[The Guardian]]'' attributes its lasting appeal to its use of a classic redemption arc like [[Ebenezer Scrooge]] in the 1843 novella ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', and its refusal to explain why the loop occurs, making it less like a typical mainstream film.<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors" />
In 2000, the [[American Film Institute]] (AFI) ranked ''Groundhog Day'' number 34 on its [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs|100 Years...100 Laughs]] list recognizing the best comedy films.<ref name="AFI2002" /> In 2005, the film's screenplay was listed as the twenty-seventh greatest screenplay of the preceding 75 years on the [[Writers Guild of America]]'s (WGA) 101 Greatest Screenplays list.<ref name="WGAGreatest1" /><ref name="WGAGreatest2" /> In a 2008 AFI poll of 1,500 industry members, ''Groundhog Day'' was ranked as the eighth-best fantasy film.<ref name="AFI1500" /><ref name="AFIGenre" /> That same year ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' listed the film 259th on its list of the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.<ref name="Empire500" /> In 2014, a poll of 2,120 entertainment-industry members by ''The Hollywood Reporter'' ranked it the 63rd-best film of all time.<ref name="THRJun14" /> In 2015, the screenplay was listed as the third-funniest on the WGA's 101 Funniest Screenplays list, behind ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'' (1958) and ''[[Annie Hall]]'' (1977).<ref name="WGAFunniest1" /><ref name="WGAFunniest2" /> That same year, it was ranked the 71st-best American film by a BBC Culture poll of international film critics.<ref>{{cite news| work=BBC News| title=The 100 greatest American films |date=21 July 2015| access-date=7 January 2025| url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150720-the-100-greatest-american-films}}</ref> In 2017, the [[BBC]] polled 253 critics (118 female, 135 male) from across 52 countries on the funniest film made. ''Groundhog Day'' came fourth, behind ''Annie Hall'', ''[[Dr. Strangelove]]'' (1964), and ''Some Like It Hot''.<ref name="BBC253" />
Several publications have ranked it as one of the greatest comedy films of all time, including: number one by ''Empire'' (2019);<ref name="EmpireComedy" /> number five by ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'';<ref name="LegacyTimeOutRanking" /> number 10 by Rotten Tomatoes;<ref name="RT100" /> number 11 by ''[[IGN]]'';<ref name="IGNRAnking" /> number 18 by ''[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]'';<ref name="PasteMagRank" /> number 23 by ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'';<ref name="TelegraphMar17" /> and unranked by [[Film School Rejects]] and ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''.<ref name="FSRRanking" /><ref name="VogueRanking" /> Rotten Tomatoes also listed the film number 86 on its list of 200 essential movies to watch.<ref name="RT200" /> Similarly, it has been ranked as one of the greatest films of the 1990s, including: number 4 by [[IndieWire]];<ref name="90sIndieWire" /> number 5 by ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'';<ref name="Slate90s" /> number 11 by ''[[Rolling Stone]]'';<ref name="90sRollingStone" /> number 12 by ''[[ShortList]]'';<ref name="90sShortlist" /> number 15 by ''[[The A.V. Club]]'';<ref name="90sAVClub" /> number 28 by Rotten Tomatoes;<ref name="90sRottenTomatoes" /> number 41 by ''[[Slant Magazine]]'';<ref name="90sSlant" /> number 55 by the [[British Film Institute]];<ref name="BFI90s" /> and unranked by ''Time Out''.<ref name="90sTimeout" />
===Cultural impact===
[[File:Andiegroundhog.png|thumb|[[Andie MacDowell]] with a groundhog on Groundhog Day 2008]]
[[William Goldman]] in 1993 said "I think ''Groundhog Day'' is the one that will be—of all of the movies that came out this year, it's the one that will be remembered in 10 years."<ref name="bigthink rubin" /> The same year, Desson Thomson opined "''Groundhog'' will never be designated a national film treasure by the Library of Congress."<ref name="WashingtonPostRevHowe" /> In 2006, the film was selected by the United States [[Library of Congress]] to be preserved in the [[National Film Registry]] for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."<ref name="NationalFilmRegistry" />
Several filmmakers have spoken of their appreciation for ''Groundhog Day'' or cited it as an inspiration in their own careers, including [[David O. Russell]], [[Terry Jones]],<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors" /> and [[Jay Roach]]. Roach called it the film that "changed him."<ref name="new yorker" /> [[Gillian Wearing]] called it one of her favorite films, citing its unusual structure and intelligent philosophical message.<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors" /> The film's success helped to legitimize the use of fantasy in mainstream comedy films, laying the groundwork for future fantasy comedies such as ''[[Liar Liar]]'' (1997), ''[[The Truman Show]]'' (1998), and ''[[Click (2006 film)|Click]]'' (2006).<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors" />
The phrase "Groundhog Day" has become a common term to reference a repetitive, unpleasant, and monotonous situation.<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors" /><ref name="USTodayTerm" /> It is recognized by dictionaries under two definitions: the holiday itself, and "a situation in which events are or appear to be continually repeated."<ref name="Collins" /><ref name="LATimesDictionary" /><ref name="SlateTerm" /> The term's use is such that it has been defined as a cliché to refer to a situation in this way.<ref name="SlateTerm" /> It has been invoked (sometimes inaccurately) by singers, sports stars, comedians, actors, politicians,<ref name="EONlineTerm" /><ref name="BBCGroundhog" /> archbishops,{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=86}} and former [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]] inmates.{{sfn|Slahi|2015|pp=237, 311}} Then-President [[Bill Clinton]] referenced the film in a 1996 speech to troops stationed in Bosnia.<ref name="LATimesClinton" /> The term was used during the 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic]], to refer to the monotony of quarantine and isolation associated with attempts to stem the spread of the virus.<ref name="JEEPCovid" /><ref name="TheAtlanticCovid" />
The narrative concept of someone trapped in a repeating segment of time can be traced back to 1904, and is a popular trope, particularly in science-fiction.<ref name="VultureRubin" /><ref name="io9classic" /> ''Groundhog Day'' was responsible for popularizing the idea to the general public.<ref name="TheGuardianLoop" /><ref name="ViceLoop" /><ref name="TheTimesLoop" /> Time loops have since been used in [[List of films featuring time loops|several films]] (including ''[[Naken]]'' (2000), ''[[Source Code]]'' (2011), ''[[Edge of Tomorrow]]'' (2014), ''[[Happy Death Day]]'' (2017) and its [[Happy Death Day 2U|sequel]], and ''[[Palm Springs (2020 film)|Palm Springs]]'' (2020)),<ref name="TheGuardianLoop" /><ref name="TheRingerPalmSprings" /> television shows (including ''[[Russian Doll (TV series)|Russian Doll]]'',<ref name="TheGuardianLoop" /> ''[[Life Serial|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Time Bomb (Angel)|Angel]]'', and ''[[Monday (The X-Files)|The X-Files]]''),<ref name="ViceLoop" /> and video games (including ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask]]'', ''[[Outer Wilds]]'' and ''[[Deathloop]]'').<ref name="GI.bizOuterWilds" /><ref name="PolygonLoopVideogames" /> These narratives often involve a central flawed character who must evolve to escape their chronological imprisonment.<ref name="TheGuardianLoop" /> The influence of ''Groundhog Day'' is such that [[TV Tropes]] refers to this narrative arc as the "Groundhog Day Loop".<ref name="ViceLoop" /> Rubin noted that with his script, he "stumbled upon a story with all the makings of a classic, so simple and true that it could be retold many different ways by many different storytellers."<ref name="telegraph interview" /> It has been referenced across a range of media, including the 1998 novel ''[[About a Boy (novel)|About a Boy]]'',{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=7}} the music video for the [[Craig David]] song "[[7 Days (Craig David song)|7 Days]]", and the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' audio drama ''[[Flip-Flop (audio drama)|Flip-Flop]]'', that features a time loop on the planet Punxsutawnee.{{sfn|Gilbey|2004|p=85}} Writing for ''IGN'', Michael Swaim postulated that since ''Groundhog Day'' popularized the time loop narrative, it had increased in mainstream popularity in part due to the [[Flynn effect]]—a statement on the increasing [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]] of the population—that meant audiences could easily follow the more complex narratives, and the desire for nostalgia in the [[Postmodernity|postmodern era]] of the early 21st century.<ref name="IGN timeloop" />
On February 2, 2016, fans in [[Liverpool]], England, gathered to watch the film repeatedly for 24 hours.<ref name="BBCLIverpool" /> Since February{{nbsp}}2 that year (apart from 2017), [[Sky Cinema]] has played the film on repeat for 24 hours.<ref name="IndependentFilmLoop" /><ref name="DigitalFilmLoop" /><ref name="LoopHuffPo2021" /> In 2018, the New York [[Museum of Modern Art]] debuted a series of films chosen by polling 35 literary and religious scholars, which started with ''Groundhog Day''. There was conflict between the scholars as so many of them wanted to write about the film for the presentation.<ref name="NationalReview" />
==Adaptations==
{{see also|Groundhog Day (musical)|l1=''Groundhog Day'' (musical)}}
A sequel was ruled out shortly after the film's release in 1993.<ref name="Sequel" /> Rubin also holds a story credit on the 2004 Italian remake of ''Groundhog Day'', called ''È già ieri'' (translated as ''It's Already Yesterday''), and commonly known as ''Stork Day''.<ref name="VultureRubin" /><ref name="IndieWire" /> When asked about a sequel in 2018, MacDowell said it would never happen because "I know [Murray]. He's not going to do it."<ref name="THRAndie" /> Despite this, Murray, Tobolowsky, and Doyle-Murray reprised their roles in a commercial for the [[Jeep Gladiator (JT)|Jeep Gladiator]] played during [[Super Bowl LIV]] on February{{nbsp}}2, 2020. Filmed in Woodstock, the commercial recreates scenes from the film, and features Murray again trapped in a time loop. He uses the Jeep Gladiator to explore Punxsutawney alongside Punxsutawney Phil.<ref name="Adweek" /><ref name="DetroitFree" /> Murray called it his first and last commercial.<ref name="CNN" /> In April 2020, Jeep released a series of modified versions of the advert to promote [[Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic|social distancing during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic]]. Murray provided creative input on the edit.<ref name="JEEPCovid" /><ref name="JEEPCovid2" />
In the years since the film's release, Rubin had worked on a musical adaptation of ''Groundhog Day'', partly out of boredom and partly because a musical was not covered by the rights he had signed over to Columbia.<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="VultureRubin" /> In 2003, [[Stephen Sondheim]] expressed interest creating a musical but this project was never realized.<ref name="BroadwayPlaybill" /> When [[Matthew Warchus]] and [[Tim Minchin]] approached Rubin in 2012, he had already developed a narrative outline, jokes, and a refined list of 12 songs.<ref name="telegraph interview" /><ref name="VultureRubin" /> He had been unable to progress the idea further without a composer. Coming off the success of ''[[Matilda the Musical]]'', Warchus and Minchin collaborated with Rubin for several years to produce the ''[[Groundhog Day (musical)|Groundhog Day]]'' musical.<ref name="VultureRubin" /> The musical debuted in August 2016, at [[The Old Vic]] theatre in London to generally positive reviews.<ref name="VultureRubin" /><ref name="IndependentMusical" /> A [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] version started running in 2017.<ref name="Broadway" /> The show was nominated in several categories at the [[2017 Laurence Olivier Awards]], winning Best Actor and Best New Musical.<ref name="BBCOlivier" /> Murray attended a Broadway show in 2017, alongside Doyle-Murray and Rubin.<ref name="BroadwayMurray" />
A video game narrative sequel was released in September 2019. ''{{visible anchor|Groundhog Day: Like Father Like Son}}'' was developed by [[Tequila Works]] and published by Sony Pictures Virtual Reality for [[PlayStation VR]], [[Oculus Rift]], and [[HTC Vive]]. The game casts players as Phil's son, Phil Connors{{nbsp}}Jr., who has grown up in the shadow of his beloved father. Phil{{nbsp}}Jr. becomes trapped in his own time loop in Punxsutawney and is forced to help others and improve himself to earn his freedom.<ref name="GameKotaku" /><ref name="GameArs" /><ref name="GameGI" /> It received mixed critical reviews.<ref name="MetaCriticGame" />
{{Clear}}
==See also==
* [[List of films featuring time loops]]
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="90sAVClub">{{cite web |first1=Mike |last1=D'Angelo |first2=Noel |last2=Murray |first3=Tasha |last3=Robinson |first4=Keith |last4=Phipps |first5=Nathan |last5=Rabin |first6=Scott |last6=Tobias |first7=Sam |last7=Adams |first8=Alison |last8=Willmore |title=The 50 best films of the '90s (2 of 3) |url=https://www.avclub.com/the-50-best-films-of-the-90s-2-of-3-1798235674 |date=October 9, 2012 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303181345/https://film.avclub.com/the-50-best-films-of-the-90s-2-of-3-1798235674 |archive-date=March 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="90sIndieWire">{{cite web |first1=Chris |last1=O'Falt |first2=Zack |last2=Sharf |first3=Michael |last3=Nordine |first4=Kate |last4=Erbland |first5=Steve |last5=Greene |first6=David |last6=Ehrlich |first7=Jamie |last7=Righetti |first8=Graham |last8=Winfrey |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/07/best-films-movies-90s-1201852966/10/ |title=The 50 Best Films of the '90s, From 'Pulp Fiction' to 'Groundhog Day' |date=July 14, 2017 |website=[[IndieWire]] | access-date = May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530142406/http://www.indiewire.com/2017/07/best-films-movies-90s-1201852966/10/ |archive-date=May 30, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="90sRollingStone">{{cite magazine |first1=Daniel |last1=Kreps |first2=Scott |last2=Tobias |first3=Alex |last3=Suskind |first4=Joshua |last4=Rothkopf |first5=Noel |last5=Murray |first6=Stephen |last6=Garrett |first7=Jenna |last7=Scherer |first8=Phoebe |last8=Reilly |first9=Tim |last9=Grierson |first10=Eric |last10=Hynes |first11=Bilge |last11=Ebiri |first12=David |last12=Fear |first13=Jason |last13=Newman |first14=Kory |last14=Grow |first15=Sean T. |last15=Collins |first16=Dan |last16=Epstein |first17=Rob |last17=Sheffield |first18=Kristen |last18=Yonsoo Kim |first19=Gina |last19=McIntyre |first20=Brian |last20=Tallerico |first21=Abbey |last21=Bender |first22=Judy |last22=Berma |first23=Steven |last23=Boone |first24=Vikram |last24=Murthi |title=The 100 Greatest Movies of the Nineties |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-lists/the-100-greatest-movies-of-the-nineties-195513/groundhog-day-1993-197870/ |date=July 12, 2017 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508103312/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-lists/the-100-greatest-movies-of-the-nineties-195513/jfk-1991-2-195323/ |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="90sRottenTomatoes">{{cite web |title=140 Essential 90s Movies |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/140-essential-90s-movies/4/ |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200508104213/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/140-essential-90s-movies/4/ |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="90sShortlist">{{cite web |first=Marc |last=Chacksfield |title=Best '90s movies: the best '90s films – from Fight Club to The Matrix |url=https://www.shortlist.com/lists/best-90s-films-to-watch-today-400063 |website=[[ShortList]] |date=February 26, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200508104413/https://www.shortlist.com/lists/best-90s-films-to-watch-today-400063 |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="90sTimeout">{{cite web |first1=Cath |last1=Clarke |first2=Dave |last2=Calhoun |first3=Tom |last3=Huddleston |first4=Kate |last4=Lloyd |first5=James |last5=Manning |first6=Gail |last6=Tolley |first7=Chris |last7=Waywell |title=The 50 best '90s movies |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/film/the-50-best-90s-movies |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |date=February 26, 2019 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200508104536/https://www.timeout.com/london/film/the-50-best-90s-movies |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="90sSlant">{{cite web |title=The 100 Best Films of the 1990s |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-100-best-films-of-the-1990s/6/ |website=[[Slant Magazine]] |date=November 5, 2012 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200508105422/https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-100-best-films-of-the-1990s/6/|archive-date=May 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="1994Oscars">{{cite web |title=The 66th Academy Awards 1994 |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1994 |website=[[Academy Awards|Oscars.org]] |date=October 4, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141022195235/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1994|archive-date=October 22, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="abc7 ramis day">{{cite news |url=https://abc7chicago.com/harold-ramis-groundhog-day-chicago-navy-pier/14382103/ |title='Groundhog Day' cast reunites in Chicago, city proclaims Feb. 2 as 'Harold Ramis Day' |first=John |last=Garcia |date=February 3, 2024 |access-date=February 4, 2024 |work=[[WLS-TV]] |archive-date=February 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204010956/https://abc7chicago.com/harold-ramis-groundhog-day-chicago-navy-pier/14382103/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="AcademyScreening">{{cite web |url=https://www.oscars.org/events/groundhog-day-25th-anniversary-screening-and-conversation |title="Groundhog Day" 25th Anniversary Screening And Conversation |website=[[Academy Awards|Oscars.org]] |date=March 23, 2018 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200507180524/https://www.oscars.org/events/groundhog-day-25th-anniversary-screening-and-conversation |archive-date= May 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AboutPittsburgh">{{cite web |first=Albrecht |last=Powell |url=http://pittsburgh.about.com/cs/punxsutawney/a/groundhog_day.htm |title=What the Heck is Groundhog Day Anyway? |website=[[Dotdash|Thoughtco.com]] |date=January 8, 2020 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507203559/https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-groundhog-day-2707298 |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Adweek">{{cite web |last=Barwick |first=Ryan |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/jeep-teases-groundhog-day-themed-super-bowl-ad/ |title=Jeep Teases Groundhog Day-Themed Super Bowl Ad |date=January 31, 2020 |website=[[Adweek]]|access-date=February 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303012116/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/jeep-teases-groundhog-day-themed-super-bowl-ad/ |archive-date=March 3, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
<ref name="AFI2002">{{cite web |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs |url=https://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/laughs100.pdf |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |year=2002|access-date=January 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108190613/http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/laughs100.pdf|archive-date=November 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AFI1500">{{cite web |title=AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/46072-afi-crowns-top-10-films-in-10-classic-genres |website=[[CraveOnline|ComingSoon.net]] |date=June 18, 2008 | access-date= May 2, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200428170232/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/46072-afi-crowns-top-10-films-in-10-classic-genres |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AFIGenre">{{cite web |title=AFI's 10 Top 10 |url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/fantasy.html |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |date=2008 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200410094630/https://www.afi.com/afis-10-top-10/ |archive-date=April 10, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AVClubParadise">{{cite web |first=Joshua |last=Klein |title=Harold Ramis |url=https://www.avclub.com/harold-ramis-1798207996 |date=March 3, 1999 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160357/https://www.avclub.com/harold-ramis-1798207996|archive-date=August 21, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AVClubRamis">{{cite web |first=Steve |last=Hesler |title=Harold Ramis |url=https://www.avclub.com/harold-ramis-1798216819 |date=October 12, 2009 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=June 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415012607/https://film.avclub.com/harold-ramis-1798216819 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AVClubShannon">{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Tobias |title=Michael Shannon |url=https://www.avclub.com/michael-shannon-1798218507 |date=October 12, 2009 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=April 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104043438/https://film.avclub.com/michael-shannon-1798218507 |archive-date=November 4, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BAFTA">{{cite web |title=Film – Original Screenplay in 1994 |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1994/film/original-screenplay |website=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|bafta.org]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407173437/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1994/film/original-screenplay |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCLIverpool">{{cite web |title=Groundhog Day for 'hardcore' film fans in Liverpool |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-35473935 |date=February 2, 2016 |website=[[BBC News Online]] | access-date= May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502213510/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-35473935 |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCGroundhog">{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Assinder |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3458431.stm |title=Prime Ministers Questions |date=February 4, 2004 |website=[[BBC News Online]]|access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710163255/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3458431.stm |archive-date=July 10, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCOlivier">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-39181027 |title=Olivier Awards 2017: Winners in full |date=April 10, 2017 |website=[[BBC News Online]]|access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524072413/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-39181027 |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BBC253">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170821-the-100-greatest-comedies-of-all-time |title=The 100 Greatest Comedies of all Time |date=August 22, 2017 |website=[[BBC]]|access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170823203519/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170821-the-100-greatest-comedies-of-all-time |archive-date=August 23, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BCA">{{cite web |title=Past Winners 1993 |url=http://www.britishcomedyawards.com/past-winners/1993.aspx |website=[[British Comedy Awards|britishcomedyawards.com]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130425073643/http://www.britishcomedyawards.com/past-winners/1993.aspx |archive-date=April 25, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BFI90s">{{cite web |first1=Peter |last1=Hill |first2=David |last2=Jenkins |first3=Georgia |last3=Korossi |first4=Elena |last4=Lazic |first5=Manuela |last5=Lazic |first6=Brogan |last6=Morris |first7=David |last7=Morrison |first8=Andrew |last8=Simpson |first9=Lou |last9=Thomas |first10 =Matthew |last10=Thrift |first11=Samuel |last11=Wrigley |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/90-great-films-1990s |title=90 great films of the 1990s |date=December 18, 2019 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200507173349/https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/lists/90-great-films-1990s |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BFICredits">{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b9b17db |title=Groundhog Day (1993) |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423205431/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b9b17db |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="bigthink rubin">{{Cite web |first=Paul |last=Hoffman |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/big-think-interview-with-danny-rubin |title=Big Think Interview With Danny Rubin |date=May 10, 2010 | access-date = February 24, 2017 |website=[[Big Think]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801081858/http://bigthink.com/videos/big-think-interview-with-danny-rubin |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BOMOverview">{{cite Box Office Mojo |title=Groundhog Day |id=0107048 |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202123024/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0107048/ |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |url-status=live |publisher_hide=yes}}</ref>
<ref name="BOMWeekendBrkDwn">{{cite web |title=Groundhog Day – Domestic Weekend |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2723644929/weekend/?ref_=bo_rl_tab#tabs |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427211927/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2723644929/weekend/?ref_=bo_rl_tab |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Broadway">{{cite web |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-Welcome-to-Smalltown-USA-First-Look-at-GROUNDHOG-DAY-on-Broadway-20170328 |title=Photo Flash: Welcome to Smalltown, USA! First Look at Groundhog Day on Broadway |website=[[BroadwayWorld]] |date=March 28, 2017 | access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133055/https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-Welcome-to-Smalltown-USA-First-Look-at-GROUNDHOG-DAY-on-Broadway-20170328 |archive-date=October 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BroadwayMurray">{{cite web |first=Sopan |last=Deb |title=Bill Murray Relives a Role, Seeing Broadway's 'Groundhog Day' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/theater/bill-murray-groundhog-day-broadway.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 13, 1993 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115224612/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/theater/bill-murray-groundhog-day-broadway.html?_r=0 |archive-date=January 15, 2019 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="BroadwayPlaybill">{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Simonson |url=https://www.playbill.com/news/article/sondheim-talks-about-bounce-revisions-in-works-114941 |title=Sondheim Talks About Bounce; Revisions in Works |website=[[Playbill]] |date=August 26, 2003 | access-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401105623/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/sondheim-talks-about-bounce-revisions-in-works-114941 |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BusiInsideKeaton">{{cite web |last=Acuna |first=Kristen |title=Why Michael Keaton Turned Down The Chance To Star In 'Groundhog Day' And 'Lost' |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/michael-keaton-turned-down-caddyshack-lost-2014-10 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507203849/https://www.businessinsider.com/michael-keaton-turned-down-caddyshack-lost-2014-10?r=US&IR=T |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ChicagoTribunePremiere">{{Cite web |first=Phil |last=Borchmann |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-02-05-9303175765-story.html |title=Fur's No Longer Flying Now That 'Groundhog Day' Is Here |date=February 5, 1993 | access-date = April 26, 2020 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426202225/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-02-05-9303175765-story.html |archive-date= April 26, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="CinemaScore">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinemascore.com/ |title=CinemaScore |publisher=[[CinemaScore]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809062201/http://cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date=August 9, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2021}}{{cbignore}} Each film's score can be accessed from the website's search bar.</ref>
<ref name="CNN">{{cite web |first=Lisa |last=Respers France |title=Bill Murray's 'Groundhog Day' Super Bowl ad made us nostalgic |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/03/entertainment/bill-murray-groundhog-commercial-trnd/index.html |date=February 3, 2020 |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200507200200/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/03/entertainment/bill-murray-groundhog-commercial-trnd/index.html |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Collider1993">{{cite web |first=Matt |last=Goldberg |title=The Year in Film: 1993 |url=https://collider.com/1993-movies/#film-history |date=March 19, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105122406/https://collider.com/1993-movies/ |archive-date=January 5, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Collins">{{cite web |title=Groundhog Day |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/groundhog-day |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502181234/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/groundhog-day |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ConsequenceofSound">{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Bloom |title=Groundhog Day at 25: Bill Murray Finds Freedom While Trapped in a Nightmare |url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2018/02/groundhog-day-at-25-bill-murray-finds-freedom-while-trapped-in-a-nightmare/ |date=February 18, 2018 |website=[[Consequence of Sound]] |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200503193630/https://consequenceofsound.net/2018/02/groundhog-day-at-25-bill-murray-finds-freedom-while-trapped-in-a-nightmare/ |archive-date=May 3, 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DeadlinePrice">{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike |title=Blast From The Past On ''Back To The Future'': How Frank Price Rescued Robert Zemeckis' Classic From Obscurity |url=https://deadline.com/2015/10/back-to-the-future-frank-price-rescued-robert-zemeckis-classic-1201590119/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=September 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022204947/http://deadline.com/2015/10/back-to-the-future-frank-price-rescued-robert-zemeckis-classic-1201590119/ |archive-date=October 22, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Deseret1993">{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Hicks |title=The Best & The Worst Of 1993 |url=https://www.deseret.com/1993/12/24/19083339/the-best-the-worst-of-1993 |date=December 24, 1993 |website=[[Deseret News]] |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200426223931/https://www.deseret.com/1993/12/24/19083339/the-best-the-worst-of-1993 |archive-date=April 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DetroitFree">{{cite web |url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/chrysler/2020/02/02/bill-murray-groundhog-day-super-bowl-ad/4638852002/ |title=Watch Bill Murray take a groundhog for a spin in a Jeep Gladiator |last=Lawrence |first=Eric |date=February 2, 2020 |website=[[Detroit Free Press]]|access-date=February 2, 2020 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200507181852/https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/chrysler/2020/02/02/bill-murray-groundhog-day-super-bowl-ad/4638852002/ |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DigitalFilmLoop">{{cite web |last1=Babbage |first1=Rachel |last2=Davies |first2=Megan |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a782041/sky-cinema-comedy-groundhog-day-repeated-showings/ |title=Sky Cinema Comedy is celebrating Groundhog Day with continuous showings of Groundhog Day... again |date=February 2, 2019 |website=[[Digital Spy]]| access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200507181822/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a782041/sky-cinema-comedy-groundhog-day-repeated-showings/ |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DOGRubin">{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Brew |title=How Groundhog Day Changed Dramatically During Development |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/how-groundhog-day-changed-dramatically-during-development/ |date=December 24, 1993 |website=[[Den of Geek]] |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200501164748/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/how-groundhog-day-changed-dramatically-during-development/|archive-date=May 1, 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EbertReviewOrig">{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Groundhog Day |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/groundhog-day-1993 |date=February 12, 1993 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200429220144/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/groundhog-day-1993|archive-date= April 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Empire500">{{cite web |first=Willow |last=Green |title=The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time |date=October 3, 2008 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/500-greatest-movies/ |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106021352/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/500-greatest-movies/ |archive-date=November 6, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EmpireComedy">{{cite web |title=The 50 Greatest Comedies |date=July 31, 2019 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-comedies/ |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404184904/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-comedies/|archive-date=April 4, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EONlineTerm">{{cite web |first=Natalie |last=Finn |title=It's Just Like Groundhog Day—Or Is It? Thanks to the Bill Murray Classic, People Have Never Stopped Saying That |url=https://www.eonline.com/uk/news/736147/it-s-just-like-groundhog-day-or-is-it-thanks-to-the-bill-murray-classic-people-have-never-stopped-saying-that |date=February 2, 2016 |website=[[E!]] |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307095220/https://www.eonline.com/uk/news/736147/it-s-just-like-groundhog-day-or-is-it-thanks-to-the-bill-murray-classic-people-have-never-stopped-saying-that |archive-date=March 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EWReview">{{cite magazine |date=February 12, 1993 |first=Owen |last=Gleiberman |author-link= Owen Gleiberman |title=Groundhog Day |url=https://ew.com/article/1993/02/12/groundhog-day-3/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200429205253/https://ew.com/article/1993/02/12/groundhog-day-3/ |archive-date=April 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FSRRanking">{{cite web |title=The 50 Best Comedy Movies Ever |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/best-comedy-movies-ever/4/ |website=[[Film School Rejects]] |date=June 12, 2019 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200508105943/https://filmschoolrejects.com/best-comedy-movies-ever/4/ |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GameArs">{{cite web |first=Kyle |last=Orland |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/02/26-years-later-groundhog-day-gets-revived-as-a-vr-game/ |title=26 years later, Groundhog Day gets revived as... a VR game? |date=February 2, 2019 |website=[[Ars Technica]] | access-date = February 2, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190205184641/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/02/26-years-later-groundhog-day-gets-revived-as-a-vr-game/ |archive-date=February 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GameKotaku">{{cite web |first=Zack |last=Zweiden |url=https://kotaku.com/groundhog-day-like-father-like-son-is-a-psvr-game-and-1832290309 |title=Groundhog Day: Like Father Like Son Is A PSVR Game And A Sequel To The Bill Murray Film |date=February 2, 2019 |website=[[Kotaku]] | access-date = February 2, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085043/https://kotaku.com/groundhog-day-like-father-like-son-is-a-psvr-game-and-1832290309 |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GameGI">{{cite magazine |first=Hunter |last=Wolfe |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/preview/2019/02/28/new-details-on-the-odd-licensed-title |title=Groundhog Day: Like Father Like Son |date=February 28, 2019 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] | access-date =May 5, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190821203921/https://www.gameinformer.com/preview/2019/02/28/new-details-on-the-odd-licensed-title |archive-date=August 21, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GI.bizOuterWilds">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-09-29-outer-wilds-why-i-love |title=Outer Wilds' existential loneliness is engaging, entertaining – Why I Love |first=Patrick |last=Jarnfelt |date=September 29, 2020 | access-date = March 1, 2021 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107153918/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-09-29-outer-wilds-why-i-love |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GuardianRamis">{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Pulver |title=Harold Ramis, Ghostbusters to Groundhog Day – a career in clips |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2014/feb/24/harold-ramis-ghostbusters-groundhog-day-caddyshack-clips |date=February 24, 2014 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200501182820/https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2014/feb/24/harold-ramis-ghostbusters-groundhog-day-caddyshack-clips |archive-date=May 1, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Heeb">{{cite web |url=http://www.heebmagazine.com/blog/view/2075 |title=Harold Ramis's Response to the Groundhog Day Timeline Study |website=[[Heeb]] |date=August 18, 2009 | access-date=January 31, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403063830/http://www.heebmagazine.com/blog/view/2075 | archive-date=April 3, 2010 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Hollywoodreporterhanks">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Happy 'Groundhog Day': Here's 5 Things You Didn't Know About the Movie |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/happy-groundhog-day-heres-5-769137 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=February 2, 2015 |access-date=March 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329123610/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/happy-groundhog-day-heres-5-769137 |archive-date=March 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HomeMediaBluRay09">{{cite web |first=R.L. |last=Shaffer |title=Groundhog Day Blu-ray Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/02/02/groundhog-day-blu-ray-review |date=February 2, 2009 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728233833/https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/02/02/groundhog-day-blu-ray-review |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HomeMediaCommonSense">{{cite web |title=Groundhog Day |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/groundhog-day |website=[[Common Sense Media]] |date=August 4, 2005 |access-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027202610/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/groundhog-day |archive-date=October 27, 2018 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="HomeMediaEWDVD">{{cite magazine |first=Gregory |last=Kirschling |title=Groundhog Day – 15th Anniversary Edition |url=https://ew.com/article/2008/01/29/groundhog-day-15th-anniversary-edition/ |date=January 29, 2008 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211143006/https://ew.com/article/2008/01/29/groundhog-day-15th-anniversary-edition/ |archive-date=December 11, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HomeMediaForbes">{{cite web |first=John |last=Archer |title='Groundhog Day' 4K Blu-ray Review: Perfect Every Time |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnarcher/2018/02/08/groundhog-day-4k-blu-ray-review-perfect-every-time/ |date=February 8, 2018 |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180215163319/https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnarcher/2018/02/08/groundhog-day-4k-blu-ray-review-perfect-every-time/ |archive-date=February 15, 2018 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="HomeMediaIGN15">{{cite web |first=David |last=McCutcheon |title=Groundhog Day Again! |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/26/groundhog-day-again |date=November 26, 2007 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506205727/https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/26/groundhog-day-again |archive-date=May 6, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HomeMediaReuters">{{cite web |first=Stefanno |last=Rellandini |title="Groundhog Day" coming to DVD, again |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-groundhog/groundhog-day-coming-to-dvd-again-idUSN1365379420071213 |date=December 13, 2007 |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614040125/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-groundhog/groundhog-day-coming-to-dvd-again-idUSN1365379420071213 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HomeMediaSpecialEdition">{{cite web |first=Jeremy |last=Conrad |title=Groundhog Day: Special Edition |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/02/01/groundhog-day-special-edition |date=February 1, 2002 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506205850/https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/02/01/groundhog-day-special-edition |archive-date=May 6, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HoustonPress1993">{{cite web |first=Craig |last=Hlavaty |title=1993: The Greatest Year for Movies in the History of Movies Ever? |url=https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/1993-the-greatest-year-for-movies-in-the-history-of-movies-ever-6398091 |date=March 28, 2013 |website=[[Houston Press]] |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426213316/https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/1993-the-greatest-year-for-movies-in-the-history-of-movies-ever-6398091 |archive-date=April 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HuffPoCafe">{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/celebrate-groundhog-day-o_b_6573676 |title=Celebrate Groundhog Day Over and Over Again With This Filming Locations Guide |date=January 30, 2015| access-date = April 26, 2020 |website=[[HuffPost]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200426185825/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/celebrate-groundhog-day-o_b_6573676 |archive-date= April 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HugoAward">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1994-hugo-awards/ |title=1994 Hugo Awards| access-date = April 29, 2020 |website=[[Hugo Award|thehugoawards.com]] |date=July 28, 2007|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209084806/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1994-hugo-awards/ |archive-date= December 9, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IFC">{{cite web |first=Matt |last=Singer |url=https://www.ifc.com/2011/02/the-precise-number-of-groundho |title=The Precise Number of Groundhog Days in "Groundhog Day" |date=February 7, 2011 |website=[[IFC (American TV channel)|IFC]] | access-date = May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200311164747/https://www.ifc.com/2011/02/the-precise-number-of-groundho |archive-date= March 11, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IGNRAnking">{{cite web |title=The 25 Best Comedies |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/11/28/top-25-comedies-of-all-time?page=2y |website=[[IGN]] |date=November 28, 2018 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200508105725/https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/11/28/top-25-comedies-of-all-time?page=2 |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IGN timeloop">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/why-time-loops-are-the-new-zombies |title=Why Time Loops Are the New Zombies |first=Michael |last=Swaim |date=April 5, 2021 | access-date = April 5, 2021 |website=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405203137/https://www.ign.com/articles/why-time-loops-are-the-new-zombies |archive-date=April 5, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IndependentFilmLoop">{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Stolworthy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/groundhog-day-bill-murray-sky-comedy-movies-24-hour-movie-marathon-a9313271.html |title=Groundhog Day: Sky showing a 24-hour marathon of movie to celebrate |website=[[The Independent]] |date=February 2, 2020 | access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200507181604/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/groundhog-day-bill-murray-sky-comedy-movies-24-hour-movie-marathon-a9313271.html|archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IndependentMusical">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/kevin-spaceys-successor-at-the-old-vic-promises-a-more-low-key-approach-10191051.html |title=Groundhog Day musical to premiere at Old Vic from Matilda theatre director |website=[[The Independent]] |date=April 20, 2015 | access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331183034/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/kevin-spaceys-successor-at-the-old-vic-promises-a-more-low-key-approach-10191051.html |archive-date= March 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IndependentThemes">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/the-greatest-story-ever-told-568494.html |title=The greatest story ever told? |date=February 2, 2004 |website=[[The Independent]] | access-date = May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316112027/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/the-greatest-story-ever-told-568494.html |archive-date= March 16, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IndieWire">{{cite web |first=Oliver |last=Lyttleton |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/02/5-things-you-might-not-know-about-groundhog-day-on-its-20th-anniversary-101517/ |title=5 Things You Might Not Know About 'Groundhog Day' On Its 20th Anniversary |date=February 12, 2013 |website=[[IndieWire]] | access-date = May 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618112305/http://www.indiewire.com/2013/02/5-things-you-might-not-know-about-groundhog-day-on-its-20th-anniversary-101517/ |archive-date=June 18, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="io9classic">{{cite web |first=Charlie Jane |last=Anders |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/lets-do-the-time-loop-again-and-again-5206173 |title=Let's Do The Time Loop Again. And Again ... |date=April 10, 2009 |website=[[io9]] | access-date = May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502165440/https://io9.gizmodo.com/lets-do-the-time-loop-again-and-again-5206173 |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="JamaicaObserver">{{cite web |first=Howard |last=Campbell |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Robin-Williams---Jamaica_17343383 |title=Robin Williams & Jamaica |date=August 13, 2014 |website=[[Jamaica Observer]] | access-date = May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814023157/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Robin-Williams---Jamaica_17343383 |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="JEEPCovid">{{cite web |first=David |last=Vinjamuri |title=It's Groundhog Day For Everyone |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidvinjamuri/2020/04/14/its-groundhog-day-for-everyone/#3d7e9d1d19ff |date=April 14, 2020 |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200507191559/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidvinjamuri/2020/04/14/its-groundhog-day-for-everyone/%231190f3c819ff |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="JEEPCovid2">{{cite web |first=Dale |last=Buss |title='Groundhog Day'—And Bill Murray—Came Naturally To New Jeep Ads |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dalebuss/2020/04/12/groundhog-day---and-murray---came-naturally-to-new-jeep-ads/#404e8c5e6f01 |date=April 12, 2020 |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200507193328/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dalebuss/2020/04/12/groundhog-day---and-murray---came-naturally-to-new-jeep-ads/%2374e0f93e6f01 |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="JournalStandard">{{Cite web |url=https://www.journalstandard.com/news/20180202/william-charles-construction-employees-recall-groundhog-day-scenes-filmed-at-workplace-as-movie-turns-25 |title=William Charles Construction employees recall 'Groundhog Day' scenes filmed at workplace as movie turns 25 |first=Adam |last=Poulisse |date=February 2, 2008| access-date = April 26, 2020 |website=[[The Journal Standard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426115118/https://www.journalstandard.com/news/20180202/william-charles-construction-employees-recall-groundhog-day-scenes-filmed-at-workplace-as-movie-turns-25 |archive-date= April 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesClinton">{{cite web |first=Dean E. |last=Murphy |title=GI Blues Dull the Response to President |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-01-14-mn-24621-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 14, 1996 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502214300/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-01-14-mn-24621-story.html |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesDictionary">{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Miller |title=City Lights: The spiritual side of 'Groundhog Day' |url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/tn-dpt-xpm-2013-01-31-tn-dpt-0201-city-lights-groundhog-day-20130131-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 31, 2013 |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200501222514/https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/tn-dpt-xpm-2013-01-31-tn-dpt-0201-city-lights-groundhog-day-20130131-story.html |archive-date=May 1, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesReview">{{cite web |first=Kenneth |last=Turan |title=From the Archives: Bill Murray's 'Groundhog Day': It's deja vu all over again |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-bill-murray-groundhog-day-review-20160202-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 12, 1993 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200428221253/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-bill-murray-groundhog-day-review-20160202-story.html |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesFortunes">{{cite web |first=James |last=Bates |title=Columbia Exec Sues Former Accountant : Hollywood: Michael Nathanson, the studio's president of worldwide production, charges that he was bilked out of at least $1 million. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-11-fi-2177-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=June 11, 1993 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200428215623/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-11-fi-2177-story.html |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesFamily">{{cite web |first=Elaine |last=Dutka |title=A Startling New Concept: Family Films : With money tight and criticism of sex and violence high, studios are looking closer at PG's power |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-22-ca-13950-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 22, 1993 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200428213125/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-22-ca-13950-story.html |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesHit">{{cite web |first=Jane |last=Galbraith |title=A look inside Hollywood and the movies. : HOPE AND 'GLORY' : Funny How a Groundhog Can Generate Buzz |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-07-ca-7952-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 7, 1993 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428210836/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-07-ca-7952-story.html|archive-date=April 28, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesBlackBox">{{cite web |first=Jane |last=Galbraith |title=Ladies and Gentlemen, Let the Lobbying Begin : The Annual Push for Oscar Nominations Is On, and Columbia's Package Has Tongues Wagging |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-09-ca-117-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 9, 1993 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428210320/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-09-ca-117-story.html |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesFeb23">{{cite web |title=Weekend Box Office |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-23-ca-341-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 23, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200427220248/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-23-ca-341-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesMar2">{{cite web |first=David J. |last=Fox |title=Weekend Box Office : People Like Him in Ruthless Roles |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-02-ca-50-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 2, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427220233/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-02-ca-50-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesLowPrice">{{cite web |first=David J. |last=Fox |title=Weekend Box Office : 'Sliver' Takes Big Slice Out of Market |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-05-25-ca-39560-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=May 25, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200427220410/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-05-25-ca-39560-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesReleaseWKND">{{cite web |first=Beth |last=Kleid |title=Movies |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-15-ca-74-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 17, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427212600/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-15-ca-74-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesPresidents">{{cite web |first=David J. |last=Fox |title=Presidents' Day Weekend Box Office : 'Groundhog' Has Its Day |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-17-ca-187-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 17, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427212104/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-17-ca-187-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesPremiere">{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Higgins |title=The Less-Than-Lavish Premiere |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-08-vw-1066-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 8, 1993 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426200718/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-08-vw-1066-story.html |archive-date=April 26, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATIMesRamis">{{cite web |first=Steve |last=Weinstein |title=Happily Living on the Cranky Comic Edge : Movies: 'My whole comedy training goes against sentimentality and cornballism,' says Harold Ramis, the director of 'Groundhog Day.' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-12-ca-1377-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 12, 1993 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200428172819/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-12-ca-1377-story.html |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesVHS">{{cite web |first=Dennis |last=Hunt |title=National Video Rentals : 'Joon' Hits Right Notes With Viewers |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-03-ca-31089-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 3, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427204136/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-03-ca-31089-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesVHS5">{{cite web |first=Dennis |last=Hunt |title=National Video Rentals : Whoo Hah! Ascent of 'A Woman' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-24-ca-38400-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 10, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427203406/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-10-ca-33624-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesVHS2">{{cite web |first=Dennis |last=Hunt |title=National Video Rentals : 'Day' Pushes 'Down' Out of No. 1 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-24-ca-38400-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 24, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427203536/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-24-ca-38400-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesVHS3">{{cite web |first=Dennis |last=Hunt |title=National Video Rentals : 'Aladdin': Hard Sell as a Rental |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-10-15-ca-45894-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 15, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427203653/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-10-15-ca-45894-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesVHS4">{{cite web |first=Dennis |last=Hunt |title=National Video Rentals : Hot 'Aladdin' Rentals May Aid Sales |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-10-22-ca-48367-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 22, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427203912/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-10-22-ca-48367-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LATimesVHS6">{{cite web |first=Dennis |last=Hunt |title=National Video Rentals : 'Cliffhanger' Hits the Heights |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-17-ca-2789-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 17, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427210036/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-17-ca-2789-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LAtimesYear1993">{{cite web |first=David J. |last=Fox |title=The Year In Movies : '93 A Record-smasher At The Box Office : 'Mrs. Doubtfire,' 'Pelican Brief' Propel Final Week And 'Jurassic Park' Chews Up The Competition As Industry Receipts Hit $5.2 Billion. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-03-ca-8097-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 17, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427210200/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-03-ca-8097-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="LegacyTimeOutRanking">{{cite web |first1=Dave |last1=Calhoun |first2=Cath |last2=Clarke |first3=Phil |last3=de Semlyen |first4=Alim |last4=Kheraj |first5=Tom |last5=Huddleston |first6=Trevor |last6=Johnston |first7=David |last7=Jenkins |first8=Kate |last8=Lloyd |first9=Tom |last9=Seymour |first10=Anna |last10=Smith |first11=Ben |last11=Walters |first12=Adam Lee |last12=Davies |first13=Phil |last13=Harrison |first14=Derek |last14=Adams |first15=Wally |last15=Hammond |first16=Edward |last16=Lawrenson |first17=Gabriel |last17=Tate |title=The 100 best comedy movies: the funniest films of all time |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/film/100-best-comedy-movies |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |date=March 23, 2020 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141601/https://www.timeout.com/london/film/100-best-comedy-movies |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="LionsRoad">{{cite web |last=Garfinkel |first=Perry |url=http://www.lionsroar.com/harold-ramis-profile-by-perry-garfinkel/ |title=Harold Ramis didn't intend "Groundhog Day" to be Buddhist, but it's a dharma classic |website=[[Lion's Roar (magazine)|Lion's Roar]] |date=February 2, 2018 |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150406063252/http://www.lionsroar.com/harold-ramis-profile-by-perry-garfinkel/ |archive-date=April 6, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="LocationHub">{{Cite web |url=https://www.locationshub.com/blog/2013/10/26/about-those-famous-groundhog-days-filming-locations |title=About Those Famous Groundhog's Day Filming Locations |date=February 2, 2011 | access-date = April 26, 2020 |website=locationshub.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424001451/https://www.locationshub.com/blog/2013/10/26/about-those-famous-groundhog-days-filming-locations |archive-date= April 24, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="LoopHuffPo2021">{{Cite web |first=Ash |last=Percival |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/groundhog-day-jokes-2021-bill-murray-film_uk_601912f4c5b6bde2f5c2a007 |title=It's Groundhog Day, So Naturally Everyone Is Making The Same Joke |date=February 2, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021 |website=[[HuffPost]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013054552/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/groundhog-day-jokes-2021-bill-murray-film_uk_601912f4c5b6bde2f5c2a007 |archive-date=October 13, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Mentalfloss">{{cite web |last=Cormier |first=Roger |title=15 Repeatable Facts About Groundhog Day |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/70147/16-repeatable-facts-about-groundhog-day |website=[[Mental Floss]] |date=February 12, 2018 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420232159/http://mentalfloss.com/article/70147/16-repeatable-facts-about-groundhog-day |archive-date=April 20, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Metacritic">{{cite Metacritic |id=groundhog-day |type=movie |title=Groundhog Day | access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128214526/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/groundhog-day/critic-reviews |archive-date=January 28, 2013 |url-status=live |publisher_hide=yes}}</ref>
<ref name="MetaCriticGame">{{cite Metacritic |id=groundhog-day-like-father-like-son |type=game |vgtype=playstation-4 |title=Groundhog Day: Like Father Like Son (PlayStation 4) |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022182826/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/groundhog-day-like-father-like-son |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher_hide=yes}}</ref>
<ref name="morning call">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mcall.com/1993/02/12/groundhog-sinks-teeth-into-film-role-bill-murray-calls-co-star-cranky/ |title=Groundhog Sinks Teeth Into Film Role Bill Murray Calls Co-star 'Cranky' |first=Paul |last=Willistein |date=February 12, 1993 | access-date = February 24, 2017 |website=[[The Morning Call]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210051200/http://articles.mcall.com/1993-02-12/features/2902959_1_groundhog-day-punxsutawney-phil-harold-ramis |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="NationalFilmRegistry">{{Cite web |title=Librarian of Congress Adds Home Movie, Silent Films and Hollywood Classics to Film Preservation List |date=December 27, 2006 |url=https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2006/06-234.html |website=[[Library of Congress|loc.gov]] |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519022921/https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-06-234/ |archive-date=May 19, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NationalReview">{{Cite web |first=Jonah |last=Goldberg |author-link=Jonah Goldberg |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/02/a-movie-for-all-time/ |title=A Movie for All Time |date=February 2, 2017 | access-date = May 2, 2020 |website=[[National Review]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502151845/https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/02/a-movie-for-all-time/|archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="new yorker">{{cite magazine |first=Tad |last=Friend |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/04/19/comedy-first?currentPage=all |title=Comedy First |date=April 19, 2004 | access-date = April 30, 2020 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |archive-url= https://archive.today/20170902220331/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/04/19/comedy-first?currentPage=all |archive-date=September 2, 2017 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="NWHeraldPlaque">{{cite web |first=Cassie |last=Buchman |title=Bill Murray returns to Woodstock Square to film Jeep commercial |url=https://www.nwherald.com/2020/01/25/bill-murray-returns-to-woodstock-square-to-film-jeep-commercial/a3dfuo/ |website=[[Northwest Herald]] |date=January 26, 2020 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126084537/https://www.nwherald.com/2020/01/25/bill-murray-returns-to-woodstock-square-to-film-jeep-commercial/a3dfuo/ |archive-date=January 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NorthWestHerald">{{cite web |first=Lindsay |last=Weber |title=Actor Stephen Tobolowsky discusses Woodstock, 'Groundhog Day' |url=https://www.nwherald.com/2019/01/28/actor-stephen-tobolowsky-discusses-woodstock-groundhog-day/a3tssik/ |website=[[Northwest Herald]] |date=January 30, 2019 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203192920/https://www.nwherald.com/2019/01/28/actor-stephen-tobolowsky-discusses-woodstock-groundhog-day/a3tssik/ |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTBlackBox">{{cite web |first=Bernard |last=Weinraub |title=The Talk of Hollywood; 'Schindler' At the Top In the First Film Prizes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/13/movies/the-talk-of-hollywood-schindler-at-the-top-in-the-first-film-prizes.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 13, 1993 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425221140/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/13/movies/the-talk-of-hollywood-schindler-at-the-top-in-the-first-film-prizes.html?searchResultPosition=33 |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTNYC">{{cite web |first=Janet |last=Maslin |title=New York Critics Honor 'Schindler's List' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/16/movies/new-york-critics-honor-schindler-s-list.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 16, 1993 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195032/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/16/movies/new-york-critics-honor-schindler-s-list.html |archive-date=November 15, 2018 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTFAmily">{{cite web |first=Bernard |last=Weinraub |title=Hollywood Is Testing Family Values' Value |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/16/movies/new-york-critics-honor-schindler-s-list.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 12, 1992 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526054532/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/12/movies/hollywood-is-testing-family-values-value.html |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTReview">{{cite web |first=Janet |last=Maslin |author-link= Janet Maslin |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CEED6123EF931A25751C0A965958260 |title=Groundhog Day|access-date=November 29, 2012 |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 12, 1993 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200429211242/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/12/movies/review-film-bill-murray-battles-pittsburgh-time-warp.html |archive-date= April 29, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTSpiritual">{{cite web |first=Alex |last=Kuczynski |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/07/style/groundhog-almighty.html |title=Groundhog Almighty |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 7, 2003 |access-date=October 11, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200426171314/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/07/style/groundhog-almighty.html |archive-date= April 26, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="PasteHit">{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Vorel |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/groundhog-day/groundhog-day-best-quarantine-movies/ |title=Why Bill Murray's Groundhog Day Is the Ultimate Quarantine Movie |date=March 30, 2020 |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200430214631/https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/groundhog-day/groundhog-day-best-quarantine-movies/ |archive-date=April 30, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PasteMagRank">{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Burgin |title=The 100 Best Comedies of All Time |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/best-comedies/100-best-comedies-of-all-time/#18-groundhog-day |website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |date=November 5, 2012 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200508105555/https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/best-comedies/100-best-comedies-of-all-time/ |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PennLive">{{cite web |first=Lisa |last=Wardle |title=2 Punxsutawneys: Compare 'Groundhog Day' film locations to the real town |url=https://www.pennlive.com/life/2017/01/groundhog_day_filming_locations.html |website=[[The Patriot-News|PennLive.com]] |date=May 22, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212205704/https://www.pennlive.com/life/2017/01/groundhog_day_filming_locations.html |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PhillyBeast">{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Murphy |title=Bill Murray And The Beast Filming "Groundhog Day" Turned Out To Be A Nightmare For The Actor. His Furry Co-star Had A Hankering For His Blood. |url=http://articles.philly.com/1993-02-07/entertainment/25955852_1_groundhog-s-day-phil-connors-punxsutawney-phil |website=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=February 7, 1993 |access-date=August 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028184645/http://articles.philly.com/1993-02-07/entertainment/25955852_1_groundhog-s-day-phil-connors-punxsutawney-phil |archive-date= October 28, 2015 |url-status=dead |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="PhillyPunxVisit">{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Nark |url=http://www.philly.com/news/groundhog-billmuray-punxsutawney-pittsburgh-holiday-weird-eagles-20190202.html |title=Groundhog Day, the improbable holiday that brings a shot in the arm to a former coal town |date=February 2, 2019 | access-date =February 3, 2019 |website=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228010155/https://www.inquirer.com/news/groundhog-billmuray-punxsutawney-pittsburgh-holiday-weird-eagles-20190202.html |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="PolygonLoopVideogames">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2021/3/1/22307468/deathloop-explained-trailer-gameplay-information |title=Arkane explains Deathloop's Groundhog Day-like mechanics |first=Ryan |last=Gilliam |date=March 1, 2021 | access-date = March 1, 2021 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210301184843/https://www.polygon.com/2021/3/1/22307468/deathloop-explained-trailer-gameplay-information | archive-date = March 1, 2021 | url-status = live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReadersDigest">{{cite web |first=Kelly |last=Bryant |title=Why Bill Murray Hated the Movie "Groundhog Day" |url=https://www.rd.com/culture/why-bill-murray-hated-groundhog-day/ |website=[[Reader's Digest]] |access-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201103544/https://www.rd.com/culture/why-bill-murray-hated-groundhog-day/ |archive-date=February 1, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Rerelease">{{cite magazine |first=Mary Kate |last=Carr |title=Groundhog Day returning to theaters for 25th anniversary |url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/01/30/groundhog-day-returning-theaters/ |date=January 30, 2018 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008193946/https://ew.com/movies/2018/01/30/groundhog-day-returning-theaters/ |archive-date=October 8, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RevSiskel">{{cite web |first=Gene |last=Siskel |author-link=Gene Siskel |title=Bill Murray Bundles Up For 'Groundhog Day' Cosmic Chill |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-02-12-9303180540-story.html |date=February 12, 1993 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200429220857/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-02-12-9303180540-story.html |archive-date= April 29, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="RogerEbert1993">{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=The Best 10 Movies of 1993 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1993 |date=December 31, 1993 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416173610/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1993 |archive-date=April 16, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RogerEbertGreat">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link= Roger Ebert |title=The shadow of his smile |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-groundhog-day-1993 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=January 30, 2005 |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200501224412/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-groundhog-day-1993 |archive-date=May 1, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RollingStoneCrit">{{cite magazine |title=Readers' Poll: The 20 Greatest Bill Murray Movies |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-lists/readers-poll-the-20-greatest-bill-murray-movies-14966/1-groundhog-day-42284/ |date=March 18, 2014 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=April 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200430214138/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-lists/readers-poll-the-20-greatest-bill-murray-movies-14966/1-groundhog-day-42284/ |archive-date=April 30, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="RollingStoneMusical">{{cite magazine |first=Daniel |last=Kreps |title=Bill Murray Moved to Tears Over 'Groundhog Day' Broadway Musical |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/bill-murray-moved-to-tears-over-groundhog-day-broadway-musical-122784/ |date=August 9, 2017 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200503193914/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/bill-murray-moved-to-tears-over-groundhog-day-broadway-musical-122784/ |archive-date=May 3, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="RottenTomatoes">{{cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid |noprefix=y}} |type=movie | title=Groundhog Day | access-date={{RT data|access date}} |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200311161249/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/groundhog_day |archive-date=March 11, 2020 |url-status=live |publisher_hide=yes}}{{RT data|edit}}</ref>
<ref name="RT100">{{cite web |title=150 Essential Comedies |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/essential-comedy-movies/2/ |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502134355/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/essential-comedy-movies/2/ |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RT200">{{cite web |title=200 Essential Movies to Watch Now |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |url=http://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/200-essential-movies-to-watch-now/ |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216115104/http://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/200-essential-movies-to-watch-now/ |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SaturnAwards">{{cite web |title=1993 20th Saturn Awards |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1993/1993sat.htm |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017175615/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1993/1993sat.htm|archive-date=October 17, 2006 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="SeattleTimes">{{cite web |first=Moira |last=MacDonald |title=Actor Stephen Tobolowsky recalls how 'Groundhog Day' went from good to great |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/movies/actor-stephen-tobolowsky-recalls-how-lsquogroundhog-dayrsquo-went-from-good-to-great/ |website=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=February 2, 2013 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222003732/https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/movies/actor-stephen-tobolowsky-recalls-how-lsquogroundhog-dayrsquo-went-from-good-to-great/ |archive-date=February 22, 2018|url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="Sequel">{{cite web |first=Judy |last=Brennan |title=Indecent Proposals : When Once Is Rarely Enough |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-14-ca-56588-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=November 14, 1993 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427204752/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-14-ca-56588-story.html |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="Slate90s">{{cite web |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-10-best-films-of-1993/2/ |title=The 10 Best Films of 1993 |date=December 18, 2019 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=April 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200507173444/https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-10-best-films-of-1993/2/ |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SlateTerm">{{cite web |first1=Jim |last1=Pagels |first2=David |last2=Haglund |title=For Journalists Who Love Clichés, Every Day is Groundhog Day |url=https://slate.com/culture/2012/02/like-groundhog-day-the-misuse-of-a-new-cliche.html |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=February 2, 2012 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502182647/https://slate.com/culture/2012/02/like-groundhog-day-the-misuse-of-a-new-cliche.html |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="StanleyFish">{{cite web |first=Stanley |last=Fish | author-link=Stanley Fish |title=The 10 Best American Movies |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com//2009/01/04/the-10-best-american-movies |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 4, 2009 | access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325003530/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/the-10-best-american-movies/ |archive-date=March 25, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="TCM">{{cite web |title=Groundhog Day |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/21023/groundhog-day#notes |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |access-date=April 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213055309/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/21023/Groundhog-Day/misc-notes.html |archive-date=February 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="telegraph interview">{{cite news |first=Danny |last=Rubin |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/08/07/how-i-wrote-the-script-for-groundhog-day-in-less-than-a-week/ |title=How I wrote the script for Groundhog Day in less than a week |date=August 7, 2016 | access-date = February 27, 2017 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906174700/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/08/07/how-i-wrote-the-script-for-groundhog-day-in-less-than-a-week/ |archive-date=September 6, 2019 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="TelegraphMar17">{{cite news |title=Best comedy movies: the 40 funniest films of all time |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/best-comedy-movies-funniest-films-time/23groundhog-day-1993/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=March 24, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730004251/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/best-comedy-movies-funniest-films-time/23groundhog-day-1993/ |archive-date=July 30, 2018 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="TheAtlanticCovid">{{cite web |first=Megan |last=Garber |title=Groundhog Day Was a Horror Movie All Along |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/04/groundhog-day-horror-movie-quarantine/610867/ |website=[[The Atlantic]] |date=April 30, 2020 |access-date=May 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200501000644/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/04/groundhog-day-horror-movie-quarantine/610867/|archive-date=May 1, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="TheGuardianDirectors">{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Gilbey |title=Groundhog Day: the perfect comedy, for ever |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/feb/07/groundhog-day-perfect-comedy-for-ever |date=February 7, 2013 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211051851/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/feb/07/groundhog-day-perfect-comedy-for-ever |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheGuardianLoop">{{cite web |first=Zach |last=Vasquez |title=Over and over: why is Hollywood still obsessed with Groundhog Day? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/feb/13/over-and-over-why-is-hollywood-still-obsessed-with-groundhog-day |date=February 13, 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202191123/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/feb/13/over-and-over-why-is-hollywood-still-obsessed-with-groundhog-day |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ThemesOldMan">{{cite web |first=Rob |last=Hunter |title=27 Things We Learned From Harold Ramis' 'Groundhog Day' Commentary |url=http://filmschoolrejects.com/features/harold-ramis-commentary-groundhog-day.php |date=February 27, 2014 |website=[[Film School Rejects]] |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019051554/http://filmschoolrejects.com/features/harold-ramis-commentary-groundhog-day.php |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers">{{Cite The Numbers |id=Groundhog-Day |title=Groundhog Day |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603105909/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Groundhog-Day |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |url-status=live |publisher_hide=yes}}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbersWeekend">{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Groundhog-Day#tab=box-office |title=Groundhog Day (1993) |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603105909/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Groundhog-Day |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1993">{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1993 |title=Top 1993 Movies at the Domestic Box Office |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509195739/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1993 |archive-date=May 9, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheRingerPalmSprings">{{cite web |url=https://www.theringer.com/movies/2020/7/9/21317708/palm-springs-movie-making-of-andy-samberg-groundhog-day |title=How the 'Palm Springs' Team Found a New Wrinkle in the Time-Loop Movie |first=Jake |last=Kring-Schreifels |date=July 9, 2020 | access-date = July 12, 2020 |publisher=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]] | archive-date = November 16, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201116220651/https://www.theringer.com/movies/2020/7/9/21317708/palm-springs-movie-making-of-andy-samberg-groundhog-day | url-status = live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheTimesLoop">{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/article/palm-springs-review-worthy-successor-to-groundhog-day-rz2k0953f |title=How the 'Palm Springs' Team Found a New Wrinkle in the Time-Loop Movie |first=Kevin |last=Maher |date=April 7, 2021 | access-date = April 10, 2021 |website=[[The Times]] | archive-date = April 7, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210407132315/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/palm-springs-review-worthy-successor-to-groundhog-day-rz2k0953f | url-status = live | url-access = subscription}}</ref>
<ref name="TheVerge1993">{{cite web |first=Arielle |last=Duhaime-Ross |title=The greatest film debate of our generation: 1993 or 1994? |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/22/6056729/1993-vs-1994-what-was-the-best-year-in-film#1993 |date=August 22, 2014 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428174959/https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/22/6056729/1993-vs-1994-what-was-the-best-year-in-film |archive-date=April 28, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheWrap">{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Welk |title=Andie MacDowell on 'Groundhog Day' at 25: Bill Murray 'Asked Me to Really Slap Him' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/andie-macdowell-bill-murray-groundhog-day-25/ |date=February 12, 2018 |website=[[TheWrap]] |access-date=April 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106234428/https://www.thewrap.com/andie-macdowell-bill-murray-groundhog-day-25/ |archive-date=January 6, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheWrapRubin">{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Welk |title='Groundhog Day': How Bill Murray Rom-Com Became an Accidental Classic |url=https://www.thewrap.com/groundhog-day-bill-murray-accidental-classic/ |date=February 1, 2020 |website=[[TheWrap]] |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111091614/https://www.thewrap.com/groundhog-day-bill-murray-accidental-classic/ |archive-date=January 11, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheWrapGypsy">{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Welk |title='Groundhog Day': How a 'Gypsy Curse' Almost Ruined the Movie |url=https://www.thewrap.com/groundhog-day-25-gypsy-curse/ |date=February 1, 2020 |website=[[TheWrap]] |access-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411050431/https://www.thewrap.com/groundhog-day-25-gypsy-curse/ |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheWrapToblowsky">{{cite web |first=Phil |last=Hornshaw |title=Listen to Ned Ryerson Tell Behind-the-Scenes Stories About 'Groundhog Day' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/ned-ryerson-behind-the-scenes-groundhog-day/ |date=February 2, 2018 |website=[[TheWrap]] |access-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106232114/https://www.thewrap.com/ned-ryerson-behind-the-scenes-groundhog-day/ |archive-date=January 6, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="THRAndie">{{cite web |first=Ciara |last=McVey |title=Andie MacDowell: Bill Murray "Never Going to Do" 'Groundhog Day' Reboot – In Studio |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/andie-macdowell-bill-murray-never-going-do-groundhog-day-reboot-studio-1099307 |date=April 3, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]| access-date=May 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403214737/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/andie-macdowell-bill-murray-never-going-do-groundhog-day-reboot-studio-1099307 |archive-date=April 3, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="THRJun14">{{cite web |title=Hollywood's 100 Favorite Films |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/100-best-films-ever-hollywood-favorites-818512/item/amelie-hollywoods-100-favorite-films-818437 |date=June 25, 2014 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]| access-date=July 5, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705214119/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/100-best-films-ever-hollywood-favorites-818512/item/ghostbusters-hollywoods-100-favorite-films-818454 |archive-date=July 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="THRReview">{{cite web |first=Duane |last=Byrge |title='Groundhog Day': THR's 1993 Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/groundhog-day-thrs-1993-review-769136 |date=February 12, 1993 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817161152/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/100-best-films-ever-hollywood-favorites-818512/item/amelie-hollywoods-100-favorite-films-818437 |archive-date= August 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Tribeca1993">{{cite web |first=Emma |last=Pearse |title=Remember 1993? When the Best Movies Came Out? |url=https://www.tribecafilm.com/news/the-best-movies-of-1993-to-do-list |date=July 25, 2013 |website=[[Tribeca Film Festival|Tribeca Film]] |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426212850/https://www.tribecafilm.com/news/the-best-movies-of-1993-to-do-list |archive-date=April 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="uproxx rift">{{cite web |first=Dariel |last=Figueroa |url=http://uproxx.com/movies/the-story-behind-bill-murray-and-harold-ramis-21-year-rift/ |title=The Story Behind Bill Murray And Harold Ramis's 21 Year Rift |date=September 21, 2014 | access-date = February 25, 2017 |website=[[Uproxx]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200222064931/http://uproxx.com/movies/the-story-behind-bill-murray-and-harold-ramis-21-year-rift/ |archive-date=February 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="USTodayTerm">{{cite web |first=Rhonda |last=Abrams |title=Strategies: Does your life feel like 'Groundhog Day'? |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/business/small%20business/2015/01/30/small-business-columnist-strategies-groundhog/22380559/ |date=January 30, 2015 |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502182843/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/small%20business/2015/01/30/small-business-columnist-strategies-groundhog/22380559/ |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VarietyACA">{{cite web |title=Comedy Awards list top laughers |url=https://variety.com/1994/film/news/comedy-awards-list-top-laughers-117759/ |date=January 25, 1994 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628040259/https://variety.com/1994/film/news/comedy-awards-list-top-laughers-117759/ |archive-date=June 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Varietyat25">{{cite web |first=Susan |last=King |title='Groundhog Day' at 25: How a Minor Holiday Gave Birth to an All-Time Comedy Classic |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/groundhog-day-at-25-bill-murray-1202691391/ |date=February 12, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704081750/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/groundhog-day-at-25-bill-murray-1202691391/ |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VarietyBudget">{{cite web |first=Army |last=Archerd |title=Wagner thinks 'Pink' |url=https://variety.com/1992/voices/columns/wagner-thinks-pink-1117862297/ |date=June 1, 1992 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429180147/https://variety.com/1992/voices/columns/wagner-thinks-pink-1117862297/|archive-date=April 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VarietyFigures">{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Natale |title='Weapon's' loaded at nat'l B.O. |url=https://variety.com/1993/film/news/weapon-s-loaded-at-nat-l-b-o-103757/ |date=February 7, 1993 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200429180910/https://variety.com/1993/film/news/weapon-s-loaded-at-nat-l-b-o-103757/ |archive-date=April 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VarietyPG">{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Bart |title=Lowest common denominator doesn't work anymore |url=https://variety.com/1993/voices/columns/lowest-common-denominator-doesn-t-work-anymore-1117859410/ |date=March 21, 1993 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013020057/https://variety.com/1993/voices/columns/lowest-common-denominator-doesn-t-work-anymore-1117859410/ |archive-date=October 13, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VarietyRamis">{{cite web |first=John Evan |last=Frook |title=Columbia Breakdown |url=https://variety.com/1994/film/news/columbia-breakdown-117200/ |date=January 5, 1994 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429185128/https://variety.com/1994/film/news/columbia-breakdown-117200/ |archive-date=April 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VarietyRentals">{{cite web |title=Rental champs: Rate of return |url=https://variety.com/1997/digital/features/rental-champs-rate-of-return-1116680329/ |date=December 15, 1997 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607025242/https://variety.com/1997/digital/features/rental-champs-rate-of-return-1116680329/ |archive-date=June 7, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VarietyReview">{{cite web |title=Groundhog Day |url=https://variety.com/1992/film/reviews/groundhog-day-1200431329/ |date=December 31, 1992 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503031539/https://variety.com/1992/film/reviews/groundhog-day-1200431329/ |archive-date=May 3, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VarietySleeper">{{cite web |first=John Evan |last=Frook |title=B.O. year: First among sequels |url=https://variety.com/1993/film/news/b-o-year-first-among-sequels-102668/ |date=January 5, 1993 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142111/https://variety.com/1993/film/news/b-o-year-first-among-sequels-102668/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ViceLoop">{{cite web |first=Pilot |last=Viruet |title=The Pop Culture Legacy of 'Groundhog Day' |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-pop-culture-legacy-of-groundhog-day/ |date=February 2, 2017 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502154050/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ezaapa/the-pop-culture-legacy-of-groundhog-day |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VogueRanking">{{cite web |title=The 65 Best Romantic Comedies of All Time |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/best-romantic-comedies-of-all-time |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |date=November 28, 2018 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200508105834/https://www.vogue.com/article/best-romantic-comedies-of-all-time |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="VultureMemoir">{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/how-harold-ramis-and-bill-murray-ended-their-feud.html |title=How Harold Ramis and Bill Murray Ended Their Feud and Other Things We Learned in This Memoir |first=Brian |last=Boone |date=June 5, 2018 | access-date = October 12, 2021 |work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] | archive-date = July 15, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210715103151/https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/how-harold-ramis-and-bill-murray-ended-their-feud.html | url-status = live | url-access = limited}}</ref>
<ref name="VultureRubin">{{cite web |first=S. I. |last=Rosenbaum |title=When Every Day Is 'Groundhog Day' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/03/danny-rubin-groundhog-day-musical.html |date=April 3, 2017 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |access-date=April 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200430221206/https://www.vulture.com/2017/03/danny-rubin-groundhog-day-musical.html |archive-date=April 30, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="WashingtonPostReview">{{cite news |first=Hal |last=Hinson |author-link=Hal Hinson |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/groundhogdaypghinson_a0a7e9.htm |title=Groundhog Day |date=February 12, 1993 |access-date=April 29, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209052516/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/groundhogdaypghinson_a0a7e9.htm |archive-date=February 9, 2013 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="WashingtonPostRevHowe">{{cite news |first=Desson |last=Thomson |author-link=Desson Thomson |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/groundhogdaypghowe_a0af6c.htm |title=Groundhog Day |date=February 12, 1993 |access-date=April 29, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209020723/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/groundhogdaypghowe_a0af6c.htm |archive-date=February 9, 2013 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="WGAFunniest1">{{cite web |title=101 Funniest Screenplays List |url=http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=5949 |website=[[Writers Guild of America West|WGA.org]] |date=November 11, 2015 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202091302/http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=5949|archive-date=February 2, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="WGAFunniest2">{{cite web |title=Writers Choose 101 Funniest Screenplays |url=https://www.wga.org/news-events/news/press/2015/writers-choose-101-funniest-screenplays |website=[[Writers Guild of America West|WGA.org]] |date=November 11, 2015 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502131401/https://www.wga.org/news-events/news/press/2015/writers-choose-101-funniest-screenplays |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="WGAGreatest1">{{cite web |title=101 Greatest Screenplays |url=https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-greatest-screenplays |website=[[Writers Guild of America West|WGA.org]] |date=2005 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200502131453/https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-greatest-screenplays|archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="WGAGreatest2">{{cite web |title=101 Greatest Screenplays |url=https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-greatest-screenplays/list |website=[[Writers Guild of America West|WGA.org]] |date=2005 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130130322/https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-greatest-screenplays/list |archive-date=November 30, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="WoodstockIndependent">{{cite web |first=Matt |last=Fagerholm |title=How Bob Hudgins saved 'Groundhog Day' |url=http://thewoodstockindependent.com/story.php?id=786 |date=January 26, 2011 |website=The Woodstock Independent |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713134414/http://thewoodstockindependent.com/story.php?id=786 |archive-date=July 13, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="FieldsGHD">{{cite journal |last1=Fields |first1=Paul |title=Groundhog Day: Finding an Invincible Summer in the Deepest Punxsutawney Winter |journal=Journal of Camus Studies |url=https://bucks.repository.guildhe.ac.uk/id/eprint/15335/1/15335_Fields_P.pdf |date=2017 |pages=1–22 |access-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424132633/https://bucks.repository.guildhe.ac.uk/id/eprint/15335/1/15335_Fields_P.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
== Works cited ==
* {{cite book |last=Eagan |first=Daniel |title=America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |___location=London |year=2010 |pages=811–812 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deq3xI8OmCkC |isbn=978-0-8264-2977-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Gilbey |first=Ryan |title=Groundhog Day |date=2004 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |___location=London |isbn=978-1-84457-032-4|access-date=July 5, 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/groundhogday0000gilb/mode/2up}}
* {{cite web |last=Ginsberg |first=Steve |publisher=[[National Film Registry]] |___location=Washington, D.C., [[United States]] |title=Groundhog Day |url=https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/groundhog_day.pdf |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713092130/https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/groundhog_day.pdf |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Glausser |first=Wayne |title=Groundhog Day at 25: Conflict and Inspiration at the Tipping Point of Seasonal Genres |url=https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1994&context=jrf |date=2019 |access-date=July 5, 2020 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Omaha]] |volume=23 |issue=1 |journal=[[Journal of Religion and Film]] |___location=[[Omaha, Nebraska]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705142135/https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1994&context=jrf |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |pages=1, 42 |volume=353 |date=January 3, 1994 |title=Top 100 Pix Take $8 bil globally |last=Klady |first=Leonard |___location=Los Angeles, California |issn=0042-2738}}
* {{cite book |last=Racicot |first=William|editor-last=Marshall |editor-first=David W. |title=Mass Market Medieval: Essays on the Middle Ages in Popular Culture |chapter=Anything Different is Good: Incremental Repetition, Courtly Love, and Purgatory in ''Groundhog Day'' |date=2006 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland Publishing]] |___location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]] |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=LroNNbbvcBoC}} |access-date=July 5, 2020 |isbn= 978-0-78642-922-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Rubin |first=Danny |title=How to Write "Groundhog Day" |___location=[[Ventura, California]] |publisher=Triad Publishing |year=2012 |asin=B0072PEV6U |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first=Steven Jay |title=[[1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die]] |date=2013 |publisher=[[Murdoch Books]] Pty Limited |___location=[[Boston, Massachusetts]] |isbn=978-0-7641-6613-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Seamon |first=John |author-link=John Seamon |title=Memory and Movies: What Films Can Teach Us about Memory |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |___location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |year=2015 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=GUFWCgAAQBAJ}} |isbn=978-0-26202-971-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Slahi |first=Mohamedou Ould|author-link=Mohamedou Ould Slahi |title=Guantánamo Diary |title-link=Guantánamo Diary (memoir) |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |___location=New York City |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-316-32860-9}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0107048|title=Groundhog Day}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=21023|title=Groundhog Day}}
* {{AFI film|id=59539|title=Groundhog Day}}
{{Harold Ramis}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=1990s|portal2=Film |portal3=United States|portal4=Fantasy|commons=yes|n=yes|wikt=yes|q=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q488655}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Groundhog Day (film)}}
[[Category:1990s American films]]
[[Category:1990s English-language films]]
[[Category:1990s fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1990s films about time travel]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:BAFTA winners (films)]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Holiday-themed films]]
[[Category:English-language fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:English-language romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Existentialist films]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Films adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Films directed by Harold Ramis]]
[[Category:Films produced by Harold Ramis]]
[[Category:Films scored by George Fenton]]
[[Category:Films set in Appalachia]]
[[Category:Films set in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Films set in Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Illinois]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Danny Rubin]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Harold Ramis]]
[[Category:Groundhog Day]]
[[Category:Time loop films]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry films]]
[[Category:Woodstock, Illinois]]
[[Category:English-language fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Saturn Award–winning films]]
| |||