Go! (programming language): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Multi-paradigm programming language}}

{{for|the language released in 2009 by Google|Go (programming language)}}

{{Infobox programming language

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[[multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[concurrent programming language|concurrent]], [[logic programming|logic]], [[functional programming|functional]], [[imperative programming|imperative]] ([[object-based language|object-based]])

| year = {{Start date and age|2003}}

| designer = [[Francis McCabe]], [[Keith Clark (computer scientist)|Keith Clark]]

| developer =

| latest_release_version =

| latest_release_date =

| latest_test_version = 9-30-07

| latest_test_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|2007|9|30}}

| typing = [[strong typing|strong]]

| implementations =

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}}

'''Go!''' is an [[Agent-based model|agent-based]] programming language in the tradition of [[Logic programming|logic-based programming]] languages like [[Prolog]].<ref name="infowk">{{cite webmagazine |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351 |title=Google 'Go' Name Brings Accusations Of 'Evil' |publishermagazine=InformationWeek |date=2009-11-11 |accessdateaccess-date=2009-11-14 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722010320/http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was introduced in a 2003 paper by Francis McCabe and [[Keith Clark (computer scientist)|Keith Clark]].<ref name="aamas"/>

== Design ==

The authors of Go! describe it as "a [[multi-paradigm programming language]] that is oriented to the needs of programming secure, production quality, agentand agent-based applications. It is [[multi-threaded]], strongly typed and [[higher order function|higher order]] (in the functional programming sense). It has relation, function and action procedure definitions. Threads execute action procedures, calling functions and querying relations as needed. Threads in different agents communicate and coordinate using asynchronous messages. Threads within the same agent can also use shared dynamic relations acting as [[Linda (coordination language)|Linda]]-style [[tuple space|tuple stores]]."<ref name="aamas">{{cite journalbook |last1=Clark |first1=K.L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F.G. |yeartitle=2003Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems |titlechapter= Go! forFor multi-threaded deliberative agents |journalyear=International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AAMAS'03)2003 |pages=964–965 |url doi=http://portal10.acm.org1145/citation.cfm?doid=860575.860747 |isbn=978-1581136838 doi|citeseerx=10.1145/8605751.1.117.860747184 |s2cid=2047545 }}</ref>

The authors also propose that the language is suitable for representing [[Ontology (information science)|ontologies]] due to its integration of [[logic programming|logic]], [[functional programming|functional]] and [[imperative programming|imperative]] styles of programming.<ref name="applied">{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10489-006-8511-x | title=Ontology oriented programming in go! | date=2006 | last1=Clark | first1=K. L. | last2=McCabe | first2=F. G. |year=2006 |title=Ontology oriented programming in go! |journal=Applied Intelligence | volume=24 | issue=3 | pages=189–204 |doi=10.1145/860575.860747 }}</ref>

== Example ==

The following example illustrates the "ontology-oriented" type and declarations style of Go!:<ref name=applied />

<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">

GenderSex [[#algebraic|'''::=''']] male | female.

person [[#interface|'''<˜''']]~ {dayOfBirth:[] '''=>''' ''day''.

<!-- Don't use <source> tag, because there is wikitext in the source code. -->

age:[] '''=>''' ''integer''.

gendersex:[] '''=>''' GenderSex.

name:[] '''=>''' ''string''.

home:[] '''=>''' ''string''.

lives:[''string'']{}}.

person:[''string'', ''day'', GenderSex, ''string''] [[#theory|'''$=''']] person.

Gender [[#algebraic|'''::=''']] male | female.

person [[#interface|'''<˜''']] {dayOfBirth:[] '''=>''' ''day''.

age:[] '''=>''' ''integer''.

gender:[] '''=>''' Gender.

name:[] '''=>''' ''string''.

home:[] '''=>''' ''string''.

lives:[''string'']{}}.

person:[''string'', ''day'', Gender, ''string''] [[#theory|'''$=''']] person.

person(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm)..{

dayOfBirth() '''=>''' Born.

age() '''=>''' yearsBetween(now(), Born).

gender() '''=>''' Sx.

name() '''=>''' Nm.

home() '''=>''' Hm.

lives(Pl) [[Prolog#Rules and facts|''':-''']] Pl '''=''' home().

yearsBetween:[''integer'', ''day''] '''=>''' integer.

yearsBetween(...) '''=>''' ..

}.

newPerson:[''string'', ''day'', Gender, ''string''] '''=>''' person.

newPerson(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm) '''=>''' $person(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm).

person(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm)..{

{{anchor|algebraic}}The <code>::=</code> rule defines a new [[algebraic data type]], a [[data type]] with only data constructors.

dayOfBirth() '''=>''' Born.

age() '''=>''' yearsBetween(now(), Born).

gendersex() '''=>''' Sx.

name() '''=>''' Nm.

home() '''=>''' Hm.

lives(Pl) [[Prolog#Rules and facts|''':-''']] Pl '''=''' home().

yearsBetween:[''integer'', ''day''] '''=>''' integer.

yearsBetween(...) '''=>''' ..

}.

newPerson:[''string'', ''day'', GenderSex, ''string''] '''=>''' person.

{{anchor|interface}}The <code><˜</code> rule defines an interface type - it indicates what properties are characteristic of a <code>person</code> and also gives type constraints on these properties. It documents that <code>age</code> is a functional property with an integer value, that <code>lives</code> is a unary relation over strings, and that <code>dayOfBirth</code> is a functional property with a value that is an object of type <code>day</code>.

newPerson(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm) '''=>''' $person(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm).

{{anchor|theory}}The <code>$=</code> type rule indicates that there is also a theory label, with the functor <code>person</code>, for a theory that defines the characteristic properties of the <code>person</code> type - implements the <code>person</code> interface - in terms of four given parameters of types string, <code>day</code>, <code>Gender</code>, and <code>string</code>.

</syntaxhighlight>

{{anchor|algebraic}}*The <code>::=</code> rule defines a new [[algebraic data type]], a [[data type]] with only data constructors.

{{anchor|interface}}*The <code><˜~</code> rule defines an interface type - it indicates what properties are characteristic of a <code>person</code> and also gives type constraints on these properties. It documents that <code>age</code> is a functional property with an integer value, that <code>lives</code> is a unary relation over strings, and that <code>dayOfBirth</code> is a functional property with a value that is an object of type <code>day</code>.

{{anchor|theory}}*The <code>$=</code> type rule indicates that there is also a theory label, with the functor <code>person</code>, for a theory that defines the characteristic properties of the <code>person</code> type - implements the <code>person</code> interface - in terms of four given parameters of types <code>string</code>, <code>day</code> , <code>GenderSex</code>, and <code>string</code>.

==Conflict with Google==

In November 2009, [[Google]] released a similarly named [[Go (programming language)|Go programming language]] (with no [[exclamation point]]). McCabe asked Google to change the name of their language as he was concerned they were "steam-rolling over us".<ref name="infowk"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=9 |title=Issue 9 - go - I have already used the name for *MY* programming language |publisher=code.google.com |date=2009-11-10 |accessdateaccess-date=2009-11-14}}</ref> The issue received attention among technology news websites, with some of them characterizing Go! as "obscure".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.geek.com/articles/news/google-didnt-google-go-before-naming-their-programming-language-20091113/ |title=Google didn’tdidn't google "Go" before naming their programming language |last=Brownlee |first=John |date=2009-11-13 |publisher=Geek.com |accessdateaccess-date=2010-01-18 |archive-date=2012-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506104459/http://www.geek.com/articles/news/google-didnt-google-go-before-naming-their-programming-language-20091113 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The issue thread opened on the subject was closed by a Google developer on 12 October 2010 with the custom status "Unfortunate" and with the following comment: "there are many computing products and services named Go. In the 11 months since our release, there has been minimal confusion of the two languages."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/golang/go/issues/9#issuecomment-66047478|title=I have already used the name for *MY* programming language · Issue #9 · golang/go|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref>

== References ==

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==Further reading==

{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite paperweb |last1=Clark |first1=K. L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F. G. |year=2003 |title=Ontology Oriented Programming in Go! |url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~klc/DistKR.pdf }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=K. L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F. G. |year=2004 |title=Go!—A Multi-Paradigm Programming Language for Implementing Multi-Threaded Agents |journal=[[Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence]] |volume=41 |issue=2–4 |pages=171–206 |url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=998367 |doi=10.1023/B:AMAI.0000031195.87297.d9 |citeseerx=10.1.1.133.1069 |s2cid=6992205 }}

* {{cite journal |author=R. Bordini |year=2006 |title=A Survey of Programming Languages and Platforms for Multi-Agent Systems |journal=Informatica |volume=30 |pages=33–44 |url=http://www.informatica.si/vol30.htm |display-authors=etal |deadurlurl-status=yesdead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115151833/http://www.informatica.si:80/vol30.htm |archivedatearchive-date=2009-11-15 |df= }}

* {{cite journal |author=M. Fisher |year=2007 |title=Computational Logics and Agents - A Roadmap of Current Technologies and Future Trends |journal=Computational Intelligence |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=61–91 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118495224/issue |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130106033209/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118495224/issue |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8640.2007.00295.x |display-authors=etal |citeseerx=10.1.1.114.6149 |s2cid=3393868}}

*{{cite book|last=McCabe|first=Francis G.|title=Lets Go!|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0975444913|date=February 7, 2007|publisher=Network Agent Press|isbn=978-0-9754449-1-7}}

* {{cite conference |author=C. Varela |year=2004 |title=On Modelling Agent Systems with Erlang | conference=ACM SIGPLAN Erlang Workshop '04 |conferenceurlurl=http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/erlang/workshop/2004/ |display-authors=etal |access-date=2009-11-12 |archive-date=2009-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115113314/http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/erlang/workshop/2004/ |url-status=dead}}

{{Refend}}

== External links ==

* [httphttps://homepage.macgithub.com/frankmccabe/FileSharing1.htmlgo DownloadGithub page]

* [http://99-bottles-of-beer.net/language-go!-289.html Code sample on 99-bottles-of-beer.net]

[[Category:Programming languages created in 2003]]

[[Category:Concurrent programming languages]]

[[Category:Free compilers and interpretersopen source compilers]]

[[Category:Programming languages created in 2003]]