Exploding wire method: Difference between revisions

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Nanoparticles are created by EWM when the ambient gas of the system cools the recently produced vaporous metal.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mathur|first1=Sanjay|last2=Sing|first2=Mrityunjay|title=Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechology III|journal=Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings|date=2010|volume=30|issue=7|page=92|isbn=9780470584361|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-OEIi0QIUEC&pg=PA90}}</ref> EWM can be used to cheaply and efficiently produce nanoparticles at a rate of 50 – 300 grams per hour and at a purity of above 99&nbsp;%.<ref name=naz/><ref name="prepnano"/> The process requires a relatively low energy consumption as little energy is lost in an electric to thermal energy conversion. Environmental effects are minimal due to the process taking place in a closed system. The Particles can be as small as 10&nbsp;nm but are most commonly below 100&nbsp;nm in diameter. Physical attributes of the nanopowder can be altered depending on the parameters of the explosion. For example, as the voltage of the capacitor is raised, the particle diameter decreases. Also, the pressure of the gas environment can change the dispersiveness of the nanoparticles.<ref name="naz"/> Through such manipulations the functionality of the nanopowder may be altered.

When EWM is performed in a standard atmosphere containing oxygen, metal oxides are formed. Pure metal nanoparticles can also be produced with EWM in an inert environment, usually argon gas or distilled water.<ref name=flur>{{cite journalarxiv|eprint=cond-mat/0609369|last1=Alqudami|first1=Abdullah|last2=Annapoorni|first2=S.|title=Fluorescence from metallic silver and iron nanoparticles prepared by exploding wire technique|journal=DPT. Of Physics and Astrophysics New Delhi|year=2006|pages=15|arxiv=cond-mat/0609369|url=https://arxiv.org/ftp/cond-mat/papers/0609/0609369.pdf|access-date=2 November 2014|bibcode = 2006cond.mat..9369A }}</ref> Pure metal nanopowders must be kept in their inert environment because they ignite when exposed to oxygen in air.<ref name="prepnano"/> Often, the metal vapor is contained by operating the mechanism within a steel box or similar container.

Nanoparticles are a relatively new material used in medicine, manufacturing, environmental cleanup and circuitry. Metal oxide and pure metal nanoparticles are used in [[Catalysis]], sensors, oxygen antioxident, self repairing metal, ceramics, [[UV rays|UV ray]] protection, odor proofing, improved batteries, printable circuits, [[Optoelectronics|optoelectronic materials]], and [[Environmental remediation]].<ref name=Nanouses>{{cite web|last1=Boysen|first1=Earl|title=Nanoparticles Applications and Uses|url=http://www.understandingnano.com/nanoparticles.html|website=understandingnano|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oskam|first1=Gerko|title=Metal oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and application|journal=Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology|date=24 February 2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=161–164|doi=10.1007/s10971-005-6621-2|s2cid=98446250}}</ref> The demand for metal nanoparticles, and therefore production methods, has increased as interest in nanotechnology continues to rise. Despite its overwhelming simplicity and efficiency, it is difficult to modify the experimental apparatus to be used on an industrial scale. As such, EWM has not seen widespread utilization in material production industry due to issues in manufacturing quantity.