Object-oriented programming: Difference between revisions

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Influenced by the work at MIT and the Simula language, in November 1966 [[Alan Kay]] began working on ideas that would eventually be incorporated into the [[Smalltalk]] programming language. Kay used the term "object-oriented programming" in conversation as early as 1967.<ref name=alanKayOnOO/> Although sometimes called "the father of object-oriented programming",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butcher |first1=Paul |title=Seven Concurrency Models in Seven Weeks: When Threads Unravel |date=30 June 2014 |publisher=Pragmatic Bookshelf |isbn=978-1-68050-466-8 |page=204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xg9QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204 |language=en}}</ref> Alan Kay has differentiated his notion of OO from the more conventional [[abstract data type]] notion of object, and has implied that the computer science establishment did not adopt his notion.<ref name=alanKayOnOO>{{Cite web|url= http://www.purl.org/stefan_ram/pub/doc_kay_oop_en |title=Dr. Alan Kay on the Meaning of "Object-Oriented Programming" |year= 2003|access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref>

A 1976 MIT memo co-authored by [[Barbara Liskov]] lists [[Simula 67]], [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]], and [[Alphard (programming language)|Alphard]] as object-oriented languages, but does not mention Smalltalk.<ref>{{cite tech report |last=Jones |first=Anita K. |last2=Liskov|first2=Barbara H. |date=April 1976 |title=An Access Control Facility for Programming Languages |institution=MIT |number=CSG Memo 137|url=http://csg.csail.mit.edu/CSGArchives/memos/Memo-137.pdf }}</ref>

In the 1970s, the first version of the [[Smalltalk]] programming language was developed at [[Xerox PARC]] by [[Alan Kay]], [[Dan Ingalls]] and [[Adele Goldberg (computer scientist)|Adele Goldberg]]. Smalltalk-72 included a programming environment and was [[dynamically typed]], and at first was [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreted]], not [[compiled]].

Smalltalk became noted for its application of object orientation at the language-level and its graphical development environment. Smalltalk went through various versions and interest in the language grew.<ref name="Bertrand Meyer 2009 329">{{Cite book|title=Touch of Class: Learning to Program Well with Objects and Contracts|author=Bertrand Meyer|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2009|isbn=978-3-540-92144-8|pages=329|bibcode=2009tclp.book.....M}}</ref>

While [[Smalltalk]] was influenced by the ideas introduced in Simula 67 it was designed to be a fully dynamic system in which classes could be created and modified dynamically.<ref>{{cite journal

|title=The early history of Smalltalk

|author=[[Alan C. Kay]]

|journal=[[ACM SIGPLAN Notices]]

|volume=28

|issue=3

|pages=69–95

|date=March 1993

|doi= 10.1145/155360.155364

|doi-access=free

}}

</ref>

During the late 1970s and 1980s, object-oriented programming rose to prominence. The [[Flavors (programming language)|Flavors]] object-oriented Lisp was developed starting 1979, introducing [[multiple inheritance]] and [[mixins]].<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Moon |first1=David A. |author-link1=David A. Moon |date=June 1986 |title=Object-Oriented Programming with Flavors |book-title=Conference proceedings on Object-oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications |pages=1–8 |isbn=978-0-89791-204-4 |conference=[[OOPSLA]] '86 |doi=10.1145/28697.28698 |s2cid=17150741 |url=https://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/150FP/archive/david-moon/flavors.pdf |access-date=2022-03-17}}</ref> In 1981, Goldberg edited the August issue of [[Byte Magazine]], introducing Smalltalk and object-oriented programming to a wide audience.<ref>{{cite news |title=Introducing the Smalltalk Zoo |url=https://computerhistory.org/blog/introducing-the-smalltalk-zoo-48-years-of-smalltalk-history-at-chm/ |work=CHM |date=17 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> LOOPS, the object system for [[Interlisp]]-D, was influenced by Smalltalk and Flavors, and a paper about it was published in 1982.<ref>{{cite conference | title=LOOPS: data and object oriented Programming for Interlisp|date=1982|conference=European AI Conference|last1=Bobrow|first1=D. G.|last2=Stefik|first2=M. J|url=https://www.markstefik.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/1982-Bobrow-Stefik-Data-Object-Pgming.pdf}}</ref> In 1986, the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] organized the first ''Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications'' (OOPSLA), which was attended by 1,000 people. Among other developments was the [[Common Lisp Object System]], which integrates functional programming and object-oriented programming and allows extension via a [[Meta-object protocol]]. In the 1980s, there were a few attempts to design processor architectures that included hardware support for objects in memory but these were not successful. Examples include the [[Intel iAPX 432]] and the [[Linn Products|Linn Smart]] [[Rekursiv]].