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The '''characteristic function''' of any [[probability distribution]] on the [[real number|real]] line is given by the following formula, where ''X'' is any random variable with the distribution in question:
* ''φ(t) = E(e<sup>itX</sup>)''.
If ''X'' is a [[vector]]-valued random variable, one takes the argument ''t'' to be a vector and ''tX'' to be a "dot-product".
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