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*'''Spatial Variability Aware Neural Networks''' ('''SVANNs''') use an enhanced OSFA method/approach that locally recomputes the spatial weights and redesigns the spatial structure of the originally a-spatial/classic NNs, at each geo-___location of the (statistical) individuals/units' attributes' values<ref name="Gupta et al. (2021)"/> They generally outperform the OSFA spatial neural networks, but they do not consistently handle the spatial heterogeneity at multiple scales.<ref name="Xie et al. (2023)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xie Y, Chen W, He E, Jia X, Bao H, Zhou X, Ghosh E, Ravirathinam P |date=2023 |title=Harnessing heterogeneity in space with statistically guided meta-learning |journal=Knowledge and information systems |doi=10.1007/s10115-023-01847-0}}</ref>
*'''Geographically Weighted Neural Networks''' ('''GWNNs''') are similar to the SVANNs but they use the so-called Geographically Weighted Model (GWM) method/approach by Lu et al. (2023), so to locally recompute the spatial weights and redesign the spatial structure of the originally a-spatial/classic neural networks<ref name="Hagenauer et al. (2021)"/><ref name="Lu et al. (2023)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lu B, Hu Y, Yang D, Liu Y, Liao L, Yin Z, Xia T, Dong Z, Harris P, Brunsdon C, Comber A, Dong G |date=2023 |title=GWmodelS: A software for geographically weighted models |journal=SoftwareX |volume=21 |doi=10.1016/j.softx.2022.101291}}</ref>. Like the SVANNs they do not consistently handle the spatial heterogeneity at multiple scales.<ref name="Hagenauer et al. (2021)"/>
==Applications==
There exist applications of SNNs in:
*agriculture for classifying the [[vegetation]];<ref name="Podlipnov et al. (2023)">{{cite conference |vauthors=Podlipnov V, Firsov N, Ivliev N, Mashkov S, Ishkin P, Skidanov R, Nikonorov A |date=2023 |title=Spectral-spatial neural network classification of hyperspectral vegetation images |book-title= IOP conference series: earth and environmental science |volume=1138 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/1138/1/012040}}</ref>
*real estate for appraising the [[premises]].<ref name="Lin et al. (2021)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin R, Ou C, Tseng K, Bowen D, Yung K, Ip W |date=2021 |title=The Spatial neural network model with disruptive technology for property appraisal in real estate industry |journal=Technological forecasting and social change |volume=177 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121067}}</ref>
==See also==
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