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[[File:Jakarta.jpg|left|thumb|[[Jakarta]], the capital of [[Indonesia]] ]]
{{Historical populations
|1961|63059575|1971| 76086320
|1980 | 91269528
|source=<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/download.html?nrbvfeve=YmEwMzE5MzcyYmY0NzY3NjQ1MTYwYThj&xzmn=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnBzLmdvLmlkL3B1YmxpY2F0aW9uLzE5NjIvMDYvMDYvYmEwMzE5MzcyYmY0NzY3NjQ1MTYwYThjL3NlbnN1cy1wZW5kdWR1ay0xOTYxLXJlcHVibGlrLWluZG9uZXNpYS5odG1s&twoadfnoarfeauf=MjAyMC0xMS0yMSAxOTozMTo0OQ%3D%3D |title=Sensus Penduduk 1961 Republik Indonesia |publisher=Biro Pusat Statistik |year=1962 |pages=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12¬ab=1 |title=Statistics Indonesia |website=Bps.go.id |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date= 1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000701144756/http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12¬ab=1 |url-status=def}}</ref><ref name=kemenkesehat>{{cite web|access-date=20 February 2014 |url=http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/Penduduk%20Kab%20Kota%20Umur%20Tunggal%202014.pdf |title=Estimasi Penduduk Menurut Umur Tunggal Dan Jenis Kelamin 2014 Kementerian Kesehatan |archive-date= 8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208021950/http://depkes.go.id/downloads/Penduduk%20Kab%20Kota%20Umur%20Tunggal%202014.pdf |url-status=def}}</ref>▼
|1990 | 107581306
|footnote=Refers to the administrative region (including Madura), 2020 data is year end▼
|2000 | 121352608
|2010 | 136610590
|2015 | 145013583
|2020 | 151591262
|2021 | 153567000
▲|source=<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/download.html?nrbvfeve=YmEwMzE5MzcyYmY0NzY3NjQ1MTYwYThj&xzmn=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnBzLmdvLmlkL3B1YmxpY2F0aW9uLzE5NjIvMDYvMDYvYmEwMzE5MzcyYmY0NzY3NjQ1MTYwYThjL3NlbnN1cy1wZW5kdWR1ay0xOTYxLXJlcHVibGlrLWluZG9uZXNpYS5odG1s&twoadfnoarfeauf=MjAyMC0xMS0yMSAxOTozMTo0OQ%3D%3D |title=Sensus Penduduk 1961 Republik Indonesia |publisher=Biro Pusat Statistik |year=1962 |pages=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12¬ab=1 |title=Statistics Indonesia |website=Bps.go.id |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date= 1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/
▲|footnote=Refers to the administrative region (including Madura),
}}
Java has been traditionally dominated by an elite class, while the people in the lower classes were often involved in agriculture and fishing. The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history, as cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island. There is evidence that South Asian emigres were among this elite, as well as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras. More recently, Chinese immigrants have also become part of the economic elite of Java. Although politically the Chinese generally remain sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the former governor of Jakarta, [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]. Though Java is increasingly becoming more modern and urban, only 75% of the island has electricity. Villages and their rice paddies are still a common sight. Unlike the rest of Java, the population growth in Central Java remains low. Central Java however has a younger population than the national average.<ref>[http://www.bkkbn.go.id/kependudukan/Pages/DataSensus/Sensus_Penduduk/Pola_Perkawinan/Rata_Usia_Kawin_Pertama/Nasional.aspx Usia Kawin Pertama Rata-Rata Wanita Menurut Provinsi: Sensus Penduduk Tahun 1990, 2000 dan 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/
===Population development===
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A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in [[Yogyakarta]] reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in [[Central Java]], 22 in [[West Java]] and six in [[East Java]].<ref name="kroef1961"/> These include [[Javanese beliefs|Kejawen]], [[Javanese beliefs|Sumarah]], [[Subud]], etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.<ref name="Beatty">Beatty, Andrew, ''Varieties of Javanese Religion: An Anthropological Account'', Cambridge University Press 1999, {{ISBN|0-521-62473-8}}</ref> [[Sunda Wiwitan]] is a traditional [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] religion, its adherents still exist in several villages.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dcTAQAAMAAJ&q=sunda+wiwitan+religion |title=Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine |date=2006 |publisher=Arsa Raya Perdana |language=en}}</ref>
==Economy==
[[File:KerbauJawa.jpg|left|thumb|[[Water buffalo]] ploughing [[Paddy field|rice fields]] near [[Salatiga]], in [[Central Java]]]]
Initially the economy of Java relied heavily on [[rice]] agriculture. Ancient kingdoms such as the [[Kingdoms of Sunda]], [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], and [[Majapahit]] were dependent on rice yields and tax. Java was famous for rice surpluses and rice export since ancient times, and rice agriculture contributed to the population growth of the island. Trade with other parts of Asia such as ancient India and China flourished as early as the 4th century, as evidenced by Chinese ceramics found on the island dated to that period. Java also took part in the global trade of [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] [[spice]] from ancient times in the Majapahit era, until well into the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) era.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
[[File:Java Transportation Network.svg|thumb|Java transport network]]
The VOC set their foothold on [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in the 17th century and was succeeded by the [[Dutch East Indies]] in the 19th century. During these colonial times, the Dutch introduced the cultivation of commercial plants in Java, such as [[sugarcane]], [[rubber]], [[coffee]], [[tea]], and [[quinine]]. In the 19th and early 20th century, Javanese coffee gained global popularity. Thus, the name "Java" today has become a synonym for coffee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-is-coffee-called-a-cup-of-joe#:~:text=When+it+comes+to+the,to+be+known+as+java|title=Why Is Coffee Called "A Cup of Joe"? | Wonderopolis|website=wonderopolis.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.littlecoffeeplace.com/why-is-coffee-called-java |title=Why is Coffee Called Java? Colloquial Coffee Synonyms |first=CheLo |last=says |date=December 12, 2017 |website=www.littlecoffeeplace.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://coffeechronicler.com/why-is-coffee-called-java/ |title=Why is Coffee Called Java? | Coffee Facts & History |date=July 30, 2021 |website=The Coffee Chronicler}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://driftaway.coffee/coffee-called-java/ |title=Why is Coffee Called Java? |date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Monumen dan bundaran Jakarta.jpg|thumb|[[Selamat Datang Monument|"Welcome!" statue]] in [[Central Jakarta]]]]
Java has been Indonesia's most developed island since the Dutch East Indies era and continues to be so today in the modern Republic of Indonesia. The road transportation networks that have existed since ancient times were connected and perfected with the construction of [[Great Post Road|Java Great Post Road]] by [[Daendels]] in the early 19th century. It became the backbone of Java's road infrastructure and laid the base of [[North Coast Road (Java)|Java North Coast Road]] ({{lang-id|Jalan Pantura, abbreviation from "Pantai Utara"}}). The need to transport commercial produces such as coffee from plantations in the interior of the island to the harbour on the coast spurred the construction of railway networks in Java. Today, industry, business, trade and services flourished in major cities of Java, such as [[Jakarta]], [[Surabaya]], [[Semarang]], and [[Bandung]]; while some traditional Sultanate cities such as [[Yogyakarta]], [[Surakarta]], and [[Cirebon]] preserved its royal legacy and has become the centre of art, culture and tourism. Industrial estates are also growing in towns on northern coast of Java, especially around [[Cilegon]], [[Tangerang]], [[Bekasi]], [[Karawang]], [[Gresik]] and [[Sidoarjo]]. The [[toll road]] highway networks was built and expanded since the New Order until the present day, connecting major urban centres and surrounding areas, such as in and around [[Jakarta]] and [[Bandung]]; also the ones in [[Cirebon]], [[Semarang]] and [[Surabaya]]. In addition to these motorways, Java has 16 national highways.
Based on the statistical data by the year of 2021 released by [[Statistics Indonesia]] (''Badan Pusat Statistik''), Java alone contributes around 60% of Indonesia's GDP or equivalent to US$686 billion (int$2.0 trillion, PPP).<ref name="bps">{{Cite book |title=PDRB Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku Menurut Pengeluaran (Juta Rupiah), 2021 |author=Badan Pusat Statistik|author-link=Statistics Indonesia |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |year=2022 |___location=Jakarta |url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/171/534/1/-seri-2010-1-pdrb-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-pengeluaran.html}}</ref>
==See also==
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