Object-oriented programming: Difference between revisions

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In the mid-1980s [[Objective-C]] was developed by [[Brad Cox]], who had used Smalltalk at [[ITT Inc.]]. [[Bjarne Stroustrup]], who had used Simula for his PhD thesis, created the object-oriented [[C++]].<ref name="Bertrand Meyer 2009 329"/> In 1985, [[Bertrand Meyer]] also produced the first design of the [[Eiffel language]]. Focused on software quality, Eiffel is a purely object-oriented programming language and a notation supporting the entire software lifecycle. Meyer described the Eiffel software development method, based on a small number of key ideas from software engineering and computer science, in [[Object-Oriented Software Construction]].{{sfn|Meyer|1997}} Essential to the quality focus of Eiffel is Meyer's reliability mechanism, [[design by contract]], which is an integral part of both the method and language.

In the early and mid-1990s object-oriented programming developed as the dominant programming [[paradigm]] when programming languages supporting the techniques became widely available. These included Visual [[Visual FoxPro]] 3.0,<ref>1995 (June) Visual [[Visual FoxPro]] 3.0, FoxPro evolves from a procedural language to an object-oriented language. Visual FoxPro 3.0 introduces a database container, seamless client/server capabilities, support for ActiveX technologies, and OLE Automation and null support. [http://www.foxprohistory.org/foxprotimeline.htm#summary_of_fox_releases Summary of Fox releases]</ref><ref>FoxPro History web site: [http://www.foxprohistory.org/tableofcontents.htm Foxprohistory.org]</ref><ref>1995 Reviewers Guide to Visual FoxPro 3.0: [http://www.dfpug.de/loseblattsammlung/migration/whitepapers/vfp_rg.htm DFpug.de]</ref> [[C++]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHmqfSBTXsAC&pg=PA16|title=Object Oriented Programming with C++, 1E|isbn=978-81-259-2532-3|last1=Khurana|first1=Rohit|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Limited }}</ref> and [[Delphi (programming language)|Delphi]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}. Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of [[graphical user interface]]s, which rely heavily upon object-oriented programming techniques. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the [[Cocoa (software)|Cocoa]] frameworks on [[Mac OS X]], written in [[Objective-C]], an object-oriented, dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of [[event-driven programming]] (although this concept is not limited to OOP).

At [[ETH Zürich]], [[Niklaus Wirth]] and his colleagues investigated the concept of type checking across module boundaries. [[Modula-2]] (1978) included this concept, and their succeeding design, [[Oberon (programming language)|Oberon]] (1987), included a distinctive approach to object orientation, classes, and such. Inheritance is not obvious in Wirth's design since his nomenclature looks in the opposite direction: It is called type extension and the viewpoint is from the parent down to the inheritor.