Arduino: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Italian open-source hardware and software company}}

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'''Arduino''' ({{IPAc-en|ɑː|r|ˈ|d|w|iː|n|oʊ}}) is an Italian [[open-source hardware]] and [[open-source software|software]] company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures [[single-board microcontroller]]s and [[microcontroller]] kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a [[Creative Commons license|CC BY-SA license]], while the software is licensed under the [[GNU Lesser General Public License]] (LGPL) or the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting Started: FOUNDATION > Introduction |url=https://www.arduino.cc/en/guide/introduction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829015201/https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction |archive-date=2017-08-29 |access-date=2017-05-23 |website=arduino.cc}}</ref> permitting the [[manufacture]] of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official [[website]] or through authorized distributors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arduino - Home |url=https://www.arduino.cc/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.arduino.cc}}</ref>

Arduino board designs use a variety of [[microprocessor]]s and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog [[input/output]] (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields') or [[breadboards]] (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including [[Universal Serial Bus]] (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be programmed using the [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[C++]] [[programming language]]s (Embedded C), using a standard API which is also known as the '''Arduino Programming Language''', inspired by the [[Processing (programming language)|Processing language]] and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE. In addition to using traditional [[compiler]] [[toolchains]], the Arduino project provides an [[integrated development environment]] (IDE) and a command line tool developed in [[Go (programming language)|Go]].

The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the [[Interaction Design Institute Ivrea]], Italy,<ref name="kushner">{{Cite journal |last=Kushner |first=David |date=2011-10-26 |title=The Making of Arduino |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-making-of-arduino |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]]}}</ref> aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using [[sensor]]s and [[actuator]]s. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple [[robot]]s, [[thermostat]]s, and [[motion detector]]s.

The name ''Arduino'' comes from a café in [[Ivrea]], Italy, where some of the project's founders used to meet. The bar was named after [[Arduin of Ivrea]], who was the [[margrave]] of the [[March of Ivrea]] and [[King of Italy]] from 1002 to 1014.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lahart |first=Justin |date=27 November 2009 |title=Taking an Open-Source Approach to Hardware |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703499404574559960271468066 |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=2014-09-07}}</ref>

==History==

===Founding===

[[File:The first Arduino.jpeg|thumb|The first prototype<ref name="kushner" />]]

The Arduino project was started at the [[Interaction Design Institute Ivrea]] (IDII) in [[Ivrea]], Italy.<ref name="kushner" /> At that time, the students used a [[BASIC Stamp]] [[microcontroller]] at a cost of $50. In 2004, [[Hernando Barragán]] created the development platform ''[[Wiring (development platform)|Wiring]]'' as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and [[Casey Reas]]. Casey Reas is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the [[Processing]] development platform. The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a [[printed circuit board]] (PCB) with an [[ATmega]]128 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Barragán |first=Hernando |date=2016-01-01 |title=The Untold History of Arduino |url=https://arduinohistory.github.io |access-date=2016-03-06 |website=arduinohistory.github.io}}</ref>

In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller. The new project, forked from Wiring, was called ''Arduino''.<ref name=":0" />

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.<ref name="kushner" />

Following the completion of the platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed in the open-source community. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced,<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=How many Arduinos are "in the wild?" About 300,000 |url=http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2011/05/15/how-many-arduinos-are-in-the-wild-about-300000/ |access-date=2013-05-26 |publisher=[[Adafruit Industries]]}}</ref> and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2013 |title=Arduino FAQ – With David Cuartielles |url=http://medea.mah.se/2013/04/arduino-faq// |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906182556/http://medea.mah.se/2013/04/arduino-faq/ |archive-date=2017-09-06 |access-date=2014-03-24 |publisher=[[Malmö University]]}}</ref>

===Trademark dispute===

In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Entity Summary for Arduino LLC |url=http://corp.sec.state.ma.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?FEIN=262323943&SEARCH_TYPE=1 |website=Mass.gov |publisher=State of Massachusetts}}</ref> to hold the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards were to be done by external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding bylaws of Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly formed company.{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}

At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino trademark in Italy and kept this a secret from the other co-founders for about two years. This was revealed when the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they originally registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy. Negotiations with Martino and his firm to bring the trademark under the control of the original Arduino company failed. In 2014, Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the company ''Arduino SRL'' and created the website ''arduino.org'', copying the graphics and layout of the original ''arduino.cc''. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allan |first=Alasdair |date=6 March 2015 |title=Arduino Wars: Group Splits, Competing Products Revealed? |url=http://makezine.com/2015/03/06/arduino-vs-arduino/ |access-date=21 April 2015 |website=makezine.com |publisher=Maker Media, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banzi |first=Massimo |date=19 March 2015 |title=Massimo Banzi: Fighting for Arduino |url=http://makezine.com/2015/03/19/massimo-banzi-fighting-for-arduino/ |access-date=21 April 2015 |website=makezine.com |publisher=Maker Media, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Elliot |date=28 March 2015 |title=Arduino SRL to Distributors: "We're the Real Arduino" |url=http://hackaday.com/2015/03/28/arduino-srl-to-distributors-were-the-real-arduino/ |access-date=21 April 2015 |website=Hackaday.com }}</ref>

In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arduino LLC vs Arduino SRL lawsuit; United States Courts Archive. |url=https://www.unitedstatescourts.org/federal/mad/167131/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709234951/https://www.unitedstatescourts.org/federal/mad/167131/ |archive-date=2017-07-09 |access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>

In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark '''Genuino''', used as brand name outside the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2015 |title=Arduino Announces New Brand, Genuino, Manufacturing Partnership with Adafruit |url=http://makezine.com/2015/05/16/arduino-adafruit-manufacturing-genuino/ |access-date=17 May 2015 |website=Make}}</ref>

At the World [[Maker Faire]] in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two companies, forming Arduino AG.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2016 |title=Arduino Blog – Two Arduinos become one |url=https://blog.arduino.cc/2016/10/01/two-arduinos-become-one-2/ |access-date=2016-10-02 |website=Arduino Blog}}</ref> Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that in addition to the company a new Arduino Foundation would be launched as "a new beginning for Arduino", but this decision was withdrawn later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-09 |title=Free Arduino {{!}} Make |language=en-US |work=Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers |url=https://makezine.com/2017/06/09/free-arduino/ |access-date=2017-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-19 |title=The Arduino Foundation: What's Up? |language=en-US |work=Hackaday |url=https://hackaday.com/2017/06/19/the-arduino-foundation-whats-up/ |access-date=2017-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=A New Era for Arduino: Original Arduino Founders Finally Get 100% Control |url=https://audioxpress.com/news/a-new-era-for-arduino-original-arduino-founders-finally-get-100-control |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=audioXpress |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2017, [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record... On his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents, Musto was, until recently, listed as holding a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York University." Wired reported that neither university had any record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he had never earned those degrees.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Arduino's New CEO, Federico Musto, May Have Fabricated His Academic Record |url=https://www.wired.com/2017/04/arduinos-new-ceo-federico-musto-may-fabricated-academic-record/ |magazine=WIRED |language=en-US |access-date=2017-12-22}}</ref> The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he reportedly pulled many [[open source]] licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and outcry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biggs |first=John |title=CEO controversy mars Arduino's open future |language=en |work=TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/26/ceo-controversy-mars-arduinos-open-future/ |access-date=2017-12-22}}</ref>

By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for Arduino AG.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2017 |title=Arduino Blog – A new era for Arduino begins today |url=https://blog.arduino.cc/2017/07/28/a-new-era-for-arduino-begins-today/ |access-date=19 Jan 2018 |website=Arduino Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Tom |date=31 July 2017 |title=BCMI Acquires Arduino AG and Makers Breathe a Sigh of Relief |url=https://techwombat.com/bcmi-acquires-arduino-ag-makers-breathe-sigh-relief/ |access-date=29 November 2018 |website=techwombat.com}}</ref>

=== Post-dispute ===

In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with [[Arm Holdings]] (ARM). The announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino&nbsp;... without any lock-in with the [[ARM architecture]]". Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-06 |title=Arduino reborn partners with ARM |language=en-GB |work=Electronics Weekly |url=https://www.electronicsweekly.com/blogs/distribution-world/arduino-reborn-partners-arm-2017-10/ |access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> Under Violante's guidance, the company started growing again and releasing new designs. The Genuino trademark was dismissed and all products were branded again with the Arduino name.

In August 2018, Arduino announced its new open source command line tool ([https://github.com/arduino/arduino-cli arduino-cli]), which can be used as a replacement of the IDE to program the boards from a shell.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-24 |title=Announcing the Arduino Command Line Interface (CLI) |url=https://blog.arduino.cc/2018/08/24/announcing-the-arduino-command-line-interface-cli/ |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=Arduino Blog |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2019, Arduino announced its IoT Cloud service as an extension of the Create online environment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-06 |title=Announcing the Arduino IoT Cloud Public Beta |url=https://blog.arduino.cc/2019/02/06/announcing-the-arduino-iot-cloud-public-beta/ |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=Arduino Blog |language=en}}</ref>

As of February 2020, the Arduino community included about 30 million active users based on the IDE downloads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emilio |first=Maurizio Di Paolo |date=2020-02-04 |title=Open-source HW in the Modern Era: Interview of Arduino's CEO Fabio Violante |url=https://www.eetimes.eu/open-source-hardware-in-the-modern-era-interview-of-arduinos-ceo-fabio-violante/ |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=EE Times Europe |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Hardware==

[[File:Arduino-compatible R3 UNO Sku066313-01.jpg|thumb|Arduino-compatible R3 [[Arduino Uno|Uno]] board with no Arduino logo]]

Arduino is [[open-source hardware]]. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a [[Creative Commons]] Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under [[copyleft]] licenses, the developers have requested the name ''Arduino'' to be [[generic trademark|exclusive to the official product]] and not be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on the use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product.<ref name="AutoF7-44" /> Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names ending in ''-duino''.<ref name="freeduino" />

[[File:Arduino316.jpg|thumb|An early Arduino board<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hardware Index |url=https://www.arduino.cc/en/main/boards |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Arduino Project}}</ref> with an [[RS-232]] [[serial communication|serial]] interface (upper left) and an Atmel ATmega8 microcontroller chip (black, lower right); the 14 digital I/O pins are at the top, the 6 analog input pins at the lower right, and the power connector at the lower left.]]

Most Arduino boards consist of an [[Atmel]] 8-bit [[AVR microcontroller]] (ATmega8,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chip Hall of Fame: Atmel ATmega8 |language=en |work=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/chip-hall-of-fame-atmel-atmega8 |access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> ATmega168, [[ATmega328]], ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arduino - Products |url=https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products |access-date=20 February 2018 |website=www.arduino.cc}}</ref> The 32-bit [[Arduino Due]], based on the Atmel [[Atmel ARM-based processors#SAM 3|SAM3X8E]] was introduced in 2012.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Microcontroller Maniacs Rejoice: Arduino Finally Releases the 32-Bit Due |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/10/arduino-due/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed ''shields''. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an [[I²C]] [[serial bus]]. Most boards include a 5&nbsp;V [[linear regulator]] and a 16&nbsp;MHz [[crystal oscillator]] or [[ceramic resonator]]. Some designs, such as the LilyPad,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Di Tore |first1=Stefano |last2=Todino |first2=Michele Domenic |last3=Plutino |first3=Antonia |year=2019 |title=Le wearable technologies e la metafora dei sei cappelli per pensare a supporto del seamless learning |journal=Professionalità |volume=4 |issue=II |pages=118–13|issn=0392-2790}}</ref> run at 8&nbsp;MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific [[form factor (design)|form factor]] restrictions.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a [[bootloader]] that simplifies the uploading of programs to the on-chip [[flash memory]]. The default bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the Optiboot bootloader.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Optiboot Bootloader for Arduino and Atmel AVR |url=https://github.com/Optiboot/optiboot |access-date=2015-10-01 |website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a [[level shifter]] circuit to convert between [[RS-232]] logic levels and [[transistor–transistor logic]] ([[TTL serial]]) level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via [[Universal Serial Bus]] (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the [[FTDI]] FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the [[FTDI]] chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own [[In-system programming|ICSP]] header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, [[Bluetooth]] or other methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR [[in-system programming]] (ISP) programming is used.

[[File:UnoConnections.jpg|thumb|An official Arduino Uno R2 with descriptions of the I/O locations]]

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The ''Diecimila'',{{Efn|name="N10000"|''Diecimila'' means "ten thousand" in Italian}} ''Duemilanove'',{{Efn|name="N2009"|''Duemilanove'' means "two thousand and nine" in Italian}} and current ''Uno''{{Efn|name="N1"|''Uno'' means "one" in Italian}} provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce [[pulse-width modulation|pulse-width modulated]] signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54&nbsp;mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bare Bones Board (BBB) Kit |url=http://moderndevice.com/product/bare-bones-board-bbb-kit/ |access-date=29 November 2018 |website=moderndevice.com |archive-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730012610/http://moderndevice.com/product/bare-bones-board-bbb-kit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Boarduino<ref>{{Cite web |title=DC Boarduino (Arduino compatible) Kit (w/ATmega328) - v1.0 |url=https://www.adafruit.com/products/72 |access-date=29 November 2018 |website=adafruit.com}}</ref> boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that can plug into solderless [[breadboard]]s.

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Di Tore |first1=Stefano |last2=Todino |first2=Michele |last3=Sibilio |first3=Maurizio |date=2019-04-30 |title=Disuffo: Design, prototyping, and development of an open-source educational robot |url=https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/formare/article/view/3792 |journal=Form@re - Open Journal per la Formazione in Rete |language=it |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=106–116 |doi=10.13128/FORMARE-24446|s2cid=181368197 }}</ref> to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.

===Official boards===

{{Further|List of Arduino boards and compatible systems}}

The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects.<ref name="smartprojects" /> Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies [[SparkFun Electronics]] and [[Adafruit Industries]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Maik |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1328333803 |title=Arduino : a quick-start guide |isbn=1-68050-523-8 |page=201 |oclc=1328333803}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced.

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