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In an [[object-oriented programming language]]<!-- and related fields, like [[OODMBS]],--> '''encapsulation''' is used to refer to one of two related but distinct notions, and sometimes to the combination<ref>Michael Lee Scott, ''Programming language pragmatics'', Edition 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, ISBN 0126339511, p. 481: "Encapsulation mechanisms enable the programmer to group data and the subroutines that operate on them together in one place, and to hide irrelevant details from the users of an abstraction."</ref><ref name=Dale>Nell B. Dale, Chip Weems, ''Programming and problem solving with Java'', Edition 2, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007, ISBN 0763734020, p. 396</ref> thereof:
* A language mechanism for restricting access to some of the [[object (computer science)|object]]'s components.<ref>[[John C. Mitchell]], ''Concepts in programming languages'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0521780985, p.522</ref><ref name=Pierce>{{cite book|last=Pierce|first=Benjamin|authorlink=Benjamin C. Pierce|title=[[Types and Programming Languages]]|publisher=MIT Press|
* A language construct that facilitates the bundling of data with the methods operating on that data.<ref>Wm. Paul Rogers, [http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-05-2001/jw-0518-encapsulation.html?page=9 ''Encapsulation is not information hiding''], JavaWorld.com, 05/18/01</ref><ref>Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn E. Begg, ''Database systems: a practical approach to design, implementation, and management'', Edition 4, Pearson Education, 2005, ISBN 0321210255, Chapter 25, "Introduction to Object DMBS", section "Object-oriented concepts", p. 814</ref>
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== As information hiding mechanism ==
Under this definition, encapsulation means that the internal representation of an [[object (computer science)|object]] is generally hidden from view outside of the object's definition. Typically, only the object's own methods can directly inspect or manipulate its fields. Some languages like [[Smalltalk]] and [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] only allow access via object methods, but most others (e.g. C++ or Java) offer the programmer a degree of control over what is hidden, typically via keywords like <code>public</code> and <code>private</code>.<ref name=Pierce/>
Hiding the internals of the object protects its integrity by preventing users from setting the internal data of the component into an invalid or inconsistent state. A benefit of encapsulation is that it can reduce system complexity and thus increases robustness, by allowing the developer to limit the interdependencies between software components.
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[[de:Datenkapselung (Programmierung)]]
[[he:כימוס]]▼
[[fr:Encapsulation des données]]▼
[[es:Encapsulamiento (programación orientada a objetos)]]
▲[[fr:Encapsulation des données]]
▲[[he:כימוס]]
[[ja:カプセル化]]
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