Open source: Difference between revisions

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An open-source license is a type of [[License compatibility|license]] for [[computer software]] and other products that allows the [[source code]], blueprint or design to be used, modified and/or shared under defined terms and conditions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brief Definition of Open Source Licenses|url=http://opensource.org/licenses|publisher=Open Source Initiative|accessdate=April 25, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Popp2">{{cite book | first = Dr. Karl Michael | last = Popp | title = Best Practices for commercial use of open source software | year = 2015 | publisher = Books on Demand | ___location = Norderstedt, Germany | isbn = 978-3738619096}}</ref> This allows end users and commercial companies to review and modify the source code, blueprint or design for their own customization, curiosity or troubleshooting needs. Open-source licensed software is mostly available [[freeware|free]] of charge, though this does not necessarily have to be the case. Licenses which only permit [[non-commercial]] redistribution or modification of the source code for personal use only are generally not considered as open-source licenses. However, open-source licenses may have some restrictions, particularly regarding the expression of respect to the origin of software, such as a requirement to preserve the name of the authors and a copyright statement within the code, or a requirement to redistribute the licensed software only under the same license (as in a [[copyleft]] license). One popular set of [[open-source software]] licenses are those approved by the [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI) based on their [[Open Source Definition]] (OSD).

Open collaboration is "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<ref name="doi.org"> Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1096442 Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance]. ''Organization Science'', {{doi|10.1287/orsc.2013.0872}}</ref> It is prominently observed in [[open source software]], but can also be found in many other instances, such as in [[Internet forum]]s,<ref name="Lakhani, Karim R. 2003">Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003). How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance. ''Research Policy'', 32, 923–943 {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.290305}}</ref> [[mailing list]]s<ref name="Jarvenpaa, S. L. 2008">Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2008). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220521057_Knowledge_Collaboration_Among_Professionals_Protecting_National_Security_Role_of_Transactive_Memories_in_Ego-Centered_Knowledge_Networks Knowledge Collaboration Among Professionals Protecting National Security: Role of Transactive Memories in Ego-Centered Knowledge Networks]. ''Organization Science'', 19(2), 260-276 {{doi|10.1287/orsc.1070.0315}}</ref> and [[online communities]].<ref name="Faraj, S. 2011">Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). [http://www.adaptivecycle.nl/images/Knowledge_Collaboration_in_Online_Communities.pdf Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities]. ''Organization Science'', 22(5), 1224-1239, {{doi|10.1287/orsc.1100.0614}}</ref> Open collaboration is also thought to be the operating principle underlining a gamut of diverse ventures, including [[bitcoin]], [[TEDx]], and [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="kurzweilai.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.kurzweilai.net/open-collaboration-leading-to-novel-organizations|title=Open collaboration leading to novel organizations - KurzweilAI|publisher=}}</ref>

Open collaboration is the principle underlying [[peer production]], [[mass collaboration]], and [[wikinomics]].<ref name="doi.org"/> It was observed initially in open source software, but can also be found in many other instances, such as in [[Internet forum]]s,<ref name="Lakhani, Karim R. 2003"/> [[mailing list]]s,<ref name="Jarvenpaa, S. L. 2008"/> Internet [[community|communities]],<ref name="Faraj, S. 2011"/> and many instances of [[open content]], such as [[creative commons]]. It also explains some instances of [[crowdsourcing]], [[collaborative consumption]], and [[open innovation]].<ref name="Levine2013">