Europe and Place of Skulls (band): Difference between pages

Revision as of 09:41, 12 June 2006

Revision as of 01:12, 10 December 2006

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{{Infobox musical artist | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians -->

{{otheruses}}

| Name = Place of Skulls

:''For just a description of the Asia-Europe boundary, see [[Transcontinental nation#Europe and Asia|Europe and Asia]]. See also [[Copenhagen criteria#Geographic criteria|Geographic criteria for EU membership]].''

| Img =

[[Image:LocationEurope.png|thumb|250px|right|World map showing Europe]]

| Img_capt =

[[Image:Europe countries map en.png|thumb|250px|right|Political map]]

| Img_size =

'''Europe''' is one of the seven [[continent]]s of [[Earth]] which, in this case, is more a [[human geography|cultural and political]] distinction than a [[physical geography|physiographic]] one, leading to various perspectives about Europe's borders. Physically and [[geology|geologically]], Europe is a [[subcontinent]] or large [[peninsula]], forming the westernmost part of [[Eurasia]] and west of [[Asia]].

| Background = group_or_band

| Alias =

| Origin =

| Genre = [[Stoner metal]], [[Doom metal]]

| Years_active = [[200]] - present

| Label = [[Exile on Mainstream Records]]<br/>[[Southern Lord Records]]<br/>[[Outlaw Recordings]]

| Associated_acts = [[Pentagram (band)|Pentagram]]<br/>[[Cathedral (band)|Cathedral]]<br/>[[Spirit Caravan]]<br/>[[The Obsessed]]<br/>[[The Hidden Hand (band)|The Hidden Hand]]<br/>[[Saint Vitus (band)|Saint Vitus]]<br/>[[Trouble (band)|Trouble]]

| URL =

| Current_members = [[Victor Griffin (guitarist)|Victor Griffin]]<br/>[[Dennis Cornelius]]<br/>[[Tim Tomaselli]]

| Past_members = [[Scott Weinrich|Scott "Wino" Weinrich]]<br/>[[Lee Abney]]<br/>[[Greg Turley]]<br/>[[Ron Holzner]]<br/>[[Pete Campbell]]

}}

'''Place of Skulls''' is a doom metal band from [[Knoxville, Tennessee]].

==Biograpy==

Place of Skulls was formed in 2000 by ex-[[Pentagram (band)|Pentagram]] guitarist [[Victor Griffin (guitarist)|Victor Griffin]]. The name is a biblical reference to [[Golgotha]]. The band put out their debut album, ''Nailed'', on [[Southern Lord Records]] in 2002. Four songs were recorded during the ''Nailed'' session that did not appear on the album. These songs all dealt with Griffin's new found faith in [[Christianity]]. These were released as the ''Love Through Blood'' EP in 2005. [[Scott Weinrich|Scott "Wino" Weinrich]] joined the band for their second album, ''With Vision''. This album was released by [[Southern Lord Records]] in 2003. The band signed to Germany's [[Exile on Mainstream Records]] and released their most recent album, ''The Black Is Never Far''.

==Discography==

===Albums===

*''Nailed'' ([[Southern Lord Records]] 2002)

*''With Vision'' ([[Southern Lord Records]] 2003)

*''The Black Is Never Far'' ([[Exile on Mainstream Records]] 2006)

===EPs===

*''Place of Skulls'' ([[Southern Lord Records]] 2002)

*''Love Through Blood'' ([[Outlaw Recordings]] 2005)

==External Links==

Europe is bounded to the north by the [[Arctic Ocean]], to the west by the [[Atlantic Ocean]], to the south by the [[Mediterranean Sea]], and–according to the traditional geographic definition–to the southeast by the waterways adjoining the Mediterranean to and including the [[Black Sea]], and the [[Caucasus Mountains]] (in [[Caucasus (geographic region)|Caucasia]]). Europe's eastern frontier is vague, but has traditionally been given as the [[water divide|divide]] of the [[Ural Mountains]] and the [[Caspian Sea]] to the southeast. The Urals are considered by most to be a geographical and tectonic landmark separating Asia from Europe.

*[http://www.placeofskulls.com Official Site]

*[http://www.myspace.com/placeofskullsdoom Official MySpace page]

*[http://www.southernlord.com/band_PSK.php Southern Lord Place of Skulls page]

[[Category:Doom metal musical groups]]

Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of [[area]], covering about 10,390,000 [[square kilometre]]s (4,010,000 [[square mile|sq mi]]) or 2.0% of the [[Earth]]'s surface. The only smaller continent is [[Australia]]. In terms of [[population]], it is the third-largest continent (Asia and [[Africa]] are larger) with a population of more than 710,000,000, or about 11% of the world's population.{{citation needed}}

The [[European Union]], comprising 25 member states, is the largest political and economic entity covering the European continent, with [[Russian Federation]] being the second.

==Etymology==

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Europa-Zeus-LDS.jpg|thumb|Picture of [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]], carried away by bull-shaped [[Zeus]].]] -->

In [[Greek mythology]], [[Europa|Europa]] was a [[Phoenicia]]n princess who was abducted by [[Zeus]] in bull form and taken to the island of [[Crete]], where she gave birth to [[Minos]]. For [[Homer]], ''Europé'' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Ευρωπη; see also [[List of traditional Greek place names]]) was a mythological queen of Crete, not a geographical designation. Later ''Europa'' stood for [[Geography of Greece|mainland Greece]], and by [[500 BC]] its meaning had been extended to lands to the north.

The Greek term ''Europe'' has been derived from Greek words meaning broad (''eurys'') and face (''ops'') -- ''broad'' having been an [[epithet|epitheton]] of [[Earth]] herself in the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European religion]]; see [[Prithvi]] (''Plataia''). A minority, however, suggest this Greek [[popular etymology]] is really based on a [[Semitic]] word such as the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''erebu'' meaning "sunset" (see also ''[[Erebus]]''). From the [[Middle East]]ern vantagepoint, the sun does set over Europe, the lands to the west. Likewise, [[Asia]] is sometimes thought to have derived from a Semitic word such as the Akkadian ''asu'', meaning "sunrise", and is the land to the east from a Middle Eastern perspective.

The majority of major world languages use words derived from 'Europa' to refer to the continent - the only major exception being Chinese, which uses the word 欧洲 (Ōuzhōu) of unclear etymology.

==History==

{{main|History of Europe}}

The origins of Western democratic and individualistic culture are often attributed to [[Ancient Greece]], though numerous other distinct influences, in particular [[Christianity]], can also be credited with the spread of concepts such as egalitarianism and universality of law.

After the [[decline of the Roman Empire]], Europe entered a long period of changes arising from what is known as the [[Age of Migrations]]. That period has been known as the "[[Dark Ages]]" to [[Renaissance]] thinkers. Isolated monastic communities in [[Ireland]] and elsewhere carefully safeguarded and compiled written knowledge accumulated previously.

During this time, the western part of the Roman Empire was 'reborn' as the [[Holy Roman Empire]], later called [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]]. The eastern part of the Roman Empire became the [[Byzantine Empire]]. In 1453, when the [[Ottoman Empire]] conquered the Byzantine capital [[Constantinople]], the Byzantine Empire ceased to exist.

The [[Renaissance]] and the [[New Monarchs]] marked the start of a period of discovery, exploration, and increase in scientific knowledge. In the 15th century, [[Portugal]] opened the age of discoveries, soon followed by [[Spain]]. They were later joined by [[France]], the [[Netherlands]] and the [[United Kingdom]] in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in [[Africa]], [[the Americas]], and [[Asia]].

After the age of discovery, the ideas of [[democracy]] took hold in Europe. Struggles for independence arose, most notably in [[France]] during the period known as the [[French Revolution]]. This led to vast upheaval in Europe as these revolutionary ideas propagated across the continent. The rise of democracy led to increased tension within Europe on top of the tension already existing due to competition within the [[New World]]. The most famous of these conflicts happened when [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] rose to power and set out on a conquest, forming a new [[First French Empire|French Empire]], which soon collapsed. After these conquests Europe stabilised, but the old foundations were already beginning to crumble.

The [[Industrial Revolution]] started in the [[United Kingdom]] in the late 18th century, leading to a move away from agriculture, much greater general prosperity and a corresponding increase in population. Many of the states in Europe took their present form in the [[aftermath of World War I#Geopolitical and Economic Consequences|aftermath of World War I]]. From the end of [[World War II]] through the end of the [[Cold War]], Europe was divided into two major political and economic blocks: [[Communism|Communist]] nations in [[Eastern Europe]] (with the exceptions of [[Turkey]] and [[Greece]]) and [[Capitalist]] countries in [[Southern Europe]] and [[Western Europe]]. About 1990, with the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the wider [[Iron Curtain]], and the [[Soviet Union]] the [[Eastern Block]] disintegrated.

[[European integration]] has been a theme in European relations since the end of the second World War and has spread to Eastern Europe since the end of the Cold War. The [[European Union]], the successor to the [[European Community]], has enlarged from 6 original members to 25 now. It has developed from an economic orientated organisation into an entity resembling a [[confederation]]. [[NATO]] has also enlarged since the end of the Cold War, with a number of Eastern European countries joining.

==Geography and extent==

{{main|Geography of Europe}}

[[Image:Physical Map of Europe.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Europe at its furthest extent, reaching to the [[Ural Mountains|Urals]].]]

[[Image:Europe satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|250px|A satellite composite image of Europe]]

[[Image:Aiguille du midi et mont blanc.JPG|right|200px|thumb|[[Mont Blanc]], the highest mountain in [[Western Europe]].]]

[[Image:Vourvourou-Greece.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Shoreline in [[Mediterranean Sea]].]]

[[Image:Päijänne_and_päijätsalo.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Päijänne]] lake and [[white nights]] in [[Finland]].]]

[[Image:Svaneti Kavkasioni.jpg|thumb|200px|Caucasus Mountains in [[Svaneti]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]]]

Geographically, Europe is the western portion of the larger landmass known as [[Eurasia]]. The continent begins at the [[Ural Mountains]] in [[Russia]], which define Europe's eastern boundary with [[Asia]]. The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined. Most commonly the [[Ural River|Ural]] or, alternatively, the [[Emba River|Emba]] River serve as possible boundaries. The boundary continues to the [[Caspian Sea]], the crest of the [[Caucasus Mountains]] or, alternatively, the [[Kura River]] in the [[Caucasus]], and on to the [[Black Sea]]; the [[Bosporus]], the [[Sea of Marmara]], and the [[Dardanelles]] conclude the Asian boundary. The [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the south separates Europe from [[Africa]]. The western boundary is the [[Atlantic Ocean]], but [[Iceland]], much farther away than the nearest points of [[Africa]], is also often included in Europe. There is ongoing debate on where the [[geographical centre of Europe]] is. ''For detailed description of the boundary between Asia and Europe [[Transcontinental nation|see here]].''

Due to sociopolitical and cultural differences, there are various descriptions of Europe's boundary; in some sources, some territories are not included in Europe, while other sources include them. For instance, geographers from [[Post-Soviet states|Russia and other post-Soviet states]] generally include the Urals in Europe while including Caucasia in Asia.

In another usage, ''Europe'' is increasingly being used as a short-form for the [[European Union]] (EU) and its members, currently consisting of 25 member states and the candidate countries negotiating for membership, and several other countries expected to begin negotiations in the future (see [[Enlargement of the European Union]]). This definition, however, excludes non-members such as [[Switzerland]] and [[Norway]].

===Physical geography===

Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions, however, are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high [[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]] and [[Carpathians]], through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain, and at its heart lies the [[North German Plain]]. An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard, beginning in the western [[British Isles]] and continuing along the mountainous, [[fjord]]-cut spine of [[Norway]].

This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. [[Iceland]] and the [[British Isles]] are special cases. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off.

==Biodiversity==

<!-- Probably this should be transferred to a new article named "Biodiversity of Europe" and only the summary should be left here. Specific species should be added. -->

Having lived side-by-side with agricultural peoples for millennia, Europe's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man. With the exception of [[Scandinavia]] and northern [[Russia]], few areas of untouched wilderness are today to be found in Europe, except for different natural parks.

The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is [[forest]]. The conditions for growth are very favourable. In the north, the [[Gulf Stream]] and [[North Atlantic Drift]] warm the continent. Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate. There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. Some of these ([[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]]) are oriented east-west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. Others are oriented south-north ([[Scandinavian Mountains]], [[Dinaric Alps|Dinarides]], [[Carpathians]], [[Apennines]]) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards sea, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favourable. Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by [[livestock]] at some point in time, and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems.

Eighty to ninety percent of Europe was once covered by forest. It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the [[Arctic Ocean]]. Though over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of [[deforestation]], Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the [[taiga]] of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed [[rainforest]]s of the Caucasus and the [[Cork oak]] forests in the western Mediterranean. During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted. However, in many cases monoculture [[plantation]]s of [[Pinophyta|conifers]] have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. The plantations now cover vast areas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many European forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure. The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2-3% or less, in European Russia 5-10%. The country with the smallest percentage of forested area (excluding the micronations) is the [[Republic of Ireland]] (8%), while the most forested country is [[Finland]] (72%).

In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both [[flowering plant|broadleaf]] and [[pinophyta|coniferous]] trees dominate. The most important species in central and western Europe are [[beech]] and [[oak]]. In the north, the taiga is a mixed [[spruce]]-[[pine]]-[[birch]] forest; further north within Russia and Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to [[tundra]] as the Arctic is approached. In the Mediterranean, many [[olive]] trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; [[Cupressus sempervirens|Mediterranean Cypress]] is also widely planted in southern Europe. The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. A narrow east-west tongue of Eurasian [[grassland]] (the [[steppe]]) extends eastwards from Ukraine and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north.

Glaciation during the most recent [[ice age]] and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna. As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top [[predator]] species have been hunted to extinction. The [[woolly mammoth]] and [[aurochs]] were extinct before the end of the [[Neolithic]] period. Today [[wolf|wolves]] ([[carnivore]]s) and [[bears]] ([[omnivore]]s) are endangered. Once they were found in most parts of Europe. However, deforestation caused these animals to withdraw further and further. By the [[Middle Ages]] the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc.), but in these areas brown bear populations are fragmented and marginalised because of the destruction of their habitat. In addition, [[polar bear]]s may be found on [[Svalbard]], an autonomous [[Norway|Norwegian]] island region far north of Scandinavia. The wolf, the second largest predator in Europe after the brown bear, can be found primarily in [[Eastern Europe]] and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in Spain and Scandinavia.

Other important European carnivores are [[Eurasian lynx]], European [[wild cat]], [[fox]]es (especially the [[red fox]]), [[jackal]] and different species of [[marten]]s, [[hedgehog]]s, different species of snakes ([[viper]]s, [[grass snake]]...), different birds ([[owl]]s, [[hawk]]s and other [[birds of prey]]).

Important European [[herbivore]]s are [[snail]]s, [[amphibian]]s, [[fish]], different birds, and [[mammal]]s, like [[rodent]]s, [[deer]]s and [[roe deer]]s, [[boar]]s, and living in the mountains, [[marmot]]s, [[Alpine Ibex|steinbocks]], [[chamois]]es among others.

Sea creatures are also an important part of European flora and fauna. The sea flora is mainly [[phytoplankton]]. Important animals that live in European seas are [[zooplankton]], [[mollusc]]s, [[echinoderm]]s, different [[crayfish]], [[squid]]s and [[octopi]], fish, [[dolphin]]s, and [[whales]].

== Demographics ==

''Main article: [[Demographics of Europe]]''

Almost all of Europe was possibly settled before or during the last [[ice age]] ca. 10,000 years ago. [[Neanderthal man]] and [[modern man]] coexisted during at least some of this time. Roman road building helped with the [[interbreeding]] of the native Europeans' genetics. In contemporary times Europe has one of the lowest inbreeding rates in the world because of an extensive transport network paired with open borders.

==Political geography==

===Extent===

[[Image:Europe_political_map.png|thumb|center|500px|Territories of Europe (also see [[transcontinental nation]]):

{{legend|#00ff00|Europe, according to one commonly-reckoned definition}}

{{legend|#ff00ff|Extension over Asia of the continuous territory of a European state}}

{{legend|#880088|Geographically in Asia, considered European for cultural and historical reasons}}]]

===Territories and regions===

<!--{{editnote | NOTE: The countries in this table are categorised according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations, and data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles. Where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated. If you have arguments or evidence to the contrary, please provide them on the talk page and await until the consensus supports making proposed edits. Thank you!-->

{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse"

|- bgcolor="#ECECEC"

! Name of [[subregion|region]]<ref>Continental regions as per [[:Image:United Nations geographical subregions.png|UN categorisations/map]]. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below (notes 3, 8, 10-11, 13-17) may be in [[Transcontinental nation|one or both of]] Europe and [[Asia]], [[Africa]], or [[Oceania]].<br></ref> and<br>territory, with [[flag]]

! [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br>(km²)

! [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br>([[1 July]] [[2002]] est.)

! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br>(per km²)

! [[Capital]]

|-

| colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | '''[[Eastern Europe]]:'''

|-

| {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]]

| align="right" | 207,600

| align="right" | 10,335,382

| align="right" | 49.8

| [[Minsk]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]]

| align="right" | 78,866

| align="right" | 10,256,760

| align="right" | 130.1

| [[Prague]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]

| align="right" | 93,030

| align="right" | 10,075,034

| align="right" | 108.3

| [[Budapest]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldova]]<ref>Includes [[Transnistria]], a region that has declared, and ''[[de facto]]'' [[list of unrecognized countries|achieved]], independence; however, it is not recognised ''[[de jure]]'' by sovereign [[state]]s.</ref>

| align="right" | 33,843

| align="right" | 4,434,547

| align="right" | 131.0

| [[Chişinău]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]]

| align="right" | 312,685

| align="right" | 38,625,478

| align="right" | 123.5

| [[Warsaw]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]]

| align="right" | 238,391

| align="right" | 21,698,181

| align="right" | 91.0

| [[Bucharest]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]<ref>[[Russia]] is generally considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe (UN region) and Asia, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the [[Ural River|Ural]] and [[Emba]] rivers; population and area figures are for European portion only.<br></ref>

| align="right" | 3,960,000

| align="right" | 106,037,143

| align="right" | 26.8

| [[Moscow]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]]

| align="right" | 48,845

| align="right" | 5,422,366

| align="right" | 111.0

| [[Bratislava]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]

| align="right" | 603,700

| align="right" | 48,396,470

| align="right" | 80.2

| [[Kyiv]]

|-

| colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | '''[[Northern Europe]]:'''

|-

| {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]

| align="right" | 43,094

| align="right" | 5,368,854

| align="right" | 124.6

| [[Copenhagen]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]]

| align="right" | 45,226

| align="right" | 1,415,681

| align="right" | 31.3

| [[Tallinn]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Faroe Islands}} [[Faroe Islands]] ([[Denmark]])

| align="right" | 1,399

| align="right" | 46,011

| align="right" | 32.9

| [[Tórshavn]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]]

| align="right" | 336,593

| align="right" | 5,157,537

| align="right" | 15.3

| [[Helsinki]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Guernsey}} [[Guernsey]]<ref>[[Guernsey]] is a [[crown dependency]] affiliated with the [[United Kingdom]].<br></ref>

| align="right" | 78

| align="right" | 64,587

| align="right" | 828.0

| [[St Peter Port]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]]

| align="right" | 103,000

| align="right" | 279,384

| align="right" | 2.7

| [[Reykjavík]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]

| align="right" | 70,280

| align="right" | 3,883,159

| align="right" | 55.3

| [[Dublin]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Isle of Man}} [[Isle of Man]]<ref>[[Isle of Man]] is a [[crown dependency]] affiliated with the [[United Kingdom]].<br></ref>

| align="right" | 572

| align="right" | 73,873

| align="right" | 129.1

| [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Jersey}} [[Jersey]]<ref>[[Jersey]] is a [[crown dependency]] affiliated with the [[United Kingdom]].<br></ref>

| align="right" | 116

| align="right" | 89,775

| align="right" | 773.9

| [[Saint Helier]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]]

| align="right" | 64,589

| align="right" | 2,366,515

| align="right" | 36.6

| [[Riga]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]]

| align="right" | 65,200

| align="right" | 3,601,138

| align="right" | 55.2

| [[Vilnius]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]

| align="right" | 324,220

| align="right" | 4,525,116

| align="right" | 14.0

| [[Oslo]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Svalbard]] ([[Norway]])<ref>[[Norway|Kingdom of Norway]] has sovereignty over Svalbard as per [[Svalbard Treaty]].<br></ref>

| align="right" | 62,049

| align="right" | 2,868

| align="right" | 0.046

| [[Longyearbyen]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]

| align="right" | 449,964

| align="right" | 9,067,049

| align="right" | 20.2

| [[Stockholm]]

|-

| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]

| align="right" | 244,820

| align="right" | 59,778,002

| align="right" | 244.2

| [[London]]

|-

| colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | '''[[Southern Europe]]:'''

|-

| {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania]]

| align="right" | 28,748

| align="right" | 3,544,841

| align="right" | 123.3

| [[Tirana]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Andorra}} [[Andorra]]

| align="right" | 468

| align="right" | 68,403

| align="right" | 146.2

| [[Andorra la Vella]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]

| align="right" | 51,129

| align="right" | 3,964,388

| align="right" | 77.5

| [[Sarajevo]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]]

| align="right" | 110,910

| align="right" | 7,621,337

| align="right" | 68.7

| [[Sofia]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]]

| align="right" | 56,542

| align="right" | 4,390,751

| align="right" | 77.7

| [[Zagreb]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Gibraltar]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]])

| align="right" | 5.9

| align="right" | 27,714

| align="right" | 4,697.3

| [[Gibraltar]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]]

| align="right" | 131,940

| align="right" | 10,645,343

| align="right" | 80.7

| [[Athens]]

|-

| {{VAT|Holy See}}

| align="right" | 0.44

| align="right" | 900

| align="right" | 2,045.5

| [[Vatican City]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]

| align="right" | 301,230

| align="right" | 57,715,625

| align="right" | 191.6

| [[Rome]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]<ref>The political name of this state is a [[Republic of Macedonia#Naming dispute|matter of international dispute]].<br></ref>

| align="right" | 25,333

| align="right" | 2,054,800

| align="right" | 81.1

| [[Skopje]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]]

| align="right" | 316

| align="right" | 397,499

| align="right" | 1,257.9

| [[Valletta]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]]

| align="right" | 13,812

| align="right" | 616,258

| align="right" | 48.7

| [[Podgorica]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]<ref>Figures for [[Portugal]] include the [[Azores]] west of Portugal but exclude the [[Madeira Islands]], west of [[Morocco]] in [[Africa]].<br></ref>

| align="right" | 91,568

| align="right" | 10,084,245

| align="right" | 110.1

| [[Lisbon]]

|-

| {{flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]]

| align="right" | 61

| align="right" | 27,730

| align="right" | 454.6

| [[San Marino, San Marino|San Marino]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbia]]<ref>Figures for [[Serbia]] include [[Kosovo|Kosovo and Metohia]], a province administrated by the UN ([[UNMIK]]) as per [[Security Council]] [[resolution 1244]].<br></ref>

| align="right" | 88,361

| align="right" | 9,598,000

| align="right" | 96.7

| [[Belgrade]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]]

| align="right" | 20,273

| align="right" | 1,932,917

| align="right" | 95.3

| [[Ljubljana]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]<ref>Figures for [[Spain]] exclude the [[Canary Islands]], west of Morocco in [[Africa]], and the [[exclave]]s of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], which are on the northwest of the African continent.<br></ref>

| align="right" | 498,506

| align="right" | 40,077,100

| align="right" | 80.4

| [[Madrid]]

|-

| colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | '''[[Western Europe]]:'''

|-

| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]]

| align="right" | 83,858

| align="right" | 8,169,929

| align="right" | 97.4

| [[Vienna]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]

| align="right" | 30,510

| align="right" | 10,274,595

| align="right" | 336.8

| [[Brussels]]

|-

| {{flagicon|France}} [[France]]<ref>Figures for [[France]] include only [[metropolitan France]]: some [[Administrative divisions of France|politically integral parts of France]] are geographically located outside Europe.<br></ref>

| align="right" | 547,030

| align="right" | 59,765,983

| align="right" | 109.3

| [[Paris]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]]

| align="right" | 357,021

| align="right" | 83,251,851

| align="right" | 233.2

| [[Berlin]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein]]

| align="right" | 160

| align="right" | 32,842

| align="right" | 205.3

| [[Vaduz]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]]

| align="right" | 2,586

| align="right" | 448,569

| align="right" | 173.5

| [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]]

| align="right" | 1.95

| align="right" | 31,987

| align="right" | 16,403.6

| [[Monaco]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]<ref>[[Netherlands]] population for July 2004. Population and area details include European portion only: Netherlands and two entities outside Europe ([[Aruba]] and the [[Netherlands Antilles]], in the [[Caribbean]]) constitute the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]. [[Amsterdam]] is the official capital, while [[The Hague]] is the administrative seat.<br></ref>

| align="right" | 41,526

| align="right" | 16,318,199

| align="right" | 393.0

| [[Amsterdam]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]]

| align="right" | 41,290

| align="right" | 7,301,994

| align="right" | 176.8

| [[Bern]]

|-

| colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | '''[[Central Asia]]:'''

|-

| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>[[Kazakhstan]] is sometimes considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the [[Ural River|Ural]] and [[Emba]] rivers; population and area figures are for European portion only.<br></ref>

| align="right" | 370,373

| align="right" | 1,285,174

| align="right" | 3.4

| [[Astana]]

|-

| colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | '''[[Western Asia]]:'''<ref name="armcyp">[[Armenia]] and [[Cyprus]] are sometimes considered transcontinental countries: both are geographically in [[Western Asia]] but have historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.<br></ref>

|-

| {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]]<ref>[[Azerbaijan]] is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for European portion only (north of the crest of the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]] and the [[Kura River]]). This excludes the [[exclave]] of [[Nakhichevan]] and [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] (a region that has declared, and ''[[de facto]]'' [[list of unrecognized countries|achieved]], independence; however, it is only recognised ''[[de jure]]'' by [[Armenia]]).<br></ref>

| align="right" | 39,730

| align="right" | 4,198,491

| align="right" | 105.7

| [[Baku]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref>[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for European portion only (north of the crest of the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]] and the [[Kura River]]). Also includes [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], two regions that have declared, and ''[[de facto]]'' [[list of unrecognized countries|achieved]], independence; however, they are not recognised ''[[de jure]]'' by sovereign [[state]]s.</ref>

| align="right" | 49,240

| align="right" | 2,447,176

| align="right" | 49.7

| [[Tbilisi]]

|-

| {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]<ref>[[Turkey]] is generally considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia (UN region) and Southern Europe: the region of [[Rumelia|Rumelia (Trakya)]] – which includes the provinces of [[Edirne Province|Edirne]], [[Kirklareli Province|Kirklareli]], [[Tekirdag Province|Tekirdag]], and the western parts of the [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale]] and [[Istanbul Province]]s – is west and north of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles; population and area figures are for European portion only, including all of Istanbul.</small><br></ref>

| align="right" | 24,378

| align="right" | 11,044,932

| align="right" | 453.1

| [[Ankara]]

|- style=" font-weight:bold; "

| Total

| align="right" | 10,396,619

| align="right" | 710,407,531

| align="right" | 68.3

|}

<br>

<div class="references-small">

<references />

</div>

==Languages and cultures== <!--The section needs to be edited and improved.-->

[[Image:Europa-Lingvoj--RS2006030842.jpg|400px|right|thumb|Map showing the approximate current distribution of languages in Europe.]]

{{main|Languages of Europe}}

''See also'' [[Eurolinguistics]].

The linguestic sometimes (but not always) coincide with cultural and historical connections between the various nations, though in other cases religion is considered a more significant distinguishing factor.

=== Germanic languages ===

{{main|Germanic Europe}}

[[Germanic languages]] are spoken more or less in north-western Europe and some parts of [[central Europe]]. This region consists of: [[Iceland]], [[Ireland]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Flanders]] and the German-speaking areas of [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Norway]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Germany]], [[Denmark]], most of [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Austria]], [[Liechtenstein]], the [[Finland-Swedish|Swedish-speaking]] [[municipalities of Finland|municipalities]] of Finland, and [[South Tyrol]] in Italy.

=== Romance languages ===

{{main|Latin Europe}}

[[Romance languages]] are spoken more or less in south-western Europe, as well as [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]] which are situated in [[Eastern Europe]]. This area consists of: [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[France]], [[Romania]], [[Moldova]], [[Wallonia]], [[Romandy]], [[French language|French]]-speaking Switzerland, [[Romansh]]-speaking Switzerland, and [[Italian language|Italian]]-speaking Switzerland. All Romance languages are derived from the Roman language, [[Latin]].

=== Slavic languages ===

{{main|Slavic Europe}}

[[Slavic languages]] are spoken in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. This area consists of: [[Belarus]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], the [[Czech Republic]], the [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Ukraine]].

===Uralic languages===

The [[Uralic Languages]] are divided into three groups of which the [[Finnic languages]] are spoken in [[Finland]], [[Estonia]] and European [[Russia]] while the [[Ugric]] languages are spoken in [[Hungary]] and Siberian Russia.

===Altaic languages===

[[Turkic Languages]] are spoken in [[Turkey]], [[Azerbaijan]], the unrecognised [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]], parts of [[Bulgaria]], parts of [[Greece]],parts of [[Romania]], parts of [[Macedonia]], parts of [[Moldova]], parts of [[Russia]], parts of [[Ukraine]] and parts of the [[Caucasus]].

=== Baltic languages ===

[[Baltic languages]] are spoken in [[Lithuania]] and [[Latvia]]. ([[Estonia]]'s national language is part of the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] family even though it is a [[Baltic state]] geographically.)

=== Celtic languages ===

{{main|Celtic Europe}}

[[Celtic Languages]] were originally used only to describe the [[Gaelic]] language in [[Ireland]], however the term now extends to the [[Scottish]] and [[Welsh]] languages. [[Celtic Europe]], where [[Celtic languages]] are spoken, or where they were previously spoken and the population still shares a Celtic heritage for non-linguistic reasons. The [[Celtic nations]] are: [[Ireland]], [[Scotland]] (UK), [[Wales]](UK), [[Cornwall]] (UK), the [[Isle of Man]] (a [[Crown Dependency|British Crown dependency]]) and [[Brittany]] (within [[France]]). These are all nations where a [[Celtic Languages|Celtic language]] is spoken, or was spoken into modern times, and there is a degree of shared culture (see [[Pan Celticism]]).

Sometimes considered Celtic nations are [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Asturias]] (both autonomous communities of [[Spain]]), whose own Celtic language died out a millennium ago, and England where Celtic influence remains in some regional dialects (see [[Cumbric]]), although [[Southwestern Brythonic|England's Celtic languages]] died out as recently as the 18th century in Devon. The main religions are [[Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]], which are particularly mixed in [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]].

=== Other languages ===

Outside of these six main linguistic groups one can find:

* [[Greek language]], spoken in [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]], and parts of [[Turkey]].

* The [[Albanian language]] is its own independent branch of the Indo-European language family with no close living relatives. There is no scholarly consensus over its origin. Some scholars maintain that it derives from the [[Illyrian language]]. Major Albanian-speaking communities live in Greece and Turkey.

* Ibero-Caucasian, a group that includes ethnic groups throughout the [[Caucasus]] region (both North and South). [[Ibero-Caucasian languages]] are not linked to the [[Indo-European languages]]. This group includes [[Georgians]], [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]], [[Chechens]], [[Ingush]], [[Balkars]], and a number of other smaller ethnic groups that reside in the [[Caucasus]].

* Armenia, although not considered as part of Europe geographically, has a language that constitutes a separate branch of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages and the nation is considered to be European culturally. The Armenian language is spoken in Armenia, Turkey, and other European countries with [[Armenian Diaspora|Armenian communities]] (such as France, Greece, Belgium, Russia, Germany etc.).

* The [[Basque language]] is spoken in parts of southern France and northern Spain, i.e. the [[Basque Country]]

==Religions==

[[Image:Europe religion map en.png|thumb|250px|Predominant religions in Europe]]

{{main|Religion in Europe}}

The most popular religions of Europe are the following:

*'''[[Roman Catholicism]]''': Countries or areas with significant Catholic populations are [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Belgium]], south [[Netherlands]], the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[Northern Ireland]], south [[Germany]], south [[Switzerland]], [[Italy]], [[Malta]], [[Austria]], [[Hungary]],[[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], the Croatian parts of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Slovakia]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Poland]], west [[Ukraine]], [[Romania]], [[Latgale]] region in [[Latvia]], and [[Lithuania]]. There are also large Catholic minorities in [[England]] and [[Wales]].

*'''[[Protestantism]]''': Countries with significant Protestant populations include [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Denmark]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Switzerland]]. There are significant minorities in [[France]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Hungary]], and the [[Republic of Ireland]] and indeed small minorities in most European Countries.

*'''[[Orthodox Christianity]]''': The countries with significant Orthodox populations are [[Albania]], [[Armenia]], [[Belarus]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]],[[Cyprus]], [[Finland]] ([[Karelia]]), [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Greece]], [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Moldova]], [[Montenegro]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Serbia]], [[Ukraine]].

*'''[[Islam]]''': Countries with significant Muslim population are [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], the [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Greece]], the unrecognised [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]] (especially in [[Kosovo]]), several republics of [[Russia]], [[Crimea]] in [[Ukraine]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Turkey]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Also, [[as of 2005]], about 5% of the EU identify themselves as Muslims, with many Muslim immigrants in [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Benelux]], [[Sweden]] and [[France]].

Other minor religions exist in Europe, some brought by migrants, including:

*'''[[Judaism]]''', mainly in [[France]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Russia]].

*'''[[Hinduism]]''', mainly among [[India]]n immigrants in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].

*'''[[Buddhism]]''', thinly spread throughout western Europe, and in [[Kalmykia]], [[Russia]]

*Indigenous European '''[[Polytheistic reconstructionism|pagan]]''' traditions and beliefs, many countries.

*'''[[Rastafari]]''', communities in the UK, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and elsewhere.

*'''[[Sikhism]]''' and '''[[Jainism]]''', both mainly among Indian immigrants in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].

*'''[[Voodoo]]''', mainly among [[blacks|black]] [[Caribbean]] and [[West African]] immigrants in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[France]].

*'''[[African religions|Traditional African Religions]]''' (including [[Muti]]), mainly in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[France]].

Millions of Europeans profess no religion or are atheistic or agnostic. The largest non-confessional populations (as a percentage) are found in [[Sweden]], the [[Czech Republic]] and [[France]] although most former [[communist]] countries have significant non-confessional populations.

=== Official religions ===

A number of countries in Europe have [[official religion]]s, including Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Vatican City (Catholic); and Greece (Eastern Orthodox), Denmark, Iceland and Norway (Lutheran). In Switzerland, some [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]] are officially Catholic, others Reformed Protestant. Some Swiss villages even have their religion as well as the village name written on the signs at their entrances.

Georgia has no established church, but the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]] enjoys "''de facto''" privileged status. In Finland, both [[Finnish Orthodox Church]] and [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Lutheran church]] are official. Russia recognises Eastern Orthodoxy, Islam, Buddhism and Judaism as all "official" {{citation needed}} (with three states, [[Kalmykia]], [[Buryatia]] and [[Tuva]], officially Buddhist {{citation needed}}). England, a part of the UK, has [[Anglicanism]] as its official religion. Scotland, another part of the UK, has Presbyterianism as the 'National' church, but is no longer "official", and in Sweden, the 'National' church is [[Lutheran]], but no longer "official". France, Turkey and Azerbaijan are officially "secular".

==See also==

[[Image:Deutsche-Bank-Frankfurt-am-Main.jpg|thumb|[[Deutsche Bank]] in [[Frankfurt]], one of the major financial centres in the world.]]

*[[Eurasia]]

*[[Culture of Europe]]

*[[Economy of Europe]]

*[[Eurolinguistics]]

*[[List of extinct animals of Europe|Extinct animals of Europe]]

*[[Geography of Europe]]

*[[Prehistoric Europe]]

*[[History of Europe]]

*[[The European miracle]]

*[[Politics of Europe]]

*[[Transport in Europe]]

*[[Eurozone]]

*[[European Union]]

*[[Visegrad Group]]

*[[Superpower#Potential Superpowers|Potential Superpowers - European Union]]

*[[Euroregion]]

===Lists and tables===

*General

**[[Flags of Europe]]

**[[Europe#Territories and regions|Table of European territories and regions]]

*Demographics

**[[Area and population of European countries]]

**[[European Union Statistics]]

**[[Largest European metropolitan areas|The most populous metropolitan areas in Europe]]

**[[Largest urban areas of the European Union|The most populous urban areas of the European Union]]

**[[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits]]

*Economy

**[[Economy of the European Union]]

**[[Financial and social rankings of European countries]]

**[[List of European countries by GDP|GDP of European Countries]]

*Political

**[[Names of European cities in different languages|Alternative names of European cities]]

**[[Date of independence of European countries]]

**[[International Organisations in Europe]] (table of membership)

*Other

**[[List of Europe-related topics]]

==Reference==

<div class="references-small">

* "Europe". ''[http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/ The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online]''. 2005. New York: Columbia University Press.

</div>

==External links==

{{portal}}

{{wikinews|Category:Europe}}

{{commons|Europe}}

*{{wikitravel}}

*[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=13266 Europe at Night] at [[NASA Earth Observatory]]

*[http://www.geog.tamu.edu/~prout/GVmidtermTwo.html Regions of Europe]

*[http://www.eufpc.org EUFPC European Foreign Policy Council]

*[http://www.parks.it/europa/Eindex.html Parks in Europe] - National parks, nature parks, reserves and other protected areas.

*[http://www.ee-photo.com Eastern European Photos @ ee-photo.com]

*[http://www.capezone.com/images/Europe_1.html 300+ Pictures of Europe]

*[http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf Genetic distribution for the world and specifically for Europe] (PDF)

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