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[[Image:Blair Mcindor.png|frame|right|Stephen Jay Gould]]
'''Stephen Jay Gould''' ([[September 10]], [[1941]] – [[May 20]], [[2002]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[paleontologist]], [[evolutionary biology|evolutionary biologist]], and [[History of science|historian of science]]. He was also one of the most influential and widely read writers of [[popular science]] of his generation, which led many authors to call him "America's unofficial evolutionist laureate." He spent most of his career teaching at [[Harvard University]] and working at the [[American Museum of Natural History]].
Early in his career he developed with [[Niles Eldredge]] the theory of [[punctuated equilibrium]], where evolutionary change occurs relatively rapidly to comparatively longer periods of evolutionary stability. According to Gould, punctuated equilibrium overthrew a key pillar of [[neo-Darwinism]]. Some evolutionary biologists have argued that the theory was an important insight, but merely modified neo-Darwinism in a manner which was fully compatible with what had been known before ([[John Maynard Smith|Maynard Smith]] 1984).
Gould received many accolades for his popular expositions of natural history,<ref>From Michael Shermer's [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/shermer_sjgould.pdf "This View of Science"] ''Social Studies of Science'' 32/4(August 2002) 518.<Blockquote>Awards include a National Book Award for ''The Panda’s Thumb'', a National Book Critics Circle Award for ''The Mismeasure of Man'', the Phi Beta Kappa Book Award for ''Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes'', and a Pulitzer Prize Finalist for ''Wonderful Life'', on which Gould commented ‘close but, as they say, no cigar’. Forty-four honorary degrees and 66 major fellowships, medals, and awards bear witness to the depth and scope of his accomplishments in both the sciences and humanities: Member of the National Academy of Sciences, President and Fellow of AAAS, MacArthur Foundation ‘genius’ Fellowship (in the first group of awardees), Humanist Laureate from the Academy of Humanism, Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow of the European Union of Geosciences, Associate of the Mus´eum National D’Histoire Naturelle Paris, the Schuchert Award for excellence in paleontological research, Scientist of the Year from ''Discover'' magazine, the Silver Medal from the Zoological Society of London, the Gold Medal for Service to Zoology from the Linnean Society of London, the Edinburgh Medal from the City of Edinburgh, the Britannica Award and Gold Medal for dissemination of public knowledge, Public Service Award from the Geological Society of America, Anthropology in Media Award from the American Anthropological Association, Distinguished Service Award from the National Association of Biology Teachers, Distinguished Scientist Award from UCLA, the Randi Award for Skeptic of the Year from the Skeptics Society, and a ''Festschrift'' in his honour at Caltech.</ref> but was criticized by some in the biological community who felt his public presentations were, in various respects, out of step with mainstream evolutionary theory. Other critics went further and accused Gould of misrepresenting their work;<ref>Tooby and Cosmides write (1997):
<blockquote>John Maynard Smith, one of the world's leading evolutionary biologists, recently summarized in the NYRB the sharply conflicting assessments of Stephen Jay Gould: "Because of the excellence of his essays, he has come to be seen by non-biologists as the preeminent evolutionary theorist. In contrast, the evolutionary biologists with whom I have discussed his work tend to see him as a man whose ideas are so confused as to be hardly worth bothering with, but as one who should not be publicly criticized because he is at least on our side against the creationists." (NYRB, Nov. 30th 1995, p. 46). No one can take any pleasure in the evident pain Gould is experiencing now that his actual standing within the community of professional evolutionary biologists is finally becoming more widely known. . . But as Maynard Smith points out, more is at stake. Gould "is giving non-biologists a largely false picture of the state of evolutionary theory"—or as Ernst Mayr says of Gould and his small group of allies—they "quite conspicuously misrepresent the views of [biology's] leading spokesmen." Indeed, although Gould characterizes his critics as "anonymous" and "a tiny coterie," nearly every major evolutionary biologist of our era has weighed in in a vain attempt to correct the tangle of confusions that the higher profile Gould has inundated the intellectual world with.* The point is not that Gould is the object of some criticism—so properly are we all—it is that his reputation as a credible and balanced authority about evolutionary biology is non-existent among those who are in a professional position to know. *These include [[Ernst Mayr]], [[John Maynard Smith]], [[George C. Williams|George Williams]], [[W. D. Hamilton|Bill Hamilton]], [[Richard Dawkins]], [[E. O. Wilson|E.O. Wilson]], [[Tim Clutton-Brock]],
[[Paul Harvey (biologist)|Paul Harvey]], [[Brian Charlesworth]], [[Jerry Coyne]], [[Robert Trivers]], [[John Alcock (biologist)|John Alcock]], [[Randy Thornhill]], and many others.</blockquote>It should be noted that Ernst Mayr in this quotation is not speaking of Gould in particular, and does not mention him by name, but is speaking of many critics of the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis generally. Some of the names Tooby and Cosmides cite are quite debatable, especially as "credible" and "balanced" are quite different concepts and should not be obfuscated. In reference to Maynard Smith, Gould writes (1997):<blockquote>A false fact can be refuted, a false argument exposed; but how can one respond to a purely ad hominem attack? This harder, and altogether more discouraging, task may best be achieved by exposing internal inconsistency and unfairness of rhetoric. . . . It seems futile to reply to an attack so empty of content, and based only on comments by anonymous critics . . . Instead of responding to Maynard Smith's attack against my integrity and scholarship, citing people unknown and with arguments unmentioned, let me, instead, merely remind him of the blatant inconsistency between his admirable past and lamentable present. Some sixteen years ago he wrote a highly critical but wonderfully supportive review of my early book of essays, ''The Panda's Thumb'', stating: "I hope it will be obvious that my wish to argue with Gould is a compliment, not a criticism." He then attended my series of Tanner Lectures at Cambridge in 1984 and wrote in a report for ''Nature'', and under the remarkable title "Paleontology at the High Table," the kindest and most supportive critical commentary I have ever received. He argued that the work of a small group of American paleobiologists had brought the entire subject back to theoretical centrality within the evolutionary sciences. . . . Most remarkably of all, he then reviewed two books on dinosaurs for this journal and devoted more than half his space (much to the distress, I am sure, of the authors of the books supposedly under review) to a trenchant critique of my views on adaptation. . . . So we face the enigma of a man who has written numerous articles, amounting to tens of thousands of words, about my work—always strongly and incisively critical, always richly informed (and always, I might add, enormously appreciated by me). But now Maynard Smith needs to canvass unnamed colleagues to find out that my ideas are "hardly worth bothering with." He really ought to be asking himself why he has been bothering about my work so intensely, and for so many years. Why this dramatic change?</blockquote></ref> likewise Gould's critics were accused of misrepresenting his. The public debates between those that agreed with Gould and those that criticized him have been so quarrelsome that they have been dubbed "The Darwin Wars" by several commentators (Brown 1999, Morris 2001, Rose 2002).
==Career overview==
Gould began his higher education at [[Antioch College]], a liberal arts college in [[Ohio]], graduating with a degree in geology in [[1963]]. He spent a brief period of this time studying at the [[University of Leeds]], [[England]]—an experience which may have influenced the development of his nascent political awareness.[http://www.antioch-college.edu/antiochian/archive/Antiochian_wi02/winter2002/obit_gould.html] After completing his graduate work at [[Columbia University|Columbia]] in [[1967]] under the guidance of [[Norman D. Newell|Norman Newell]], he was immediately hired by [[Harvard University]] where he worked until the end of his life. In [[1973]] Harvard promoted him to Professor of Geology and Curator of [[Invertebrate paleontology|Invertebrate Paleontology]] at the institution's Museum of Comparative Zoology, and in [[1982]] was awarded the title of [[Alexander Agassiz]] Professor of Zoology. In [[1983]] he was awarded fellowship into the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], where he later served as president ([[2000]]). He also served as president of the Paleontological Society ([[1985]]-[[1986]]) and the Society for the Study of Evolution ([[1990]]-[[1991]]). In [[1989]] Gould was elected into the body of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]].
== Gould as a public figure ==
Gould became widely known through his popular science essays in ''[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]]'' magazine and his best-selling [[Stephen Jay Gould#Books|books]] focussing on [[evolution]]. Many of his essays were reprinted in collected volumes, such as ''Ever Since Darwin'' and ''The Panda's Thumb'', while his popular treatises included books such as ''[[The Mismeasure of Man]]'', ''[[Wonderful Life (book)|Wonderful Life]]'' and ''Full House''.
Gould was a passionate advocate of evolutionary theory and wrote prolifically on the subject, trying to communicate his understanding of contemporary evolutionary theories to a wide audience. A recurring theme in his writings is the history and development of evolutionary,
and pre-evolutionary, thinking. He was also an enthusiastic [[baseball]] fan and made frequent references to the sport (including an [http://articles.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_2_111/ai_83553539 "entire essay"]) and a very wide range of other topics.
Although a proud [[neo-Darwinism|Darwinist]], his emphasis was less [[gradualism|gradualist]] and [[reductionism|reductionist]] than most [[neo-Darwinism|neo-Darwinists]]. He also opposed many aspects of [[sociobiology]] and its intellectual descendant [[evolutionary psychology]]. He spent much of his time fighting against [[creationism]] (and the related constructs [[Creation Science]] and [[Intelligent Design]]), including providing expert testimony against creationism in the [[McLean v. Arkansas]], and what he regarded as other forms of [[pseudoscience]]. Gould used the term [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_noma.html "Non-Overlapping Magisteria (NOMA)"] to describe how, in his view, science and religion could not comment on each other's realm (Gould 1999b).
Gould, a noted public face of science, often appeared on television and once [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/audio/thesimpsons.rm voiced] a [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/images/simpsons.jpg cartoon version] of himself on an episode of the animated [[television]] program ''[[The Simpsons]]''.
== Personal life ==
Gould was born and raised in [[Queens]], [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|NY]]. His father Leonard was a [[Court reporter|court stenographer]], and his mother Eleanor an artist. When Gould was five years old his father took him to the "Hall of Dinosaurs" in the [[American Museum of Natural History]], where he first met ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]''. "I had no idea there were such things—I was awestruck," Gould once recalled.[http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/green_sjgould.html] It was in that moment that he decided he would become a paleontologist.
Raised in a [[Jewish]] home, Gould did not formally practice any organized religion, and preferred to be called an [[agnostic]]. Politically, though he "had been brought up by a Marxist father," he is quoted as saying that his politics were "very different" from his. Throughout his career and writings he spoke out against cultural oppression in all its forms, especially what he saw as [[pseudoscience]] in the service of [[racism]] and [[sexism]]. In the early 1970s Gould joined a group called "Science for the People," a left-wing organization which emerged from the antiwar movement. He also gave a course titled "Biology as a Social Weapon," which, Gould explained, was intended to foster "a powerful political and moral vision of how science, properly interpreted and used to empower all the people, might truly help us to be free." Gould also served on the advisory boards of the journal ''Rethinking Marxism'' and the Brecht Forum, a sponsor of the New York Marxist School.[http://www.socialistworker.org/2002-1/410/410_08_StephenJayGould.shtml]
Gould was twice married; to Deborah Lee in [[1965]] which ended in divorce, and to artist Rhonda Roland Shearer in [[1995]]. Gould had two children, Jesse and Ethan, by his first marriage, and two stepchildren, Jade and London.
In July [[1982]] Gould was diagnosed with [[abdominal]] [[mesothelioma]]. He later published a column in ''Discover'' titled [http://www.cancerguide.org/median_not_msg.html "The Median Isn't the Message,"] in which he discusses his discovery that [[mesothelioma]] patients had only a median lifespan of eight months after diagnosis. He then describes the research he uncovered behind this number, and his relief upon the realization that [[statistics]] are not prophecy. After his diagnosis and receiving an experimental treatment, Gould continued to live for nearly twenty years. His column became a source of comfort for many cancer patients.
It was during his bout with [[mesothelioma|abdominal mesothelioma]] that Gould became a user of [[Medical cannabis|marijuana]] to alleviate the nausea associated with his cancer treatments. According to Gould, his use of the illegal drug had the "most important effect" on his eventual cure.[http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_marijuana.html] His personal success with the substance led him to become a medical marijuana advocate later in his life. In [[1998]] Gould testified in the case of Jim Wakeford, a Canadian medical-marijuana user and activist.
Steven Jay Gould died from a metastatic [[adenocarcinoma]] of the [[lung]] (i.e., [[lung cancer]], which was unrelated to his [[mesothelioma|abdominal mesothelioma]]) at his home in New York on [[May 20]], [[2002]]. [http://www.asrlab.org/archive/jillPage.htm][http://www.stephenjaygould.org/inremembrance.html]
==Gould as a scientist==
In addition to his work on [[punctuated equilibrium]] and [[evolutionary developmental biology]], Gould had championed [[constraint|biological constraints]] and other non-selectionist forces in evolution. Together with [[Richard Lewontin]] they authored an influential [[1979]] paper critiquing the overuse of adaptation in biology.[http://www.aaas.org/spp/dser/03_Areas/evolution/perspectives/Gould_Lewontin_1979.shtml] Their paper introduced the architectural word "[[spandrel]]" in an evolutionary context, using it to mean a feature of an organism that exists as a necessary consequence of other features and not built directly, piece by piece, by natural selection. The relative frequency of spandrels, so defined, versus adaptive features in nature, remains a controversial topic in evolutionary biology.
Most of Gould's empirical research was on land snails. His early work was on the [[Bermuda|Bermudian]] genus ''Poecilozonites'', while his later work concentrated on the [[Caribbean|West Indian]] genus ''Cerion''.
Shortly before his death, Gould published a long treatise recapitulating his version of modern evolutionary theory, written primarily for the technical audience of evolutionary biologists: ''The Structure of Evolutionary Theory.''
== Controversies ==
Gould was considered by many nonbiologists to be one of the pre-eminent theoreticians in his field. However, some evolutionary biologists have disagreed with the way in which Gould publicly presented his views. [[John Maynard Smith]], for example, thought that Gould trivialized the role of adaptation, and overestimated the possible role of mutations of large effect (Gould 1980). In a recent review of Daniel Dennet's book ''[[Darwin's Dangerous Idea]]'', Maynard Smith wrote that Gould "is giving non-biologists a largely false picture of the state of evolutionary theory."[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1703][http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Debate/CEP_Gould.html] But Maynard Smith has also praised Gould, writing in a review of ''The Panda's Thumb'' that often "he infuriates me, but I hope he will go right on writing essays like these." (Maynard Smith 1981). Maynard Smith was also among those who welcomed Gould's reinvigoration of evolutionary paleontology (Maynard Smith 1984).
One reason for such criticism was that Gould presented his ideas as a revolutionary way of understanding evolution that relegated [[natural selection]] to a much less important position. As such, many non-specialists became convinced, due to his early writings, that Darwinian explanations had been proven to be unscientific (which Gould never wanted to imply). His works were sometimes used out of context as a "proof" that scientists no longer understood how organisms evolved, giving [[creationism|creationists]] ammunition in their battle against evolutionary theory.[http://www.nonzero.org/newyorker.htm] Gould himself corrected some of these misinterpretations and distortions of his teachings in later works.[http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_fact-and-theory.html]
Gould also had a long-running feud with [[E. O. Wilson]], [[Richard Dawkins]] and other evolutionary biologists over [[sociobiology]] and its descendant [[evolutionary psychology]], which Gould strongly opposed but Dawkins, [[Daniel Dennett]], [[Steven Pinker]] and others strongly advocated. And over the importance of [[gene selection]] in evolution. Dawkins argued that all evolution is ultimately caused by gene competition, while Gould advocated the importance of higher-level competition including, but certainly not limited to, [[species]] selection. Strong criticism of Gould can be found in Dawkins' ''[[The Blind Watchmaker]]'' and Dennett's ''[[Darwin's Dangerous Idea]]''. Dennett's criticism has tended to be harsher, while Dawkins praises Gould in evolutionary topics other than those of contention. Pinker ([[The Blank Slate|2002]]) accuses Gould, [[Richard Lewontin|Lewontin]] and other opponents of evolutionary psychology of being "radical scientists," whose stance on human nature is influenced by politics rather than science. Gould countered that sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists are often heavily influenced, perhaps unconsciously, by their own prejudices and interests (Gould 1992).
Gould's interpretation of the [[Cambrian]] [[Burgess Shale]] fossils in his book ''[[Wonderful Life (book)|Wonderful Life]]'' was criticized by [[Simon Conway Morris]] in his 1998 book ''The Crucible Of Creation''.[http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/naturalhistory_cambrian.html] Gould had emphasized the "weirdness" of the Burgess Shale fauna, and the role of unpredictable, contingent phenomena in determining which members of this fauna survived and flourished. Conway Morris stressed the phylogenetic linkages between the Burgess Shale forms and modern taxa, particularly, the importance of convergent evolution in producing general predictable responses to similar environmental circumstances. Paleontologist Richard Fortey has noted that prior to the release of ''[[Wonderful Life (book)|Wonderful Life]]'' Conway Morris shared many of Gould's sentiments and views. It was only after publication of ''[[Wonderful Life (book)|Wonderful Life]]'' that Conway Morris revised his interpretation and adopted a more deterministic stance towards the history of life.
===Mismeasure of Man===
{{main|The Mismeasure of Man}}
Gould was also the author of ''[[The Mismeasure of Man]]'', a study of the history of [[psychometrics]] and [[Intelligence quotient|intelligence testing]] as a form of [[scientific racism]]. With so much contention in the field, it has generated perhaps the most controversy of all Gould's books, and has been subject to widespread praise and extensive criticism, including claims by some scientists that Gould had misrepresented their work. [http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/jensen-gould-fossils]
See also: the discussion of [[intelligence testing]], [[Science Wars]]
==Books==
* For technical audiences
** ''[[Ontogeny and Phylogeny (book)|Ontogeny and Phylogeny]]'' ([[Harvard University Press]], 1977), ISBN 0-674-63940-5
** ''[[The Structure of Evolutionary Theory]]'' (Harvard University Press, 2002), ISBN 0-674-00613-5
* For general audiences
** ''[[The Mismeasure of Man]]'' ([[W.W. Norton]], 1981; revised 1996), ISBN 0-393-03972-2
** ''[[Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle]]'' (Harvard University Press, 1987), ISBN 0-674-89198-8
** ''[[Wonderful Life (book)|Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History]]'' (W.W. Norton, 1989), ISBN 0-393-02705-8
** ''[[Full House: The Spread of Excellence From Plato to Darwin]]'' ([[Harmony Books]], 1996), ISBN 0-517-70394-7 (Released outside North America as ''[[Life's Grandeur: The Spread of Excellence From Plato to Darwin]]'' (Jonathan Cape Ltd, 1996), ISBN 0-099-89360-6)
** ''[[Questioning the Millennium: A Rationalist's Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown]]'' (Harmony, 1997); also published in a substantially extended second edition (Harmony, 1999), ISBN 0-609-60541-0
** ''[[Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life]]'' ([[Ballantine Books]], 1999), ISBN 0-345-43009-3
** ''[[The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox: Mending the Gap Between Science and the Humanities]]'' (Harmony, 2003), ISBN 0-609-60140-7
* Collected essays from ''[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]]'' magazine
** ''[[Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History]]'' (Norton, 1977), ISBN 0-393-06425-5
** ''[[The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History]]'' (Norton, 1980), ISBN 0-393-01380-4
** ''[[Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History]]'' (Norton, 1983), ISBN 0-393-01716-8
** ''[[The Flamingo's Smile]]'' (Norton, 1985), ISBN 0-393-02228-5
** ''[[Bully for Brontosaurus]]'' (Norton, 1991), ISBN 0-393-02961-1
** ''[[Eight Little Piggies]]'' (Norton, 1994), ISBN 0-393-03416-X
** ''[[Dinosaur in a Haystack]]'' (Harmony, 1995), ISBN 0-517-70393-9
** ''[[Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms]]'' (Harmony, 1998), ISBN 0-609-60141-5
** ''[[The Lying Stones of Marrakech: Penultimate Reflections in Natural History]]'' (Harmony, 2000), ISBN 0-609-60142-3
** ''[[I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History]]'' (Harmony, 2001), ISBN 0-609-60143-1
* Other essay collections
** ''[[An Urchin in the Storm]]'' (Norton, 1987), ISBN 0-393-02492-X
** ''[[Triumph and Tragedy in Mudville: A Lifelong Passion for Baseball]]'' (Norton, 2003), ISBN 0-393-05755-0
==End material==
===Notes===
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
=== References ===
*Brown, A. (1999) ''The Darwin Wars.'' New York: Simon & Schuster.
*Conway Morris, S. (1998) ''The Crucible of Creation.'' Oxford University Press, Oxford.
* {{cite journal
| author = [[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, S.J.]], and Richard Lewontin
| date = 1979
| url = http://www.aaas.org/spp/dser/03_Areas/evolution/perspectives/Gould_Lewontin_1979.shtml
| title = The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossion paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme
| journal = Proc R Soc Lond B
| volume = 205 | issue = 1161 | pages = 581–598
}}
*[[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, S.J.]] (1980) "Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging?" ''Paleobiology'' 6: 119-130.
*[[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, S.J.]] (1987) "The limits of adaptation: Is language a spandrel of the human brain?" Paper presented to the ''Cognitive Science Seminar'', Centre for Cognitive Science, MIT.
* {{cite journal
| last = Gould | first = S. J.
| authorlink = Stephen Jay Gould
| url =
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/reviews/gould_confusion.html
| title = The confusion over evolution
| journal=New York Review of Books
| volume=39 | issue=19 | year=1992| pages=39-54
}}
*[[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, S.J.]] (1997) [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1151 "Darwinian Fundamentalism"] ''New York Review of Books'', June 12, pp. 34-37.
*{{cite journal
| last =Jensen | first = A.
| url = http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/jensen-gould-fossils
| title = The debunking of scientific fossils and straw persons
| journal=Contemporary Education Review
| volume=1 | issue=2 | year=1982 | pages=121-135
}}
*Maynard Smith, J. (1981) "Review of Stephen Jay Gould's ''The Panda's Thumb''." ''The London Review of Books.'' Sept. pp. 17-30.
*Maynard Smith, J. (1984) "Paleontology at the high table." ''Nature'' 309:401-402.
* Mayr, E. (1992) [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/mayr_punctuated.html "Speciational Evolution or Punctuated Equilibria"] from Albert Somit and Steven Peterson ''The Dynamics of Evolution''. New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 21-53.
* Morris, R. (2001) ''The Evolutionists''. New York: Henry Holt & Company.
*[[Steven Pinker|Pinker, S.]], 2002. ''[[The Blank Slate]]'', Penguin. Ch. 6: "Political Scientists".
*Rose, S. (2002) [http://books.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,11617,720266,00.html Obituaries: Stephen Jay Gould] ''The Guardian''. (May 22): 20.
* {{cite journal
| last = Rushton | first = J. P.
| url = http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/stalkers/jpr_gould_paid.html
| title = Race, intelligence, and the brain
| journal=Personality and Individual Differences
| year=1996 | volume=23 | issue=1 | pages=169–180
}}
*Shermer, M. (2002) [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/shermer_sjgould.pdf "This View of Science"] ''Social Studies of Science'' 32/4(August) 489–525.
*[[John Tooby|Tooby, J.]] and [[Leda Cosmides|L. Cosmides]], [http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Debate/CEP_Gould.html Letter to the Editor of ''The New York Review of Books''] on Stephen Jay Gould's "Darwinian Fundamentalism" (June 12, 1997) and [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/reviews/gould_pluralism.html "Evolution: The Pleasures of Pluralism"] (June 26, 1997).
*[[Robert Wright (journalist)|Wright, R.]] (1999) [http://www.nonzero.org/newyorker.htm "The Accidental Creationist"] ''[[The New Yorker]]'' (Dec. 13): 56-65.
=== External links ===
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.stephenjaygould.org The Unofficial Stephen Jay Gould Archive]
* [http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/gould/ Excerpts from Gould Lectures at Stanford University]
* [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_6_54/ai_94142087 Richard C. Lewontin sums up Gould's career in an obituary]
* [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1151 "Darwinian Fundamentalism"] - Gould's response to Daniel Dennett and other critics
* [http://home.comcast.net/~neoeugenics/gou.htm "The Mismeasure of Gould: Marxist ideology vs. biological reality"] - An extensive collection of criticisms
* [http://www.cancerguide.org/median_not_msg.html "The Median Isn't the Message"]: Gould confronts the statistics of cancer and finds hope
* [http://www.annonline.com/interviews/961009/ Online audio interview with Gould] - Ann Online
* [http://www.antievolution.org/projects/mclean/new_site/pf_trans/mva_tt_p_gould.html McLean v. Arkansas Creationism Trial] - Plaintiff's transcript of Gould's testimony
* [http://www.world-of-dawkins.com/Catalano/the_g_files.htm The Gould vs. Dawkins debate]
[[Category:1941 births|Gould, Stephen Jay]]
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