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{{Stazione ferroviaria

La '''zona demilitarizzata coreana''' ('''ZDC'''; {{coreano|한반도 비무장 지대||||韓半島非武裝地帶}}) è una striscia di terra che attraversa la penisola coreana. È stabilito dalle disposizioni dell'accordo di armistizio coreano per fungere da zona cuscinetto tra la Corea del Nord e la Corea del Sud. La zona demilitarizzata (DMZ) è una barriera di confine che divide a metà la penisola coreana. È stato creato per accordo tra la Corea del Nord, la Cina e il comando delle Nazioni Unite nel 1953. La DMZ è lunga 250 chilometri e larga circa 4 chilometri.

|nazione = ITA

|nome = Casalnuovo

All'interno della DMZ è un punto di incontro tra le due nazioni nella piccola Area di sicurezza congiunta (ASC) vicino all'estremità occidentale della zona, dove si svolgono i negoziati. Ci sono stati vari incidenti dentro e intorno alla DMZ, con vittime militari e civili da entrambe le parti.

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== Posizione ==

|apertura = 2025

La zona demilitarizzata coreana si interseca ma non segue il 38 ° parallelo nord, che era il confine prima della guerra di Corea. Attraversa il parallelo su un angolo, con l'estremità ovest della DMZ situata a sud del parallelo e l'estremità orientale situata a nord di esso.

|stato attuale = In costruzione

[[File:Korea at night.png|thumb|right|La zona demilitarizzata coreana è visibile di notte dallo spazio]]

|tipologia = Stazione sotterranea

La DMZ è lunga 250 chilometri,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=3660 |title=Korean Demilitarized Zone: Image of the Day |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory |accessdate=2010-03-26 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316031349/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=3660 |archivedate=16 March 2010 }}</ref> circa 4 km di larghezza. Sebbene la zona che separa entrambi i lati sia demilitarizzata, il confine oltre quella striscia è uno dei confini più pesantemente militarizzati del mondo.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/06/24/the-worlds-most-dangerous-borders/ |title=The world's most dangerous borders |first=Philip |last=Walker |magazine=Foreign Policy |date=24 June 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308153821/http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/06/24/the-worlds-most-dangerous-borders/ |archivedate=8 March 2017 }}</ref> La Northern Limit Line, o NLL, è la linea di demarcazione marittima contesa tra Nord e Sud Corea nel Mar Giallo, non concordata nell'armistizio. Anche la costa e le isole su entrambi i lati del NLL sono pesantemente militarizzate.<ref>Elferink, Alex G. Oude. (1994). {{Google books|x-VYb-wida8C|''The Law of Maritime Boundary Delimitation: a Case Study of the Russian Federation''|page=314}}</ref>

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|latitudine = 40.9124847

==Storia==

|longitudine = 14.3273400

[[File:Korea demilitarized zone map - 1969.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Dettagli della ZDC]]

|operatore = * [[Trenitalia]]

[[File:KPA3-2a.jpg|thumb|Una parte della DMZ nordcoreana vista dall'Area di sicurezza congiunta nel gennaio 1976]]

|vicinanza =

{{main|Divisione della Corea}}

|note =

Il 38 ° parallelo nord - che divide a metà la penisola coreana - era il confine originale tra gli Stati Uniti e le brevi aree amministrative coreane dell'Unione Sovietica alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale. Dopo la creazione della Repubblica democratica popolare di Corea (RPDC, informalmente "Corea del Nord") e della Repubblica di Corea (ROK, informalmente "Corea del Sud") nel 1948, divenne di fatto un confine internazionale e uno dei fronti più tesi nella Guerra Fredda.

Sia il Nord che il Sud rimasero dipendenti dai loro stati sponsor dal 1948 allo scoppio della Guerra di Corea. Quel conflitto, che ha provocato oltre tre milioni di vite e diviso la penisola coreana lungo linee ideologiche, è iniziato il 25 giugno 1950, con un'invasione a pieno titolo della Corea del Nord attraverso il 38 ° parallelo, e si è concluso nel 1953 dopo che l'intervento internazionale ha spinto la parte anteriore della guerra vicino al 38 ° parallelo.

Nell'accordo di armistizio del 27 luglio 1953, la DMZ fu creata mentre ciascuna parte accettava di spostare le loro truppe indietro di 2 000 m (1,2 miglia) dalla linea del fronte, creando una zona cuscinetto di 4 km (2,5 mi) di larghezza. La linea di demarcazione militare (MDL) attraversa il centro della DMZ e indica dove si trovava il fronte quando fu firmato l'accordo.

A causa di questo stallo teorico e di una vera ostilità tra il Nord e il Sud, un gran numero di truppe sono di stanza lungo entrambi i lati della linea, ciascuna delle quali protegge da possibili aggressioni dall'altra parte, anche Template: anni dopo la sua fondazione. L'accordo di armistizio spiega esattamente quanti militari e quale tipo di armi sono permesse nella DMZ. I soldati di entrambe le parti possono pattugliare all'interno della DMZ, ma non possono attraversare il MDL. Tuttavia, i soldati ROK pesantemente armati pattugliano sotto l'egida della polizia militare e hanno memorizzato ogni linea dell'armistizio.<ref name="On Patrol in the DMZ">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/21/north-korea-south-korea-dmz-landmines |title=On patrol in the DMZ: North Korean landmines, biting winds and tin cans: As tensions on the peninsula escalate, a former South Korean guard describes life at one of the world's most fortified borders. NK News reports |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2016-03-21 |accessdate=2016-04-18 |author=Ahn, JH |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416132851/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/21/north-korea-south-korea-dmz-landmines |archivedate=16 April 2016 }}</ref> Sporadici attacchi di violenza hanno ucciso oltre 500 soldati sudcoreani, 50 soldati statunitensi e 250 soldati della RPDC lungo la DMZ tra il 1953 e il 1999.<ref>{{cite news|last=Potts |first=Rolf |title=Korea's no-man's-land |url=http://www.salon.com/1999/02/03/feature_115/ |work=Salon |accessdate=31 January 2013 |date=3 February 1999 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215050040/http://www.salon.com/1999/02/03/feature_115/ |archivedate=15 February 2013 }}</ref>

Daeseong-dong (anche scritto Tae Sung Dong) e Kijŏng-dong (noto anche come "Peace Village") sono gli unici insediamenti autorizzati dal comitato di armistizio a rimanere entro i confini della DMZ.<ref name="Tae">{{cite news|url=http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=52586 |title=DMZ sixth-graders become graduates |newspaper=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |date=2008-02-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611232350/http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=52586 |archivedate=11 June 2009 }}</ref> I residenti di Tae Sung Dong sono governati e protetti dal Comando delle Nazioni Unite e sono generalmente tenuti a trascorrere almeno 240 notti all'anno nel villaggio per mantenere la loro residenza.<ref name = "Tae"/> Nel 2008, il villaggio aveva una popolazione di 218 persone.<ref name = "Tae"/> Gli abitanti del villaggio di Tae Sung Dong sono discendenti diretti di persone che possedevano la terra prima della Guerra di Corea del 1950-53.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/01/26/16093-santa-mobbed-by-students-during-visit-to-joint-security-area/ |title=Santa mobbed by students during visit to Joint Security Area |publisher=army.mil.com -The Official U.S. Army Website |accessdate=2009-12-11 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124043626/http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/01/26/16093-santa-mobbed-by-students-during-visit-to-joint-security-area/ |archivedate=24 November 2009 }}</ref>

Per continuare a scoraggiare l'incursione della Corea del Nord, nel 2014 il governo degli Stati Uniti ha esentato la DMZ coreana dal suo impegno di eliminare mine terrestri antiuomo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2014/09/24/why-the-korean-peninsula-keeps-landmines/ |title=Why the Korean Peninsula Keeps Land Mines |last=Kwaak |first=Jeyup S |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=24 September 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924070350/https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2014/09/24/why-the-korean-peninsula-keeps-landmines/ |archivedate=24 September 2014 }}</ref> Il 1° ottobre 2018, tuttavia, un processo di 20 giorni ha iniziato a rimuovere le mine terrestri da entrambi i lati della DMZ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/01/north-south-korea-begin-removing-landmines-along-fortified-border/|title=North and South Korea begin removing landmines along fortified DMZ|last=Agency|first=Reuters News|date=2018-10-01|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

== Area di sicurezza congiunta ==

[[File:070401 Panmunjeom3.jpg|thumb|Vista del nord dal lato sud della JSA]]

[[File:Joint Security Area from North Korea.jpg|thumb|Conference Row visto dal lato nord della JSA]]

{{main|Area di sicurezza congiunta}}

All'interno della DMZ, vicino alla costa occidentale della penisola, Panmunjom è la sede della Joint Security Area (JSA). In origine, era l'unica connessione tra Nord e Sud Corea<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imcom.korea.army.mil/imakoroweb/sites/local/news/020808_IMCOMK_DMZ.asp |title=Panmunjon |publisher=army.mil.com |accessdate=2009-12-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905081008/http://imcom.korea.army.mil/imakoroweb/sites/local/news/020808_IMCOMK_DMZ.asp |archivedate=5 September 2009 }}</ref> ma questo cambiò il 17 maggio 2007, quando un treno Korail passò attraverso la DMZ a nord sulla nuova linea Donghae Bukbu costruita sulla costa orientale della Corea. Tuttavia, la risurrezione di questa linea è stata di breve durata, in quanto ha chiuso di nuovo nel luglio 2008 a seguito di un incidente in cui un turista sudcoreano è stato colpito e ucciso.

Ci sono diversi edifici sul lato nord e sud della Military Demarcation Line (MDL), e ce ne sono stati costruiti sopra. La JSA è il luogo in cui si sono svolti tutti i negoziati dal 1953, comprese le dichiarazioni di solidarietà coreana, che in generale sono state di poco conto tranne un leggero calo delle tensioni. L'MDL passa attraverso le sale conferenze e in mezzo ai tavoli delle conferenze dove i nordcoreani e il comando delle Nazioni Unite (principalmente sudcoreani e americani) si incontrano faccia a faccia.

All'interno della JSA ci sono una serie di edifici per le riunioni congiunte chiamate sale conferenze. Questi sono usati per i colloqui diretti tra i partecipanti alla guerra di Corea e le parti dell'armistizio. Di fronte al congresso gli edifici a schiera sono il Panmungak nordcoreano (Panmun Hall) e la Freedom House sudcoreana. Nel 1994, la Corea del Nord ha ampliato Panmungak aggiungendo un terzo piano. Nel 1998, la Corea del Sud ha costruito una nuova Freedom House per il personale della Croce Rossa e possibilmente per ospitare riunioni di famiglie separate dalla guerra di Corea. Il nuovo edificio ha incorporato la vecchia Freedom House Pagoda nel suo design.

Dal 1953 ci sono stati scontri occasionali e schermaglie all'interno della JSA. L'incidente dell'omicidio con l'ascia nell'agosto del 1976 ha comportato il tentato taglio di un albero che ha provocato due morti (il capitano Arthur Bonifas e il primo tenente Mark Barrett). Un altro incidente accadde il 23 novembre 1984, quando un turista sovietico di nome Vasily Matuzok (a volte compitò Matusak), che faceva parte di un viaggio ufficiale alla JSA (ospitato dal Nord), corse attraverso l'MDL gridando che voleva disertare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/korea/general-revisits-deadly-1984-thanksgiving-firefight-at-dmz-1.161443 |title=General revisits deadly 1984 Thanksgiving firefight at DMZ |work=Stars and Stripes |accessdate=13 March 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309182210/http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/korea/general-revisits-deadly-1984-thanksgiving-firefight-at-dmz-1.161443 |archivedate=9 March 2016 }}</ref> Le truppe nordcoreane lo inseguirono immediatamente, aprendo il fuoco. Le guardie di frontiera della parte sudcoreana hanno risposto al fuoco, circondando infine i nordcoreani mentre perseguivano Matusak. Un soldato sudcoreano e tre soldati nordcoreani sono stati uccisi nell'azione e Matusak non è stato catturato.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/dmz-list.htm |title=Korea Demilitarized Zone Incidents |date=2009-05-28 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331152533/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/dmz-list.htm |archivedate=31 March 2010 }}</ref>

Alla fine del 2009, le forze sudcoreane in collaborazione con il comando delle Nazioni Unite hanno iniziato il rinnovamento dei suoi tre posti di guardia e di due edifici di controllo all'interno del complesso della JSA. La costruzione è stata progettata per ampliare e modernizzare le strutture. Il lavoro è stato intrapreso un anno dopo che la Corea del Nord ha finito di sostituire quattro posti di guardia della JSA dalla sua parte del MDL.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=65534 |title=South Korea to revamp DMZ towers |newspaper=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |date=2009-10-22 |accessdate=2009-11-09 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022163155/http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=65534 |archivedate=22 October 2009 }}</ref> Il 15 ottobre 2018, durante i colloqui di alto livello a Panmunjom, ufficiali militari del grado di colonnello delle due Coree e Burke Hamilton, segretario della Commissione armistiziale dell'ONU, hanno annunciato misure per ridurre le minacce militari convenzionali, come la creazione di zone cuscinetto lungo i loro confini terrestri e marittimi e una no-fly zone sopra il confine, rimuovendo 11 postazioni di prima linea entro dicembre, e sminuendo le sezioni della Zona Demilitarizzata.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kait8.com/2018/10/15/koreas-hold-high-level-peace-talks|title=Koreas agree to break ground on inter-Korean railroad|last=TONG-HYUNG|first=KIM|date=|work=Kait8.com|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Villaggi==

[[File:Propagandavillage.JPG|thumb|Villaggio Kijŏng-dong in Corea del Nord, visto dalla Corea del Sud]]

Sia la Corea del Nord che quella della Corea mantengono i ''villaggi di pace'' in vista della reciproca parte della DMZ. Nel Sud, Daeseong-dong è amministrato secondo i termini della DMZ. Gli abitanti dei villaggi sono classificati come cittadini della Repubblica di Corea, ma sono esentati dal pagamento delle tasse e di altri requisiti civici come il servizio militare. A nord, Kijŏng-dong presenta una serie di edifici a più piani con pareti in cemento colorato e appartamenti con illuminazione elettrica. Queste caratteristiche rappresentavano un livello di lusso inaudito per i coreani rurali, del nord o del sud, negli anni '50. La città era orientata in modo che i tetti blu e i lati bianchi degli edifici fossero le caratteristiche più distintive viste dal confine. Tuttavia, sulla base del controllo con le moderne lenti telescopiche, è stato affermato che gli edifici sono meri involucri di cemento privi di vetri delle finestre o persino di stanze interne,<ref name="potts">{{Cite journal|last=Potts|first=Rolf|date=1999-02-03|title=Korea's No-man's-land|url=http://www.salon.com/1999/02/03/feature_115/|deadurl=no|journal=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]|volume=|pages=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215050040/http://www.salon.com/1999/02/03/feature_115/|archivedate=15 February 2013|via=}}</ref><ref>O'Neill, Tom. "Korea's DMZ: Dangerous Divide". ''National Geographic'', July 2003.</ref> con le luci dell'edificio accese e spente a orari prestabiliti e i marciapiedi vuoti spazzati da un equipaggio scheletrico di guardiani nel tentativo di preservare l'illusione di attività.<ref>Silpasornprasit, Susan. [http://imcom.korea.army.mil/imakoroweb/sites/local/news/020808_IMCOMK_DMZ.asp "Day trip to the DMZ: A look inside the Korean Demilitarized Zone".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330022530/http://imcom.korea.army.mil/imakoroweb/sites/local/news/020808_IMCOMK_DMZ.asp |date=30 March 2009 }} IMCOM-Korea Region Public Affairs Office, US Army. Retrieved 2009-01-30.</ref>

===Pennoni con bandiera===

{{Immagine multipla |immagine1=Daeseong-dong_Scene.jpg

|didascalia1=Il villaggio sudcoreano [[Daeseong-dong]] e il suo pennone

|immagine2=Gijeong-ri Flag.jpg

|didascalia2=Il quarto pennone più alto del mondo (160 m) con la bandiera della Corea del Nord a [[Kijŏng-dong]] vicino a [[Panmunjom]]}}

Negli anni '80, il governo sudcoreano costruì un pennone con bandiera di 98,4 m a [[Daeseong-dong]]. In quella che alcuni hanno definito la "guerra del pennone", il governo nordcoreano ha risposto costruendo l'asta della bandiera Panmunjeom di 160 m a Kijŏng-dong, a solo 1,2 km a ovest del confine con la Corea del Sud. Vola una bandiera da 270 kg della Corea del Nord. A partire dal 2014, il pennone di Panmunjom è il quarto più alto al mondo, dopo il pennone di Jeddah a Jeddah, in Arabia Saudita, a 170 m, l'asta di Dushanbe a Dushanbe, in Tagikistan, a 165 metri e il palo nella Piazza delle bandiere a Baku , Azerbaijan, che è 162 m .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/02/19/koreas.dmz/ |title=CNN.com – Korea's DMZ: 'Scariest place on Earth' |accessdate=2007-10-23 |date=2002-02-20 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012164210/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/02/19/koreas.dmz/ |archivedate=12 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economy.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_blogview.asp?at_code=370439 |script-title=ko:개성에 '구멍탄' 5만장 배달했습니다 |work=economy.ohmynews.com |accessdate=2006-12-06 |language=ko }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=Al83tito |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Incidenti e incursioni relativi alla ZDC ==

{{Main|List of border incidents involving North and South Korea}}

Since demarcation, the DMZ has had numerous cases of incidents and incursions by both sides, although the North Korean government typically never acknowledges direct responsibility for any of these incidents (there are exceptions, such as the axe incident).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30004.pdf |title=North Korea: Chronology of Provocations, 1950 – 2003 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-02-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905062431/http://www.fas.org/man/crs/RL30004.pdf |archivedate=5 September 2006 }}</ref> This was particularly intense during the [[Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969)]] when a series of skirmishes along the DMZ resulted in the deaths of 43 [[US soldier|American]], 299 [[South Korean soldier|South Korean]] and 397 [[North Korean army|North Korean soldiers]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bolger|first=Daniel|title=Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low intensity conflict in Korea 1966–1969|publisher=Diane Publishing Co|isbn=978-0-7881-1208-9|year=1991}}</ref> This included the [[Blue House raid|Blue House Raid]] in 1968, an attempt to [[Assassination|assassinate]] President [[Park Chung-hee|Park Chung Hee]] at the [[Blue House]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/scenes/scen_c3.pdf |title=Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 1966–1968 |publisher=Cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil |date= |accessdate=2012-02-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325103728/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/scenes/scen_c3.pdf |archivedate=25 March 2009 }}</ref>

In 1976, in now-[[Declassification|declassified]] meeting minutes, U.S. deputy secretary of defense [[William Clements]] told U.S. secretary of state [[Henry Kissinger]] that there had been 200 raids or incursions into North Korea from the south, though not by the U.S. military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d286 |title=Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting, Washington, 25 August 1976, 10:30 a.m. |date=25 August 1976 |accessdate=12 May 2012 |publisher=[[Office of the Historian]], US Department of State |quote=Clements: I like it. It doesn't have an overt character. I have been told that there have been 200 other such operations and that none of these have surfaced. Kissinger: It is different for us with the War Powers Act. I don't remember any such operations. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925121535/http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d286 |archivedate=25 September 2012 }}</ref> Details of only a few of these incursions have become public, including raids by South Korean forces in 1967 that had sabotaged about 50 North Korean facilities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/02/116_80936.html |title=S. Korea raided North with captured agents in 1967 |newspaper=The Korea Times |author=Lee Tae-hoon |date=7 February 2011 |accessdate=12 May 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001195904/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/02/116_80936.html |archivedate=1 October 2012 }}</ref>

=== Tunnel d'incursione ===

{{See also|Tunnel warfare}}

Since 15 November 1974, South Korea has discovered four tunnels crossing the DMZ that had been dug by North Korea. The orientation of the blasting lines within each tunnel indicated they were dug by North Korea. North Korea claimed that the tunnels were for [[coal mining]]; however, no coal was found in the tunnels, which were dug through granite. Some of the tunnel walls were painted black to give the appearance of [[anthracite]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Jim|last=Sides|title=Almost Home|publisher=Xulon Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-60791-740-3|page=118}}</ref>

The tunnels are believed to have been planned as a military invasion route by North Korea. They run in a north-south direction and do not have branches. Following each discovery, engineering within the tunnels has become progressively more advanced. For example, the third tunnel sloped slightly upwards as it progressed southward, to prevent [[water stagnation]]. Today, visitors from the south may visit the second, third and fourth tunnels through guided tours.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demilitarized Zone |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/dmz.htm |accessdate=2007-11-09 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105034940/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/dmz.htm |archivedate=5 November 2007 }}</ref>

====Primo tunnel====

The first of the tunnels was discovered on 20 November 1974, by a South Korean Army patrol, noticing steam rising from the ground. The initial discovery was met with [[Automatic firearm|automatic fire]] from North Korean soldiers. Five days later, during a subsequent exploration of this tunnel, [[United States Navy|US Navy]] Commander Robert M. Ballinger and [[Republic of Korea Marine Corps|ROK Marine Corps]] Major Kim Hah-chul were killed in the tunnel by a North Korean explosive device. The blast also wounded five Americans and one South Korean from the United Nations Command.

The tunnel, which was about {{convert|3|by|4|ft|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}, extended more than {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} beyond the MDL into South Korea. The tunnel was reinforced with concrete slabs and had electric power and lighting. There were [[Weapon storage area|weapon storage]] and sleeping areas. A [[narrow-gauge railway]] with carts had also been installed. Estimates based on the tunnel's size suggest it would have allowed considerable numbers of soldiers to pass through it.<ref name=bermudez_js>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621051225/http://www.korean-war.com/Archives/2002/02/msg00289.html |archivedate=2013-06-21 |url=http://www.korean-war.com/Archives/2002/02/msg00289.html |title=Tunnels under the DMZ |author=Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr |accessdate=2010-03-26 |website=korean-war.com}}</ref>

====Secondo tunnel====

[[File:Entrance to the 4th Infiltration Tunnel, Korean DMZ.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the North Korean-dug 4th Infiltration Tunnel, Korean DMZ]]

The second tunnel was discovered on 19 March 1975. It is of similar length to the first tunnel. It is located between {{convert|50|and|160|m|ft|abbr=on}} below ground, but is larger than the first, approximately {{convert|2|by|2|m|ft|0|sp=us|abbr=in}}.

====Terzo tunnel====

{{main|Third Tunnel of Aggression}}

The third tunnel was discovered on 17 October 1978. Unlike the previous two, the third tunnel was discovered following a tip from a [[North Korean defectors|North Korean defector]]. This tunnel is about {{convert|1600|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and about {{convert|73|m|ft|abbr=on}} below ground.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Martin|title=Seoul|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-774-5|pages=162}}</ref> Foreign visitors touring the South Korean DMZ may view inside this tunnel using a sloped access shaft.

====Quarto tunnel====

A fourth tunnel was discovered on 3 March 1990, north of [[Haean]] town in the former [[Punchbowl, Korea|Punchbowl]] battlefield. The tunnel's dimensions are 2x2 metri, and it is 145 metri deep. The method of construction is almost identical in structure to the second and the third tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panmunjomtour.com/english/dmz/dmz_20.htm |title=The Fourth Infiltration Tunnel |publisher=Panmunjom Travel Center |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309084651/http://www.panmunjomtour.com/english/dmz/dmz_20.htm |archivedate= 9 March 2007 |df= }}</ref>

=== Muro coreano ===

[[File:The Korean Wall in the DMZ.JPG|thumb|Il muro coreano, o barriera anticarro, nella zona demilitarizzata vista attraverso un binocolo dalla parte nordcoreana.]]

According to North Korea, between 1977 and 1979 the South Korean and United States authorities constructed a concrete wall along the DMZ.<ref name="tetteroo"/> North Korea, however, began to propagate information about the wall after the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] in 1989, when the symbolism of a wall [[Injustice|unjustly]] dividing a people became more apparent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Salzinger|first=Caroline|translator-last=Lempinen|translator-first=Ulla|title=Terveisiä pahan akselilta: Arkea ja politiikkaa maailman suljetuimmissa valtioissa|year=2008|publisher=Atena|___location=Jyväskylä|language=fi|isbn=978-951-796-521-7|page=40}}</ref>

Various organizations, such as the North Korean tour guide company Korea Konsult, claimed a wall was dividing Korea, saying that:

{{quote|Nella zona a sud della linea di demarcazione militare, che attraversa la Corea in vita, c'è un muro di cemento che ... si estende per oltre 240 km da est a ovest, è alto 5-8 m, spesso 10-19 m il fondo e 3-7 m di larghezza nella parte superiore. È circondato da intrecci di cavi e punteggiato da cannoniere, guardie e varietà di stabilimenti militari.<!-- non in citazione: [...] i governanti sudcoreani costruirono questo muro per un periodo di molti anni a partire dal 1977.--><ref>{{cite web|title=DMZ: Demilitarized Zone|url=http://koreakonsult.net/Attraction_DMZ_eng.html|publisher=''Korea Konsult''|accessdate=16 April 2015}}</ref>}}

In December 1999, Chu Chang-jun, [[China–North Korea relations|North Korea's ambassador to China]], repeated claims that a "wall" divided Korea. He said the south side of the wall is packed with soil, which permits access to the top of the wall and makes it effectively invisible from the south side. He also claimed that it served as a bridgehead for any northward [[invasion]].<ref name="Wall">{{cite web|url=http://www.korean-war.com/Archives/2000/12/msg00041.html |title=New York Times, 1999 |publisher=Korean-war.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122740/http://www.korean-war.com/Archives/2000/12/msg00041.html |archivedate= 8 March 2012 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Tear Down the Korean Wall |url=http://www.kimsoft.com/1997/nk9912.htm |work= |publisher=DPRK UN Mission |date=1999-12-03 |accessdate=2007-10-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329064336/http://www.kimsoft.com/1997/nk9912.htm |archivedate=29 March 2006 }}</ref>

The United States and South Korea deny the wall's existence, although they do claim there are [[Anti-tank obstacles|anti-tank barriers]] along some sections of the DMZ.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eckholm |first=Erik |date=8 December 1999 |title=Where Most See Ramparts, North Korea Imagines a Wall |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/asia/120899nkorea-skorea.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=26 May 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816222047/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/asia/120899nkorea-skorea.html |archivedate=16 August 2016 }}</ref>

In the [[RT (TV network)|RT]] documentary ''10 Days in North Korea'', the crew shot footage of a wall as seen from North Korea and described it as a "5 metre high wall stretching from east to west".<ref>{{cite web|title=10 Days in North Korea |url=http://rt.com/shows/documentary/203135-north-korea-kim-jongun/ |author=Ángela Gallardo Bernal |publisher=RT |accessdate=20 February 2017 |date=9 November 2014 |id=at 19:30 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222101514/https://www.rt.com/shows/documentary/203135-north-korea-kim-jongun/ |archivedate=22 December 2016 }}</ref> Dutch journalist and filmmaker [[Peter Tetteroo]] also shot footage of a barrier in 2001 which his North Korean guides said was the Korean Wall.<ref name="tetteroo">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmakers.com/index.php?a=filmDetail&filmID=1138 |title=Welcome to North Korea: A film by Peter Tetteroo for KRO Television |accessdate=2009-12-29 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711001620/http://www.filmakers.com/index.php?a=filmDetail&filmID=1138 |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}</ref>

A 2007 [[Reuters]] report revealed that there is no coast to coast wall located across the DMZ and that the pictures of a "wall" which have been used in North Korean propaganda have merely been pictures of concrete anti-tank barriers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-wall/north-korea-asks-south-to-tear-down-imaginary-wall-idUSSEO20068620071231|title=North Korea asks South to tear down imaginary wall|first=Jon|last=Herskovitz|date=31 December 2007|work=Reuters|accessdate=1 October 2018}}</ref> While 800,000 landmines were being removed in 2018, it was shown that the [[Joint Security Area]] along the Korean border was guarded by standard [[barbed wire]].<ref name=bbckoreaoct>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45704909|title=Koreas begin clearing landmines from heavily fortified border|last=|first=|date=1 October 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=9 February 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Lato nordcoreano della ZDC ==

[[File:Entrance_of_Joint_Security_Area,_Korean_Demilitarized_Zone,_DPRK_side.jpg|thumb|DMZ, North Korea. [[Electric fence]]s are used in the Korean Demilitarized Zone as a means to seal off North Korea from South Korea. Behind the fence, there is a strip which has [[land mine]]s hidden beneath it.]]

The North Korean side of the DMZ primarily serves to defend North Korea from invasion by South Korean forces. It also serves a similar function as the [[Berlin Wall]] and the [[inner German border]] did against its own citizens in the former [[East Germany]] in that it stops North Korean citizens from defecting to South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qsl.net/ah6hy/SKDMZ.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-03-12 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914011727/http://www.qsl.net/ah6hy/SKDMZ.html |archivedate=14 September 2016 }} Bottom of the page. Retrieved 11 March 2017</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/world/north-korea-blocks-defections-across-dmz.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-03-12 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312202845/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/world/north-korea-blocks-defections-across-dmz.html |archivedate=12 March 2017 }} Retrieved 11 March 2017</ref>

From the armistice until 1972, approximately 7,700 South Korean soldiers and agents infiltrated North Korea to sabotage military bases and industrial areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/15/world/south-korean-movie-unlocks-door-on-a-once-secret-past.html?_r=0|title=South Korean Movie Unlocks Door on a Once-Secret Past|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Norimitsu Onishi|date=15 February 2014|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref>

North Korea has thousands of artillery pieces near the DMZ. According to a 2018 article in ''[[The Economist]]'', North Korea could bombard Seoul with over 10,000 rounds every minute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21735586-how-shifts-technology-and-geopolitics-are-renewing-threat-growing-danger|title=The Growing Danger of Great-Power Conflict|last=|first=|date=|website=The Economist|language=en|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> Experts believe that 60 percent of its total [[artillery]] is positioned within a few kilometers of the DMZ acting as a deterrent against any South Korean invasion.

==Propaganda==

{{vedi anche|Propaganda|Guerra psicologica}}

===Loudspeaker installations===

From 1953 until 2004, both sides broadcast audio propaganda across the DMZ.<ref name=bbc-20040615/> Massive loudspeakers mounted on several of the buildings delivered DPRK propaganda broadcasts directed towards the south as well as propaganda radio broadcasts across the border.<ref name="potts"/> In 2004, the North and South agreed to end the broadcasts.<ref name="bbc-20040615">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3807409.stm|title=Koreas Switch off Loudspeakers|last=|first=|date=15 June 2004|work=|accessdate=7 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040615123223/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3807409.stm|archivedate=15 June 2004|deadurl=no|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

On 4 August 2015, a border incident occurred where two South Korean soldiers were wounded after stepping on landmines that had allegedly been laid on the southern side of the DMZ by North Korean forces near an ROK guard post.<ref name="Choe Sang-hun">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/world/asia/north-korea-placed-mines-that-maimed-2-south-korean-soldiers-at-dmz-seoul-says.html?_r=0 |title=South Korea Accuses the North After Land Mines Maim Two Soldiers in DMZ |author=Choe Sang-hun |newspaper=New York Times |date=10 August 2015 |accessdate=13 August 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813125328/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/world/asia/north-korea-placed-mines-that-maimed-2-south-korean-soldiers-at-dmz-seoul-says.html?_r=0 |archivedate=13 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Park |first=Ju-Min |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/10/us-southkorea-northkorea-mines-idUSKCN0QF07A20150810 |title=South Korea condemns North over land mine blast, vows retaliation |___location=Seoul |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2015-08-10 |accessdate=2015-08-10 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810235643/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/10/us-southkorea-northkorea-mines-idUSKCN0QF07A20150810 |archivedate=10 August 2015 }}</ref> Both North Korea and South Korea then resumed broadcasting propaganda by loudspeaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/world/asia/north-korea-and-south-korea-exchange-rocket-and-artillery-fire.html |title=North Korea and South Korea Trade Fire Across Border, Seoul Says |date=21 August 2015 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=13 March 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117145801/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/world/asia/north-korea-and-south-korea-exchange-rocket-and-artillery-fire.html |archivedate=17 January 2016 }}</ref> After four days of negotiations, on 25 August 2015 South Korea agreed to discontinue the broadcasts following a statement from North Korea's government expressing regret for the landmine incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/asia/2015/08/south_korea_turns_off_propaganda_as_koreas_reach_deal |title=South Korea turns off propaganda as Koreas reach deal |date=2015-08-25 |accessdate=2015-08-25 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004726/http://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/asia/2015/08/south_korea_turns_off_propaganda_as_koreas_reach_deal |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

On 8 January 2016, in response to North Korea's supposed successful testing of a [[Thermonuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb]], South Korea resumed broadcasts directed at the North.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kim |first1=Sam |title=South Korea Punishes Kim Jong Un With K-Pop for Nuclear Test |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-07/south-korea-to-inflict-k-pop-blasts-on-kim-jong-un-for-nuke-test |accessdate=8 January 2016 |work=Bloomsberg |date=2016-01-07 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107213804/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-07/south-korea-to-inflict-k-pop-blasts-on-kim-jong-un-for-nuke-test |archivedate=7 January 2016 }}</ref> On 15 April 2016, it was reported that the South Koreans purchased a new stereo system to combat the North's broadcasts.<ref name=thereg-20160415>{{cite news|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/15/south_korea_to_upgrade_national_stereo_system_at_cost_of_us16m/ |title=South Korea to upgrade national stereo defence system for US$16m |author=Simon Sharwood |newspaper=The Register |date=15 April 2016 |accessdate=22 April 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419011741/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/15/south_korea_to_upgrade_national_stereo_system_at_cost_of_us16m/ |archivedate=19 April 2016 }}</ref>

===Palloncini===

{{main|Balloon propaganda campaigns in Korea}}

Both North and South Korea have held [[Airborne leaflet propaganda|balloon propaganda leaflet]] campaigns since the Korean War.{{sfn|Jung|2014|p=16}}

In recent years, mainly South Korean [[non-governmental organization]]s have been involved in launching balloons targeted at the DMZ and beyond.{{sfn|Jung|2014|p=9}} Due to the winds, the balloons tend to fall near the DMZ where there are mostly [[North Korean soldier|North Korean soldiers]] to see the leaflets.<ref name="Higginbotham2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-06-05/the-no-tech-tactics-of-north-koreas-target-zero-park-sang-hak#p4 |title=The No-Tech Tactics of North Korea's Most Wanted Defector |last=Higginbotham |first=Adam |date=5 June 2014 |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=1 July 2015 |page=4 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703211625/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-06-05/the-no-tech-tactics-of-north-koreas-target-zero-park-sang-hak |archivedate=3 July 2015 }}</ref> As with the loudspeakers, balloon operations were mutually agreed to be halted between 2004 and 2010.{{sfn|Jung|2014|p=23}} It has been assessed that the activists' balloons may contribute to the decay of remaining cooperation between the Korean governments,<ref name="Feffer2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.ips-dc.org/koreas-balloon-war/ |title=Korea's Balloon War |last=Feffer |first=John |date=6 November 2014 |website=[[Institute for Policy Studies]] |publisher= |access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref> and the DMZ has become more [[Militarization|militarized]] in recent years.{{sfn|Jung|2014|p=31}}

Many North Korean leaflets during the [[Cold War]] gave instructions and maps to help targeted South Korean soldiers in defecting. One of the leaflets found on the DMZ included a map of [[Cho Dae-hum]]'s route of [[South Korean defectors|defection to North Korea]] across the DMZ. In addition to using balloons as a means of delivery, North Koreans have also used [[Rocket|rockets]] to send leaflets to the DMZ.<ref name="Friedman2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.psywarrior.com/NKoreaH.html |title=Communist Korean War Leaflets |last=Friedman |first=Herbert A. |date=5 January 2006 |website=www.psywarrior.com |publisher= |access-date=28 June 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711121501/http://www.psywarrior.com/NKoreaH.html |archivedate=11 July 2015 }}</ref>

===Smantellamento===

On 23 April 2018, both North and South Korea officially cancelled their border propaganda broadcasts for the last time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/23/asia/north-korea-south-korea-upcoming-summit-intl/index.html|title=South Korea stops blasting propaganda along DMZ as summit looms|last=CNN|first=Joshua Berlinger and Yoonjung Seo,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref> On 1 May 2018, the loudspeakers across the Korean border were dismantled.<ref name=may1>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/01/607399907/north-and-south-korea-dismantle-loudspeakers-blaring-propaganda-on-the-dmz |title=North And South Korea Dismantle Loudspeakers Blaring Propaganda On The DMZ : The Two-Way |publisher=NPR |date=2018-05-01 |accessdate=2018-10-01}}</ref> Both sides also committed to ending the balloon campaigns.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-05-05/south-korea-faces-decision-over-leaflets-ties-warm-north|title=South Korea faces a decision over leaflets as ties warm with the North|last=|first=|date=|work=Public Radio International|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref> On 5 May 2018, an attempt by North Korean defectors to disperse more balloon propaganda across the border from South Korea was halted by the South Korean government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/05/south-korea-sabotages-anti-north-korea-leaflet-drop/|title=South Korean police stop protesters releasing balloons to the North, as ties thaw|first=Reuters News|last=Agency|date=5 May 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> The no-fly zone which was established on 1 November 2018 also designated a no-fly zone for all aircraft types above the MDL, and prohibits hot-air balloons from traveling within 25 km of the Korean border's [[Military Demarcation Line]] (MDL).<ref name="nov1effect">[https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/Agreement%20on%20the%20Implementation%20of%20the%20Historic%20Panmunjom%20Declaration%20in%20the%20Military%20Domain.pdf Agreement on the Implementation of the Historic Panmunjom Declaration in the Military Domain] , 2018 (PDF)</ref>

== Linea di controllo civile ==

{{multiple image

|total_width=478

|image1=Civilian_Control_Line,_Imjingak,_Paju,_South_Korea_(3162648972).jpg

|caption1=Civilian Control Line, Imjingak, Paju, South Korea

|image2=Korea_Civilian_Control_Line2010(1).JPG

|caption2=Civilian Control Line, South Korea

}}

La '''stazione di Casalnuovo''' è una [[fermata ferroviaria]] in costruzione posta sulla costruenda linea [[Ferrovia Napoli-Foggia|Napoli-Bari AC/AV]], a servizio del centro abitato di [[Casalnuovo di Napoli]].

The Civilian Control Line is a line that designates an additional buffer zone to the DMZ within a distance of {{Convert|5|to|20|km|lk=|abbr=on}} from the Southern Limit Line of the DMZ. Its purpose is to limit and control the entrance of civilians into the area in order to protect and maintain the security of military facilities and operations near the DMZ. The commander of the [[Eighth United States Army|8th US Army]] ordered the creation of the CCL and it was activated and first became effective in February 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourdmz.com/english/02dmz/p2-1.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-03-11 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225025507/http://www.tourdmz.com/english/02dmz/p2-1.php |archivedate=25 February 2017 }} Retrieved 10 March 2017</ref>

L'impianto ferroviario sarà gestito da [[Rete Ferroviaria Italiana]] (RFI) e sostituirà l'attuale impianto.

The buffer zone that falls south of the Southern Limit Line is called the Civilian Control Zone. Barbed wire fences and manned military [[Guardpost|guard posts]] mark the Civilian Control Line. The Civilian Control Zone is necessary for the military to monitor civilian travel to tourist destinations close to the Southern Limit Line of the DMZ like the discovered infiltration tunnels and tourist observatories. Usually when traveling within the Civilian Control Zone, South Korean soldiers accompany tourist buses and cars as armed guards to monitor the civilians as well as to protect them from North Korean intruders.

== Storia ==

Right after the [[Korean Armistice Agreement|ceasefire]], the Civilian Control Zone outside the DMZ encompassed 100 or so empty villages. The government implemented migration measures to attract settlers into the area. As a result, in 1983, when the area delineated by the Civilian Control Line was at its largest, a total of 39,725 residents in 8,799 households were living in the 81 villages located within the Civilian Control Zone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreana.or.kr/user/0003/nd6245.do?View&boardNo=00000415&pubLang=English&pubYear=2016&pubMonth=AUTUMN&zineInfoNo=0003|title=Kor|last=|first=|date=|website=Koreana: Korean culture & arts|language=ko|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=November 2018}}

In seguito all'inaugurazione della tratta [[Ferrovia Napoli-Bari|Napoli-Bari AV]] la stazione sarà dismessa e sostituita da una nuova fermata sotterranea<ref>{{Cita web|lingua=it|autore=Francesco Alberti|url=https://buonasera24.it/news/cronaca/884133/alta-velocita-bari-napoli-completati-i-primi-binari-la-galleria-di-casalnuovo-scavata-con-tecnologia-iperbarica.html|titolo=Alta Velocità Bari-Napoli, completati i primi binari: la galleria di Casalnuovo scavata con tecnologia iperbarica|sito=buonasera24.it|data=2025-03-21|accesso=2025-07-19}}</ref>, situata a Via Pablo Neruda in quello che è ufficialmente Comune di [[Afragola]].<ref>https://va.mite.gov.it/File/Documento/317636</ref>

Most of the tourist and media photos of the "DMZ fence" are actually photos of the CCL fence. The actual DMZ fence on the Southern Limit Line is completely [[Limited-access road|off-limits]] to everybody except soldiers and it is illegal to take pictures of the DMZ fence. The CCL fence acts more as a deterrent for South Korean civilians from getting too close to the dangerous DMZ and is also the final barrier for North Korean [[Infiltration tactics|infiltrators]] if they get past the Southern Limit Line DMZ fence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/277646914_fig1_Figure-1-A-map-of-the-study-site-presenting-the-___location-of-Military-Demarcation |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-03-11 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312055444/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/277646914_fig1_Figure-1-A-map-of-the-study-site-presenting-the-___location-of-Military-Demarcation |archivedate=12 March 2017 }} / up-close map of CCL/CCZ/Southern Limit Line. Retrieved 10 March 2017</ref>

== Strutture e impianti ==

==Neutral Zone of the Han River Estuary==

La fermata, situata al km 2+609, sarà in galleria.

The whole estuary of the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] is deemed a "Neutral Zone" and is off-limits to all civilian vessels and is treated like the rest of the DMZ. Only [[Military vessel|military vessels]] are allowed within this neutral zone.

È servita da due marciapiedi di lunghezza pari a 300 m.<ref>https://va.mite.gov.it/File/Documento/320364 p.11</ref>

According to the July 1953 [[Korean Armistice Agreement]] civil [[Freight transport|shipping]] was supposed to be permissible in the Han River estuary and allow Seoul to be connected to the [[Yellow Sea]] (West Sea) via the Han River.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-04-14 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164517/http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html |archivedate=5 March 2014 }} Article 1, Section 5. Retrieved 11 March 2017</ref> However, both Koreas and the UNC failed to make this happen. The South Korean government ordered the construction of the [[Ara Canal]] to finally connect [[Seoul]] to the Yellow Sea, which was completed in 2012. Seoul was effectively landlocked from the ocean until 2012. The biggest limitation of the Ara Canal is it is too narrow to handle any vessels except small tourist boats and recreational boats, so Seoul still cannot receive large commercial ships or passenger ships in its port.

In recent years [[China|Chinese]] fishing vessels have taken advantage of the tense situation in the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] Estuary Neutral Zone and illegally fished in this area due to both the [[Korean People's Navy|North Korean]] and [[Republic of Korea Navy|South Korean]] navies never patrolling this area due to the fear of naval battles breaking out. This has led to [[Naval combat|firefights]] and sinkings of boats between Chinese fishermen and the [[South Korean Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/south-korea-to-respond-to-illegal-fishing-with-force |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-03-11 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312070836/http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/south-korea-to-respond-to-illegal-fishing-with-force |archivedate=12 March 2017 }} Retrieved 11 March 2017</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiskerforum.dk/en/news/b/han-river-crackdown |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-03-11 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312060747/http://www.fiskerforum.dk/en/news/b/han-river-crackdown |archivedate=12 March 2017 }} Retrieved 11 March 2017</ref>

On January 30, 2019 North Korean and South Korean military officials signed a landmark agreement that would open the Han River Estuary to civilian vessels for the first time since the Armistice Agreement in 1953. The agreement will take effect on April 1, 2019 on a trial basis for a few vessels at first and then later will increase in stages gradually until freedom of passage will be granted to any large private ship, like a large cruise or cargo ship, who wishes to travel to Seoul as a final destination via the Han River.<ref>http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/880735.html . Retrieved 11 February 2019.</ref><ref>https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190130008700315 . Retrieved 11 February 2019.</ref>

==Castello di Gung Ye==

Within the DMZ itself, in the town of [[Cheorwon]], is the old capital of the kingdom of [[Taebong]] (901–918), a regional upstart that became [[Goryeo]], the dynasty that ruled a [[History of Korea|united Korea]] from 918 to 1392.

[[Taebong]] was founded by the charismatic leader [[Gung Ye]], a brilliant if tyrannical one-eyed ex-[[Buddhist monk]]. Rebelling against the kingdom of [[Silla]], Korea's then ruling dynasty, he proclaimed the kingdom of [[Taebong]]—also called Later Goguryeo, in reference to the ancient kingdom of [[Goguryeo]] (37BCE-668CE)—in 901, with himself as king. The kingdom consisted of much of central Korea, including areas around the DMZ. He placed his capital in [[Cheorwon]], a mountainous region that was easily defensible (in the Korean War, this same region would earn the name "the [[Iron Triangle (Korea)|Iron Triangle]]").

As a former Buddhist monk, [[Gung Ye]] actively promoted the religion of [[Buddhism]] and incorporated Buddhist ceremonies into the new kingdom. Even after Gung Ye was [[Dethroning|dethroned]] by his own generals and replaced by [[Wang Geon]], the man who would rule over a united Korea as the first king of [[Goryeo]], this Buddhist influence would continue, playing a major role in shaping the culture of medieval Korea.

As the ruins of Gung Ye's capital lie in the DMZ itself, visitors cannot see them. Moreover, excavation work and research have been hampered by political realities. In the future, inter-Korean peace may allow for proper archaeological studies to be conducted on the castle site and other historical sites within and underneath the DMZ.<ref>Koehler, Rober. (2011). {{Google books|8FatCQAAQBAJ|''The DMZ: Dividing the Two Koreas''|page=108}}</ref>

The ruins of the capital city of Taebong, the ruins of the castle of Gung Ye, and King Gung Ye's [[tomb]] all lie within the DMZ and are off-limits to everybody except soldiers who patrol the DMZ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://leekihwan.khan.kr/368 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-03-11 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312060535/http://leekihwan.khan.kr/368 |archivedate=12 March 2017 }} Retrieved 10 March 2017. Many pictures, maps, and description of the old Taebong capital that is stuck in the middle of the DMZ.</ref>

== Trasporti ==

[[File:Donghae-bukbu line on Korean DMZ.JPG|thumb|The Donghae Bukbu Line on Korea's east coast. The road and rail link was built for South Koreans visiting the [[Mount Kumgang Tourist Region]] in the North.]]

[[File:DMZ train Seoul to Dorasan.jpg|thumb|[[DMZ Train]] tour organized by Korail]]

[[Panmunjeom]] is the site of the negotiations that ended the Korean War and is the main center of human activity in the DMZ. The village is located on the main highway and near a railroad connecting the two Koreas.

The railway, which connects Seoul and [[Pyongyang]], was called the [[Gyeongui Line]] before division in the 1940s. Currently the South uses the original name, but the North refers to the route as the P'yŏngbu Line. The railway line has been mainly used to carry materials and South Korean workers to the [[Kaesong Industrial Region]]. Its reconnection has been seen as part of the general improvement in the relations between North and South in the early part of this century. However, in November 2008 North Korean authorities closed the railway amid growing tensions with the South.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.scotsman.com/northkorea/Last-train-to-Kaesong-as.4744792.jp|title=Last train to Kaesong as Korean relations cool|date=2008-11-28|publisher=News.Scotman.Com|___location=Edinburgh|first=Jae-Soon|last=Chang}}</ref> Following the death of former [[President of South Korea|South Korean President]] [[Kim Dae-jung]], conciliatory talks were held between South Korean officials and a North Korean delegation who attended Kim's funeral. In September 2009, the Kaesong rail and road crossing was reopened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/375550.html |title=Inter-Korean economic cooperation Kaesong office reopens |publisher=Englishhani |date=2009-09-07 |accessdate=2009-09-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722143648/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/375550.html |archivedate=22 July 2011 }}</ref>

The road at Panmunjeom, which was known historically as ''Highway One'' in the South, was originally the only access point between the two countries on the Korean Peninsula. Passage is comparable to the strict movements that occurred at [[Checkpoint Charlie]] in Berlin at the height of the [[Cold War]]. Both North and South Korea's roads end in the JSA; the highways do not quite join as there is a {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} concrete line that divides the entire site. People given the rare permission to cross this border must do so on foot before continuing their journey by road.

In 2007, on the east coast of Korea, the first train crossed the DMZ on the new [[Donghae Bukbu Line|Donghae Bukbu (Tonghae Pukpu) Line]]. The new rail crossing was built adjacent to the road which took South Koreans to [[Mount Kumgang Tourist Region]], a region of significant cultural importance for all Koreans. More than one million civilian visitors crossed the DMZ until the route was closed following the shooting of a 53-year-old South Korean tourist in July 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-07/12/content_6839889.htm |title=ROK woman tourist shot dead at DPRK resort |newspaper=[[China Daily]] |date=2008-07-12 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217140840/http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-07/12/content_6839889.htm |archivedate=17 February 2012 }}</ref> After a [[Joint investigation team|joint investigation]] was rebuffed by North Korea, the South Korean government suspended tours to the resort. Since then the resort and the Donghae Bukbu Line have effectively been closed by North Korea.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7539368.stm |title=N Korea steps up row with South |publisher=BBC |date=2008-08-03 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930093913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7539368.stm |archivedate=30 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8639065.stm |title=North Korea 'to seize property at Kumgang resort' |publisher=BBC |date=2010-04-23}}</ref> Currently, the South Korean [[Korea Railroad Corporation]] (Korail) organizes tours to DMZ with special DMZ themed trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letskorail.com/ebizbf/EbizBfAboutDmz_Train.do|title=Korail|website=www.letskorail.com}}</ref>

On 14 October 2018, North and South Korea, agreed to meet the summit's goal of restoring railway and road transportation which had been cut since the Korean War by either late November or early December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-southkorea-idUSKCN1MP0D0|title=Koreas to reconnect roads, rail, U.S. concerned over easing sanctions|date=15 October 2018|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> Road and railway transportation along the DMZ was reconnected in November 2018.<ref name=nov22kr /><ref name=nov22 /><ref name=nov30 />

== Riserva naturale ==

In the past half century, the Korean DMZ has been a deadly place for humans, making habitation impossible. Only around the village of [[Panmunjom]] and more recently the Donghae Bukbu Line on Korea's east coast have there been regular incursions by people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/apr/13/wildlife-thriving-korean-demilitarised-zone |title=How wildlife is thriving in the Korean peninsula's demilitarised zone |first=Lisa |last=Brady |date=13 April 2012 |publisher= |via=The Guardian |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905181630/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/apr/13/wildlife-thriving-korean-demilitarised-zone |archivedate=5 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/ice/DMZ.HTM |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-09-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520080629/http://www1.american.edu/TED/ice/DMZ.HTM |archivedate=20 May 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

This natural isolation along the {{convert|250|km|abbr=on}} length of the DMZ has created an [[involuntary park]] which is now recognized as one of the most well-preserved areas of temperate [[habitat]] in the world.<ref name="Green"/> In 1966 it was first proposed that the DMZ be turned into a [[national park]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paige |first= Glenn D. |authorlink=Glenn D. Paige |date=January 1967 |title= 1966: Korea Creates the Future |jstor= 2642450|journal= [[Asian Survey]] - A Survey of Asia in 1966: Part I|volume= 7|issue=1 |pages=21–30 |doi= 10.2307/2642450}}</ref>

Several [[Endangered species|endangered animal and plant species]] now exist among the heavily fortified fences, [[landmines]] and listening posts. These include the endangered [[red-crowned crane]] (a staple of Asian art), the [[white-naped crane]], and, potentially, the extremely rare [[Siberian tiger]],<ref name="Green">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/08/22/korea.bio.dmz/ |title=Korea's DMZ: The thin green line |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2009-07-30 |date=2003-08-22 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805110227/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/08/22/korea.bio.dmz/ |archivedate=5 August 2009 }}</ref> [[Amur leopard]], and [[Asiatic black bear]]. [[Ecologist]]s have identified some 2,900 plant species, 70 types of mammals and 320 kinds of birds within the narrow buffer zone.<ref name="Green"/> Additional surveys are now being conducted throughout the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=199457&rel_no=1 |title=Korean 'Tigerman' Prowls the DMZ |publisher=International Korean News |accessdate=2009-07-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813200543/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=199457&rel_no=1 |archivedate=13 August 2009 }}</ref>

The DMZ owes its varied [[biodiversity]] to its geography, which crosses mountains, prairies, swamps, lakes, and tidal marshes. [[Environmentalist|Environmentalists]] hope that the DMZ will be conserved as a [[nature reserve|wildlife refuge]], with a well-developed set of objective and management plans vetted and in place. In 2005, [[CNN]] founder and [[media mogul]] [[Ted Turner]], on a visit to North Korea, said that he would financially support any plans to turn the DMZ into a peace park and a UN-protected [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-11-18-turnerdmz_x.htm |title=Ted Turner: Turn Korean DMZ into peace park |newspaper=USA TODAY |date=2005-11-18 |accessdate=2010-05-07 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206190920/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-11-18-turnerdmz_x.htm |archivedate=6 December 2009 }}</ref>

In September 2011, South Korea submitted a nomination form to [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]] (MAB) in [[UNESCO]] for designation of {{convert|435|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the southern part of the DMZ below the Military Demarcation Line, as well as {{convert|2979|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in privately controlled areas, as a Biosphere Reserve according to the Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.<ref name="Nomination of Korea DMZ Biosphere Reserve">{{cite web|last=Choi |first=Chungil |title=Nomination of Korea DMZ Biosphere Reserve |url=ftp://ftp.unesco.org/upload/sc/Advisory_Cttee2012/New%20BRs/Korea/DMZ/Letter%20of%20endorsement-DMZ.pdf |accessdate=3 October 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=Al83tito |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The MAB National Committee of the Republic of Korea mentioned only the southern part of DMZ to be nominated since there was no response from [[Pyongyang]] when it requested Pyongyang to push jointly. North Korea is a member nation of the international coordinating council of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme, which designates Biosphere Reserves.<ref name="Seoul to seek UNESCO Biosphere Reserve status for DMZ">{{cite news|last=Kim |first=Jeong-su |title=Seoul to seek UNESCO Biosphere Reserve status for DMZ |url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/540913.html |accessdate=3 October 2012 |newspaper=Hankyoreh |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722081415/http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/540913.html |archivedate=22 July 2012 }}</ref>

North Korea opposed the application as a violation of the armistice agreement during the council's meeting in Paris on 9 to 13 July 2011. The South Korean government's attempt to designate the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve was turned down at UNESCO's MAB council meeting in Paris in July 2012. Pyongyang expressed its opposition by sending letters to 32 council member countries, except for South Korea, and the UNESCO headquarters a month prior to the meeting. At the council meeting, Pyongyang said the designation violated the Armistice Agreement.<ref name="Biosphere reserve status for the DMZ is urgent">{{cite news|last=Cho |first=Do-soon |title=Biosphere reserve status for the DMZ is urgent |url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2957816 |accessdate=3 October 2012 |newspaper=JoonAng Daily |date=14 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621051310/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2957816 |archivedate=21 June 2013 }}</ref>

== Distruzione di posti di guardia ==

On 26 October 2018, South Korean major general Kim Do-gyun and North Korean lieutenant general An Ik San met in [[Tongilgak]] (the "Unification Pavilion"), a North Korean building located within the DMZ's Joint Security Area (JSA). There, they begun implementing new protocols which aim to reduce tension by requiring both North and South Korea to destroy 22 guard posts across the DMZ,<ref name="voaoct26">{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/koreas-continue-tension-easing-talks-as-the-north-criticizes-us/4630152.html|title=Koreas Continue Tension-Easing Talks as the North Criticizes US|last=Miller|first=Steve|work=VOA|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref> among other steps. Both generals approved requirements for the guard posts to be destroyed by the end of November 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/9e3311a2c2a9431198032cdd6e7e86a2|title=2 Koreas to destroy 22 front-line guard posts by November|date=2018-10-26|work=AP NEWS|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref> The JSA's guard posts were destroyed on 25 October 2018.<ref name=voaoct26 /><ref name="independentoct25">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theindependent.com/news/world/koreas-un-finish-withdrawing-firearms-from-border-village/image_55ab50f5-8704-5770-812d-87c7832e0568.html|title=2 Koreas to destroy 22 front-line guard posts by November|last=Jin-man|first=Lee|work=The Grand Island Independent|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref><ref name="yonhapoct25">{{Cite news|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/10/25/0200000000AEN20181025001351315.html|title=(LEAD) Two Koreas, UNC wrap up JSA disarmament|last=송상호|date=2018-10-25|work=Yonhap News Agency|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref> North and South Korea agreed to dismantle 11 guard posts located within their individual country and deemed as "front-line."<ref name="etoct26">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/2-koreas-to-destroy-11-front-line-guard-posts-by-november/articleshow/66377151.cms|title=2 Koreas to destroy 11 front-line guard posts by November|date=2018-10-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222722/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/2-koreas-to-destroy-11-front-line-guard-posts-by-november/articleshow/66377151.cms|archive-date=26 October 2018|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=reutersoct26 /><ref name=cgtnoct26 /> It was also agreed that after the posts are dismantled, both Koreas would also withdraw equipment and personnel stationed at each post as well.<ref name="reutersoct26">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-southkorea/north-and-south-korea-agree-to-scrap-22-guard-posts-at-border-next-month-idUSKCN1N0082|title=North and South Korea agree to scrap 22 guard posts at border next...|last=Shin|first=Hyonhee|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref> In tandem with the [[September 2018 inter-Korean summit#September 19 (Day 2)|September 2018 Pyongyang and Military Domain Agreements]],<ref name=reutersoct26 /><ref name=cgtnoct26 /><ref name=etoct26 /><ref>https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/Agreement%20on%20the%20Implementation%20of%20the%20Historic%20Panmunjom%20Declaration%20in%20the%20Military%20Domain.pdf</ref> both sides also agreed to gradually remove all guard posts near the DMZ following verification in December 2018.<ref name="cgtnoct26">{{Cite news|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d414e774d544d30457a6333566d54/share_p.html|title=Two Koreas agree to withdraw 11 guard posts in border area by late November|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref><ref name=reutersoct26 /><ref name=etoct26 />

However, all remaining troops and equipment, including weapons, were withdrawn from all of the 22 "frontline" guard posts before destruction began and both Koreas later agreed to individually destroy 10 of these guard posts instead of 11.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/north-and-south-korea-begin-destroying-border-guard-posts-10919016|title=North and South Korea begin destroying border guard posts|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=rappler11 /><ref name=latnov10 /><ref name=sfcnov10 />

On 4 November 2018, the North and South Korean governments hoisted a yellow flag above each of their 11 DMZ guard posts to publicly indicate that they all will be dismantled.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/868900.html|title=South and North Korea begin trial dismantlement of guard posts surrounding DMZ|website=english.hani.co.kr}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> On 10 November 2018, the withdrawal of military personnel and weapons from all of the DMZ's 22 "front-line" guard posts was completed.<ref name="latnov10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-korea-guard-post-withdrawals-20181110-story.html|title=In latest trust-building step, North and South Korean military finish withdrawal from front-line guard posts|last=Press|first=Associated|website=latimes.com|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref><ref>http://www.hastingstribune.com/koreas-complete-the-disarming-of-guard-posts/article_bddc8489-3eb5-5982-b626-a4ed5d6e69dc.html{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="sfcnov10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/world/article/North-South-dismantle-22-guard-posts-along-border-13380901.php|title=North, South dismantle 22 guard posts along border|date=2018-11-10|work=SFChronicle.com|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref> The destruction of 20 guard posts officially began on 11 November 2018.<ref name=nov11kh>http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20181111000255</ref><ref name=yonhapnov11>http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/11/11/0200000000AEN20181111005200320.html</ref> However, both Koreas amended the original agreement and decided to preserve 2 of the 22 now demilitarized frontline guard posts.<ref name=nov11kh /><ref name=yonhapnov11 /> Both of the posts which were planned to be preserved are located on the opposite sides of the Korean border.<ref name="rappler11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/216465-north-south-korea-begin-destroying-border-guard-posts|title=North and South Korea begin destroying border guard posts|work=Rappler|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref>

On 15 November 2018, destruction of two DMZ guard posts, one being located in South Korea and the other located in North Korea, was completed.<ref name=nov15>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2018/11/15/south-korea-destroys-guard-posts-along-border-with-north-korea.html|title=South Korea destroys guard posts along border with North Korea &#124; The Star|website=thestar.com}}</ref><ref name=mtnov15>{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/11/16/south-korea-dismantles-guard-posts-dynamite-excavators.html|title=South Korea Dismantles Guard Posts with Dynamite, Excavators|first=Hyung-jin|last=Kim|date=16 November 2018|website=Military.com}}</ref> Work was still ongoing to complete the destruction of other guard posts as well.<ref name=nov15 /><ref name=mtnov15 /> On 23 November 2018, it was revealed that South Korea was slowly destroying their guard posts with [[excavator]]s.<ref name=khnov23 />

On 20 November 2018, North Korea, hoping to further ease tensions with South Korea, destroyed all of their 10 remaining "frontline" guard posts.<ref name=abc11>{{Cite web|url=https://abc11.com/4726650/|title=North Korea detonates DMZ guard posts at southern border|date=21 November 2018|website=ABC11 Raleigh-Durham}}</ref><ref name=nov20>https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/seoul-north-korea-explodes-10-guard-posts-lower-59309949</ref> The South Korean Defense Ministry released photos confirming this and also released a statement stating that North Korea had informed them about the plans to demolish them before it took place.<ref name=nov20 /> This came in accordance with the earlier agreements.<ref name=abc11 /> South Korea also released videos of the guard posts being destroyed as well.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/north-korea-video-south-korea-dmz-guard-posts-explode-peace-agreement-border-a8643876.html</ref>

On 30 November 2018, both Koreas completed work to dismantle 10 of their "frontline" guard posts.<ref name=nov30 /><ref name=belarusnov30 /> However, the later agreement for each Korea to preserve one "frontline" post was upheld as well.<ref name=nov30 /> The "frontline" guard post which was preserved on the North Korean side of the DMZ was visited by Kim Jong Un in 2013 when tensions were rising between both Koreas.<ref name=khnov23>http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20181120000703</ref>

==Istituzione di zone cuscinetto, zone d'interdizione di volo e zone di pace del Mar Giallo==

On 1 November 2018, [[buffer zones]] were established across the DMZ by the North and South Korean militaries.<ref name=nov1 /> In compliance with the Comprehensive Military Agreement which was signed at the [[September 2018 inter-Korean summit]],<ref name=ncnkdirect /> the buffer zone helps ensure that both North and South Korea will effectively ban hostility on land, air, and sea.<ref name=nov1 /> Both Koreas are prohibited from conducting [[Live fire exercise|live-fire artillery drills]] and regiment-level field maneuvering exercises or those by bigger units within 5 kilometers of the Military Demarcation Line (MDL).<ref name="nov1">{{Cite news|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/11/01/0200000000AEN20181101002500315.html|title=Koreas halt all 'hostile' military acts near border|last=이치동|date=2018-11-01|work=Yonhap News Agency|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref> The buffer zones stretch from the north of Deokjeok Island to the south of Cho Island in the West Sea and the north of [[Sokcho]] city and south of Tongchon County in the East (Yellow) Sea.<ref name="ncnkdirect">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/10/two-koreas-end-military-drills-begin-operation-of-no-fly-zone-near-mdl-mnd/|title=Two Koreas end military drills, begin operation of no-fly zone near MDL: MND {{!}} NK News - North Korea News|date=2018-10-31|work=NK News - North Korea News|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[No-fly zones]] have also been established along the DMZ to ban the operation of drones, helicopters and other aircraft over an area up to {{Convert|40|km||abbr=on}} away from the MDL.<ref name=nov1 /> For [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]], within {{Convert|15|km||abbr=on}} from the MDL in the East and {{Convert|10|km||abbr=on}} from the MDL in the West.<ref name=nov1effect /> Hot-air balloons cannot travel within {{Convert|25|km||abbr=on}} of the DMZ as well.<ref name=nov1effect /> For fixed-wing aircraft, no fly zones are designated within {{Convert|40|km||abbr=on}} from the MDL in the East (between MDL Markers No. 0646 and 1292) and within {{Convert|20|km||abbr=on}} of the MDL in the West (between MDL Markers No. 0001 and 0646).<ref name=ncnkdirect /> For [[rotary-wing aircraft]], the no fly zones are designated within {{Convert|10|km||abbr=on}} of the MDL.<ref name=ncnkdirect />

Both Koreas also created "peace zones" near their [[Border dispute|disputed]] Yellow Sea border.<ref name=nov1 />

==Reconnecting of MDL-crossing road==

On 22 November 2018, North and South Korea completed construction to connect a three kilometer road along the DMZ, 90 km northeast of Seoul.<ref name=nov22kr>https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20181122006452315?section=national/defense</ref><ref name=nov22>https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/south-north-korea-connect-border-road-through-dmz/1318769</ref> This road, which crosses the Korean MDL land border, consists of 1.7 km in South Korea and 1.3 km in North Korea.<ref name=nov22 /> The road was reconnected for the first time in 14 years in an effort to assist with a process at the DMZ's Arrowhead Hill involving the removal of landmines and exhumation of Korean War remains.<ref>http://www.asianews.it/news-en/After-14-years,-a-road-to-unite-the-Koreas-and-recover-the-remains-of-the-fallen-45545.html</ref><ref>https://www.yahoo.com/news/north-south-korea-join-roads-124905264.html</ref><ref>https://www.cairnspost.com.au/news/national/north-and-south-korea-join-roads-after-14-years/video/af8a644187eb15024a900b16826ebd24</ref>

==Presenza di mine terrestri e residui della Guerra di Corea==

On 1 October 2018, North and South Korean military engineers began a scheduled 20 day removal process of landmines and other explosives planted across the DMZ's [[Joint Security Area]] of the (DMZ).<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/01/north-south-korea-begin-removing-landmines-along-fortified-border/</ref><ref name=bbckoreaoct /><ref name=oct1>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/north-korea-south-korea-removing-land-mines-dmz-panmunjom-arrow-head-hill/</ref> Work to remove landmines from the Joint Security Area was completed on 25 October 2018.<ref>http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3054494</ref><ref>https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2018/10/356_257291.html</ref><ref>https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2018&no=653231</ref><ref name=bbckoreaoct /> Demining had begun at the DMZ's Arrowhead Hill and resulted in the discovery of Korean War remains.<ref name=oct25nov30>https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-korea-finds-war-remains-border-demining-58732705</ref><ref>https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20181025/news/310259972</ref> Work between both Koreas to remove landmines from Arrowhead Hill was completed on 30 November 2018.<ref name=nov30kr>https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20181130002400315</ref><ref name=belarusnov30>https://eng.belta.by/society/view/koreas-complete-work-on-removing-some-guard-posts-land-mines-in-dmz-116996-2018/</ref>

==Servizi di trasporto inter-coreano==

On 30 November 2018, following the removal of the "frontline" guard posts and Arrowhead Hill landmines, railroad transportation between North and South Korea which ceased in November 2008 resumed.<ref name=nov30>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/30/first-train-decade-departs-south-korea-north-korea/</ref> The same day, 30 officials from both North and South Korea started an 18-day survey of a 400-kilometre (248-mile) railroad section in North Korea alongside the DMZ between Kaesong and Sinuiju.<ref name=voanov30>https://www.voanews.com/a/koreas-survey-railway-tracks-cut-since-the-korean-war/4681029.html</ref><ref name="auto">https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2018/11/356_259637.html</ref> Efforts to conduct the survey had previously been obstructed due to the presence of the guard posts and the Arrowhead Hill landmines.<ref name=nov30 /> The survey will then follow the groundbreaking of a new railroad along the DMZ.<ref name="auto"/> The railway survey which involved the [[Gyeongui Line]] concluded on 5 December 2018.<ref>http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20181205000785</ref>

On 8 December 2018, a South Korean bus crossed the DMZ into North Korea.<ref name=dec8 /> The same day, the officials who conducted the inter-Korean survey for the Gyeongui Line began surveying the [[Donghae Line]].<ref name=dec8>http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=141408</ref>

== Passaggio di frontiera militare ==

Il 12 dicembre 2018, gli eserciti di entrambe le Coree hanno attraversato per la prima volta nella storia la LDM della ZDC nei paesi dell'opposizione per ispezionare e verificare la rimozione dei posti di guardia "di prima linea".<ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/north-korea-south-korea-troops-cross-demilitarized-zone-in-peace-first-time/</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/north-and-south-korean-soldiers-enter-each-others-territory/north-invades-the-south/slideshow/67057861.cms | title=North and South Korean soldiers enter each other's territory | date=12 December 2018 | newspaper=The Economic Times | accessdate=9 February 2019 }}</ref>

== Incontro di Trump, Kim e Moon presso la ZDC ==

{{Main|2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit}}

On 30 June 2019, U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] became the first sitting U.S. president to enter North Korea, doing so at the DMZ line.<ref>https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/president-trump-travel-dmz-meet-kim-jong/story?id=64042883</ref> After crossing into North Korea, Trump and Kim met and shook hands.<ref name="cnnjune30" /> Kim stated, in English, "It's good to see you again", "I never expected to meet you at this place" and "you are the first U.S. president to cross the border."<ref name=cnnjune30 /> Both men then briefly crossed the border line before crossing back into South Korea.<ref name=cnnjune30>https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/29/politics/kim-jong-un-donald-trump-dmz-north-korea/index.html</ref>

On the South Korean side of the of DMZ, Kim, Moon, and Trump held a brief chat before holding an hour-long [[2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit|meeting]] at the DMZ's [[Inter-Korean House of Freedom]].<ref>https://www.9news.com.au/world/trump-offers-to-meet-n-korea-s-kim-in-dmz/a39ece8d-fc6b-4ab8-81c8-af8b28f89415</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/06/30/trumps-press-secretary-bruised-after-jostling-with-north-korea-security-over-media-report-says/</ref>

== Voci correlate ==

* [[Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission]]

* [[Cortina di ferro]]

* [[Bamboo Curtain]]

* [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus]]

* [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone]]

* [[Peace lines]]

*[[Relazioni bilaterali tra Corea del Nord e Corea del Sud]]

== Note ==

<references />

== Altri progetti ==

==Bibliografia==

* {{cite book |title=Shield of the Great Leader. The Armed Forces of North Korea |last=Bermudez |first=Joseph S. |authorlink= |year=2001 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |___location=Sydney |series=The Armed Forces of Asia |isbn=978-1-86448-582-0 |pages= }}

*{{cite web |publisher=[[CNN World News]] |title=South Korea warns North will pay 'harsh price' over DMZ landmine blasts|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/09/asia/koreas-tensions/ |first1=Jethro |last1=Mullen |first2=Kathy |last2=Novak |date=10 August 2015 |accessdate=24 February 2017}}

* Elferink, Alex G. Oude, (1994). ''The Law of Maritime Boundary Delimitation: a Case Study of the Russian Federation.'' Dordrecht: [[Martinus Nijhoff]]. {{ISBN|9780792330820}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/law-of-maritime-boundary-delimitation-a-case-study-of-the-russian-federation/oclc/123566768 OCLC 123566768]

*{{cite web |ref=harv|url=http://www.mmg.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/wp/WP_14-07_Jung%20Ballooning%20Evangelism.pdf |title=Ballooning Evangelism: Psychological Warfare and Christianity in the Divided Korea |last=Jung |first=Jin-Heon |date=2014 |website=[[Max Planck Institute]] |series=MMG Working Paper|issue=14–07 |pages= 7–33 |access-date=27 June 2015 |format=PDF|issn=2192-2357}}

==Collegamenti esterni==

{{commons|Korean Demilitarized Zone}}

{{interprogetto}}

== Collegamenti esterni ==

* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/imcomkorea/sets/72157607715383952// U.S. Army official Korean Demilitarized Zone image archive]

* [http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/america/2008/01/too_sexy_for_the_dmz.html Washington Post Correspondent Amar Bakshi travels to the Korean Demilitarized Zone... And uncovers the world's most dangerous tourist trap], January 2008.

* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/n2271722420134m0/ Status and ecological resource value of the Republic of Korea's De-militarized Zone]

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6cIUKOqPMI Tour Of DMZ on YouTube. Dec. 2007]

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ediz1vuwt0 Tour of DMZ from the DPRK on YouTube, 2016]

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XK4PPmi6AE 360 degree tour of DMZ from the DPRK on YouTube, 2016]

* [http://www.dmzforum.org/ DMZ Forum: Collaborative international NGO focusing on promoting peace and conservation within the Korean DMZ region]

* [https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/power-players-abc-news/inside-tour-scariest-place-earth-072912137.html ABCNews/Yahoo! report/blog on the DMZ]

* [http://www.earthnutshell.com/the-worlds-most-dangerous-border-a-tour-of-north-koreas-dmz/ The World’s Most Dangerous Border – A Tour of North Korea’s DMZ] Visiting the DMZ from Pyongyang.

*[http://worldbybike.com/goodbye-north-korea/#gallery/3432/15253 Photo of road linking DPRK to Paju, ROK]

{{Navbox ferrovia

{{Portale|Corea|Corea del Nord|Corea del Sud}}

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|Direzione 1 = [[Napoli]]

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|Stazione precedente =

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