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{{Tassobox
|colore=Pink
|nome=Leopardo
|statocons=
|statocons_versione=iucn3.1
|statocons_ref=<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN|summ=
|immagine=
|didascalia=
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Riga 33:
|sottogenere=
|specie='''[[Panthera pardus|P. pardus]]'''
|sottospecie='''P. pardus
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|biautore=
Riga 39:
|bidata=
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|triautore=([[Wilhelm Friedrich Hemprich|Hemprich]] ed [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]]
|trinome=Panthera pardus
|tridata=[[
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|sinonimi?=
|sinonimi=
''P. p.
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Riga 54 ⟶ 51:
}}
Il '''leopardo
''Panthera pardus nimr'' si è affermato come [[sottospecie]] distinta dopo le analisi genetiche compiute su un esemplare in cattività originario di Israele o dell'Arabia meridionale, le quali hanno mostrato una stretta parentela con il [[Panthera pardus pardus|leopardo africano]] <ref>Uphyrkina, O., Johnson, W. E., Quigley, H., Miquelle, D. , Marker, L., Bush, M., O'Brien, S. (2001) Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus. Molecular Ecology (2001) 10: 2617–2633 [http://www.biosoil.ru/files/00001386.pdf download pdf].</ref> .
==Distribuzione e
Fino alla fine degli anni '60 il leopardo arabo era molto diffuso in quasi tutta la [[Penisola araba|Penisola Araba]]. Un tempo si incontrava anche nella parte settentrionale del Monte Libano (nell'Haqel), nell'[[Hijaz]] e sui [[Sarat|Monti Sarawat]] <ref name="nadar1989">Nader, I.A. (1989) ''Rare and endangered mammals of Saudi Arabia''. In: Abu-Zinada, A. H., Goriup, P. D., Nader, I. A. (Eds.) Wildlife Conservation and Development in Saudi Arabia, no. 3. N.C.W.C.D. Publication, Riyadh, pp. 220–233</ref> . Viveva anche sugli altopiani dello [[Yemen]] settentrionale, sui monti di [[Ras al-Khaima]], nella regione orientale degli [[Emirati Arabi Uniti]] e sui Monti Jebel Samhan e Dhofar dell'[[Oman]] <ref name="nadar1989" /> . The presumed distribution of leopards in Arabia extends along the mountains from Haqel in the north-west of Arabia, down to Yemen, and in the mountains of Hadarmout to north-east of Oman and the eastern mountains of the United Arab Emirates. In [[Saudi Arabia]], the leopard's habitat extends for about 1,700 km along the rugged arid to semi-arid mountains along the coast of the [[Red Sea]]. Leopards were found to occupy remote and rugged high-mountain areas that provided them with security and vantage points. The geographic range is poorly understood but generally considered as limited to the Arabian Peninsula, including Egypt's [[Sinai Peninsula]]. There is a very small population in Israel's [[Negev]] desert, estimated at 20 in the late 1970s.
The largest confirmed subpopulation inhabits the [[Dhofar Governorate|Dhofar]] Mountains of southern Oman. Each adult leopard has its own range, which it violently defends from other leopards of its own sex; however, a male's home range might overlap several other females' home ranges. Inside these ranges, the leopards hunt, mate, and raise young. In this arid terrain, they require large territories in order to find enough food, which means that even in the best of times the population is small and widespread.<ref name="mallon"/>
==Anatomy==
The leopard Panthera pardus is one of the most widely distributed and adaptable big cats in [[Oman]]. This cat has pelage hues that vary from pale yellow to deep golden or tawny and are patterned with [[Rosette (zoology)|rosettes]].<ref name=Seidensticker>Seidensticker, J., Lumpkin, S. (1991) Great Cats. Merehurst, London.</ref> At about 30 kg (65 pounds) for the male and around 20 kg (45 pounds) for the female, the Arabian leopard is much smaller than all of the [[Africa|African Leopard]] and [[Asia]]n subspecies.<ref name=Breitenmoser>Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. (2006) ''A framework for the conservation of the Arabian leopard.'' Cat News Special Issue 1: 44-47.</ref>
It is listed as Critically Endangered, as the effective population size is clearly below 250 mature individuals, with a continuing decline, and severely fragmented distribution with isolated subpopulations not larger than 50 mature individuals.<ref name=Breitenmoser/>
In the arid terrain of their [[habitat]], Arabian leopards require large territories in order to find enough food and water to survive. The male's territory usually overlaps those of one or more females, and is fiercely defended against other intruding males, although spatial overlap between male ranges is common.<ref name=Hellyer/>
Despite males and females sharing a range, they are solitary animals, only coming together to mate, which is very vocal and lasts for approximately five days.<ref name=UAEInteract>UAE Interact: Comprehensive news and information on the United Arab Emirates (April, 2006) http://www.uaeinteract.com/photofile/phf_arc16.asp</ref><ref name=Sharjah>Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife in Sharjah (April, 2006) http://www.breedingcentresharjah.com/Home.htm</ref> After a gestation period of around 100 days, a litter of one to four cubs is born in a sheltered area, such as a small cave or under a rock overhang.<ref name=UAEInteract/><ref name=Sharjah/> During the first few weeks the female frequently moves her cubs to different hiding places to reduce their risk of being discovered.<ref name=UAEInteract/> Although young open their eyes after about nine to ten days and begin to explore their immediate surroundings,<ref name=Sharjah/> they will not venture from the security of the den until at least four weeks old.<ref name=Hellyer/> Young are [[weaned]] at the age of three months but remain with their mother for up to two years whilst they learn the skills necessary to hunt and survive on their own.<ref name=Hellyer/>
==
The Arabian leopard seems to concentrate on small-to-medium-sized prey species such as [[mountain gazelle]], [[tahr|Arabian tahr]], [[rock hyrax]], [[hare]]s, [[bird]]s and possibly [[lizard]]s and [[insect]]s.<ref name=Kingdon279>Kingdon, J. (1990) Arabian Mammals. A Natural History. Academic Press Ltd. (279pp)</ref> The [[carcass]] of a large [[prey]] is usually stored in caves or lairs but nothing was seen to be stored in trees.<ref name=Kingdon279/>
==Threats and Conservation==
A 2006 Arabian Fauna Conservation Workshop estimated there were fewer than 200 leopards remaining on the [[Arabian Peninsula]], in three confirmed separate subpopulations.<ref name=mallon/> The actual distribution of the leopard in Arabia is not known exactly, mainly due to habitat destruction, killing and lack of ecological studies.<ref name=CAMP>CAMP (2002). The threatened fauna of Arabia's mountain habitat, Final report. EPAA, UAE, Sharjah.</ref> Some reports indicate that the leopard population has decreased drastically in Arabia due to killing by shepherds and villagers after leopard raids on their [[livestock]] making them an enemy of farmers.<ref name=CAMP/> In addition, hunting of leopard prey, such as hyrax and ibex by local; inhabitant and habitat fragmentation, especially in the Sarawat Mountains, have made the survival of the leopard uncertain.<ref name=CAMP/> The reduced leopard population in Arabia requires immediate action to avoid further losses and [[extinction]].<ref name=Sanborn229>Sanborn, C. Hoogstral, H. (1953) Some mammals of Yemen and their parasites. Fieldiana Zoology 34 (1953): p. 229.</ref> Recent reports point out that the numbers of leopards are decreasing drastically due to killing by hunters, and habitat degradation and fragmentation.<ref name=Sanborn229/> Together with the killing and [[poison]]ing of the leopard, decreased availability of prey might bring about its extinction.<ref name=Kingdon279/> Other reasons for killing leopards are for personal satisfaction and pride, traditional [[medicine]] and hides.<ref name=CAMP/> Some leopards are killed accidentally when eating poisoned carcasses intended for [[wolves]] and [[hyenas]].<ref name=CAMP/>
A successful [[Conservation biology|conservation]] strategy must promote the awareness of the importance of leopard conservation, employing the media and perhaps other sources for basic education programs. The support and involvement of people living close to leopard habitats are vital in such efforts. This is true not only because they might affect the conservation of the leopard in one way or another, but also because they depend on their livestock which could be killed occasionally by leopards. Although it is not always practical, compensation for lost livestock from leopard predation should be considered.<ref name=Anderson>Anderson, D. Grove, A. (1989) Conservation of Africa: People, Politics and Practice. Cambridge University Press, New York.</ref>
== Alimentazione/Caccia ==▼
Revenue from sources such as hunting rights and [[ecotourism]], services such as roads and school employment in protected areas would encourage local residents to participate in leopard conservation. Furthermore, well-managed protected areas will ensure the continued survival of the species until other factors enhancing its survival become effective. Public awareness, fruitful consideration of the needs of local people and ecological studies may take years to be useful.<ref name=Bailey429>Bailey, T. N. (1993) The African leopard: Ecology and Behavior of a Solitary Felid. Columbia University Press, New York.</ref>
== Biologia ==▼
The 4,500 km<sup>2</sup> Jabal Samhan Nature Reserve was established there in 1997 after camera trap records of leopards were obtained; camera trapping since then has identified 17 individual adult leopards, including one cub. Camera trapping has also confirmed the presence of 9-11 leopards in the mountains that run west of the reserve to the Yemen border. At least ten wild leopards were live-captured in Yemen since the early 1990s and sold to zoos; some have been placed in conservation breeding centers in the UAE and Saudi Arabia.<ref name=mallon/> Additionally, a detailed study of leopard distribution and habitat requirement is needed for the management of the species. The ecological information needed include data on feeding behavior, range use and reproduction. This information is of great importance to the survival of the species. There are many sites already surveyed and considered to be suitable for preservation for leopards in the plan adopted by the national commission for wildlife conservation and development. These areas include Jebel Fayfa, Jebel Al-Qahar, Jebel Shada, which has already been gazetted as a protected area, Jebel Nees, Jebel Wergan, Jebel Radwa and Harrat Uwayrid. The formal establishment of some of these areas is now urgent.<ref name=mallon/>
Il '''leopardo arabo''' ('''''Panthera pardus nimr''''') è una sottospecie di [[leopardo]] più piccola dei suoi cugini di [[Asia]] ed [[Africa]]. Questa sottospecie è criticamente minacciata e le sue popolazioni sono ancora in declino. Il leopardo arabo vive in [[Israele]], [[Arabia Saudita]], [[Emirati Arabi Uniti|UAE]], [[Yemen]] e [[Oman]].
== Habitat e comportamento ==
Non si trovano leopardi in aperto [[deserto]] e nelle boscaglie, ma invece vivono sulle alte montagne dell'[[penisola arabica|Arabia]], dove [[predazione|predano]] [[Capra nubiana|capre di montagna]], [[Vulpes|volpi]] e altri animali di montagna. Sia i maschi che le femmine adulti posseggono un proprio territorio che difendono violentemente dagli altri leopardi dello stesso sesso; comunque, il territorio di un maschio si può sovrapporre a quello di alcune femmine. All'interno di questi territori, i leopardi cacciano, si accoppiano e allevano i piccoli. Su questi terreni aridi, essi necessitano di vasti territori per trovare cibo sufficiente, il che significa che anche in tempi migliori non ci siano mai stati molti leopardi in quest'area.
Di colore molto chiaro, è presente solo una colorazione giallo oro intenso tra le rosette nere presenti sul dorso dell'animale, mentre il resto del corpo varia dal beige al bianco-grigiastro. Con circa 30 kg per il maschio e circa 20 kg per la femmina, il leopardo arabo è molto più piccolo della maggior parte delle razze africane e asiatiche.
Dal momento che molte delle loro prede naturali, come il tahr e la gazzella di montagna, sono virtualmente estinte, i leopardi arabi hanno spesso rivolto la loro attenzione al bestiame domestico, soprattutto alle capre, per il proprio sostentamento, entrando così in diretto conflitto con l'uomo. Predano anche volpi, od ogni altro piccolo mammifero o uccello, e possono anche nutrirsi facilmente di carogne. Questi animali elusivi cacciano soprattutto verso l'alba e il crepuscolo, ma rimangono attivi per tutta la notte, mentre trascorrono le ore calde della giornata in un luogo ombreggiato da cui possano osservare l'ambiente circostante.
== Popolazione ==
Questa sottospecie di leopardo è criticamente minacciata. Il gran numero di uccisioni da parte dei cacciatori agli inizi degli anni '90 ha innescato un progetto di conservazione, guidato dall'Arabian Leopard Trust, che aiuta a preservare l'habitat montano con tutti i suoi abitanti. In tutta la penisola arabica la loro popolazione si aggira solamente sui 100 esemplari e nessuna sottopopolazione ha più di 50 individui. Malgrado questo, il loro numero sta ancora scendendo rapidamente. Persecuzioni e uccisioni per il controllo degli animali nocivi e anche cacce continuano ancora oggi. In Israele ne vivono 15-18 in tutto il [[Negev]] e l'[[Wadi Araba|Arava]].
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