Utente:Ub/Sandbox: differenze tra le versioni
Contenuto cancellato Contenuto aggiunto
Ub (discussione | contributi) |
Ub (discussione | contributi) |
||
Riga 10:
'''Crystallization''' is a [[unit process]] through which a chemical compound, dissolved in a given solvent, precipitates in controlled conditions to allow successive separation between the phases.
Crystallization is therefore an aspect of [[precipitation (chemistry)| precipitation]], obtained through a variation of the [[solubility]] conditions of the [[solution|solute]] in the [[solvent]], as compared to precipitation due to chemical reaction.
===History===
Crystallization is one of the pristine
Other crystallization processes, for example in [[sucrose]] production (this is the crystalline product having the largest word production, followed by sodium chloride), or used in [[pigment]] manufacturing, were used in ancient times: thes eproducts were sometime produced crystallizing the solutes of some more or less natural brine.
In more recent times, the fast expansion of chemical industry has required a thorough study of the dynamics of '''crystallization''', and this unit operation is now used in many branches of chemical engineering. Mass products, such as [[sodium chloride|table salt]], [[sucrose|sugar]], [[sodium sulfate|sodium sulphate]], [[urea]]. just to name a few, are produced by crystallization from solutions.
'''Crystallizer''' technology has progressed alongside with the new processes. Once simple [[tank|tanks]] in which, through [[cooling]], [[evaporation]] or maybe through [[pH]] variation a crystal was obtained, nowadays continuous machines ensure a remarkable constance in the product characteristics. Among the first models of modern crystallizers were probably the ''calandria'' type, being today the standard crystallizer for sucrose, and the ''Oslo'', named after the [[Oslo|Norwegian capital]], since it was developed to produce [[table salt|salt]] in a climate not particularly fit for solar ponds, salt being widely used in [[Norway]] in [[stockfish]] production. The Oslo type was probably the first crystallizer designed specifically for the control of crystal growth.
Riga 60:
* It is of course not applicable to compounds having ''reverse'' solubility, a term to indicate that solubiliti increases with temperature decrease (an example is sodium sulphate in the picture, where solubility is reverse above 32.5 °C).
=====
The simplest cooling crystallizers are tanks provided with a [[mixer]] for internal circulation, where temperature decrease is obtained by heat exchange with an intermediate fluis circulatin in a jacket. These simple machines are used in batch processes, as in processing of [[pharmaceuticals]] and are prone to scaling. batch processes normally provide a relatively variable quality of product along the batch.
[[Image:DTB_Xls.png|frame|left|Cristallizzatore tipo DTB]]▼
The ''Swenson-Walker'' crystallizer is a model, specifically conceived by Swenson Co. around [[1920]], having a semicylindric horizontal hollow trough in which a hollow [[screw]] conveyor or some hollow discs, in which a refrigerating fluid is circulated. The refrigerating fluid is sometimes circulated in a jacket around the trough. Crystals precipitate either on the bottom of the trough, or on the surface of the screw/discs, from which they are removed by scrapers. The screw, if provided, pushes the slurry towards a discharge port.
A common practice is to cool the solutions by flash evaporation: A liquid at a given T<sub>0</sub> temperature is transferred in a chamber at a pressure P<sub>1</sub> such that the liquid saturation temperature T<sub>1</sub> at P<sub>1</sub> is lower than T<sub>0</sub>, the liquid will release [[heat]] according to the temperature difference and a quantity of solvent, whose total [[latent heat]] of vaporization equals the difference in [[enthalpy]]. In simple words, I cool the liquid by evaporating a part of it.
Qualunque sia la forma del cristallizzatore, per tenere conto dei parametri sopra indicati, è importante controllare il tempo di ritenzione e la quantità di cristalli, in modo da ottenere le migliori condizioni di superficie specifica del cristallo, e quindi l'accrescimento più rapido. Ciò si ottiene realizzando una zona di separazione dei cristalli dalla massa liquida, solitamente per [[sedimentazione]] naturale. In genere i cristalli vengono riciclati nella massa liquida, mentre la soluzione chiarificata (ed esausta) viene estratta. Un caso tipico di applicazione è il cristallizzatore tipo DTB (''Draft Tube and Baffle''), ideato da Richard C. Bennett alla fine degli anni '50. (si narra anzi che il nome derivi da quello dell'inventore, detto Dick Bennett, ma nessuno ha mai trovato la ragione della T). Nel DTB (vedi figura) la circolazione è assicurata da un elica a flusso assiale (in giallo) intubata che spinge verso l'alto, mentre all'esterno del cristallizzatore vero e proprio vi è una corona circolare in cui la soluzione esausta risale a bassa velocità, consentendo la sedimentazione dei cristalli, che vengono risucchiati dal flusso discendente. Si ottiene così un controllo quasi perfetto di tutti i parametri della cristallizzazione.▼
====Evaporative crystallization====
Another option is to obtain, at an approximately constant temperature, the precipitation of the crystals by increasing the solute concentration above the solubility threshold. To obtain this, I have to increase the solute/solvent mass ratio using the technique of [[evaporation]]. This process is of course insensitive to change in temperature (as long as hydration state remains unchanged).
Al consideration on control of crystallization parameters are the same as for the cooling models.
=====Evaporative crystallizers=====
Most of industrial crystallizers are of the evaporative type, such as the very large [[sodium chloride]] and [[sucrose]]units, whose production accounts for more than 50 % of the total world production of crystals. The most common type is the ''forced circulation'' (FC) model (see [[evaporator]]). A pumping device (a [[pump]] or an axial flow [[mixer]] keeps the crystal [[slurry]] in homogeneous [[suspension]] throughout the tank, including the exchange surfaces; by controlling pump [[flow]] , control of the contact time of the crystal mass with the supersaturated solution is achieved, together with reasonable velocities at the exchange surfaces. The Oslo, mentioned above, is a refining of the evaporative forced circulation crystallizer, now equipped with a large crystals settling zone to increase the retention time (usually low in the FC) and to roughly separate heavy slurry zones from clear liquid.
====General considerations on crystallizers====
▲
<nowiki>[[categoria:tecnologie chimiche]]</nowiki>
|