William Nelson Pendleton: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 10:17, 23 lug 2011

Versione delle 11:11, 23 lug 2011

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Tra i compagni di corso di Pendleton a West Point si trovavano i futuri generali della Confederazione, [[Joseph E. Johnston]], Robert E. Lee e [[John B. Magruder]] (coi quali era nella stessa camerata) e il futuro uomo politico e Presidente della Confederazione, [[Jefferson Davis]].<ref name=Krick48/> Ricevette il [[Brevetto (militare)|brevetto]] di [[sottotenente]] (second lieutenant) dell'[[Esercito degli Stati Uniti]] (US Army) il [[1° luglio]] del 1830. Lo stesso giorno Pendleton fu assegnato al II Artiglieria come sottotenente effettivo.<ref name=Eicher424/> Al suo [[reggimento]] fu ordinato di acquartierarsi a [[Fort Moultrie]] per difendere il porto di [[Charleston]] (South Carolina), ma Pendleton contrasse la [[malaria]] e fu riassegnato all'[[arsenale]] di [[Augusta]] (Georgia) per recuperare la propria salute. Il [[15 luglio]] 1831, sposò Anzolette Elizabeth Page, dalla quale ebbe quattro figli. Il loro unico maschio, [[Sandie Pendleton|Alexander Swift "Sandie" Pendleton]], avrebbe anch'egli servito la Confederazione come [[aiutante di campo]] di [[Stonewall Jackson]] e fu ucciso in azione come [[colonnello]] durante la [[Battaglia di Opequon|Terza Battaglia di Winchester]] il [[19 settembre]] 1864.<ref>Krick, p. 49; Wakelyn, p. 342.</ref> Sua figlia Susan sposerà il futuro generale confederato [[Edwin Gray Lee|Edwin G. Lee]] il [[16 novembre]] del 1856.

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Pendleton returned to West Point in 1831 to teach mathematics, and on October 27, 1832, he was transferred to the 4th U.S. Artillery. He resigned his U.S. Army commission a year later on October 31, 1833, reportedly due to the issue of [[Ordinance of Nullification|nullification]] in his home state.<ref>Wakelyn, p. 342.; Eicher, p. 424.</ref> In 1833 Pendleton joined the faculty at [[Bristol College, Pennsylvania|Bristol College]] in [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]], teaching mathematics. In 1837 he began serving in the same capacity at [[University of Delaware#History|Newark College]] in [[Delaware]]. That same year Pendleton was ordained an Episcopal priest in the state of Pennsylvania, and in 1840 he began teaching at the Episcopal Boy's High School in [[Wilmington, Delaware]]. Three years later he relocated to [[Baltimore, Maryland]], and in 1847 he gave up teaching and served as rector of [[All Saints' Church (Easton, Maryland)|All Saints' Church]]. In 1853 Pendleton returned to [[Virginia]] and became rector of Grace Church in [[Lexington, Virginia|Lexington]], and was there when the American Civil War began.<ref name=Wakelyn342>Wakelyn, p. 342</ref>

Pendleton returnedtornò toa West Point innel 1831 toper teachinsegnarvi mathematics,matematica ande on Octoberil [[27, ottobre]] 1832, hefu wastrasferito transferredal toIV the 4th U.SArtiglieria. Artillery.Si Hedimise resigneddall'Esercito hisdegli U.S.Stati ArmyUniti commissionun aanno year later ondopo, Octoberil [[31, ottobre]] 1833, reportedlya duecausa to(si thedisse) issuedell'approvazione ofnel suo Stato natale dell'[[Ordinance of Nullification|nullification]] in his home state.<ref>Wakelyn, p. 342.; Eicher, p. 424.</ref> InNel 1833 Pendleton joinedraggiunse the faculty atil [[Bristol College,]] ([[Pennsylvania|Bristol College]] ina [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]], teachingper mathematicsinsegnare matematica. InNel 1837 helavorò begancon servingle instesse themodalità samenel capacity[[Newark atCollege dell'[[University of Delaware#History|Newark College]] in [[Delaware]]. ThatQuello samestesso yearanno Pendleton wasfu ordainedordinato ansacerdote Episcopalepiscopale priestnello inStato the state ofdella Pennsylvania, ande innel 1840 hecominciò begana teachinginsegnare at thepresso l'Episcopal Boy's High School indi [[Wilmington,]] ([[Delaware]]). ThreeTre yearsanni laterpiù hetardi relocatedsi tospostò a [[Baltimore,]] ([[Maryland]],) ande innel 1847 heinsegnò gavee upfu teachingRettore and served as rector ofdella [[All Saints' Church (Easton, Maryland)|All Saints' Church]]. InNel 1853 Pendleton returnedritornò toin [[Virginia]] ande becamedivenne rectorRettore ofdella Grace Church indi [[Lexington, Virginia|Lexington]], ande wassi theretrovava whenlì thequando Americanesplose Civilla War[[Guerra begandi secessione]].<ref name=Wakelyn342>Wakelyn, p. 342</ref>

==Civil War service==

[[File:WNPendelton.jpg|thumb|William Pendleton]]

When the American Civil War commenced in 1861, Pendleton chose to follow the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate cause]]. On March 16 he entered the Regular Confederate Artillery with the rank of [[captain (land)|captain]], and on May 1 he was elected captain in the Virginia Artillery. He commanded a four-gun [[Artillery battery|battery]] called the Rockbridge Artillery, naming his guns "[[New Testament|Matthew, Mark, Luke, & John]]" after the [[Gospel]] writers.<ref>Eicher, p. 424; Wakelyn, p. 342; Warner, p. 234.</ref> On July 2 Pendleton participated in the minor [[Battle of Hoke's Run|Battle of Falling Waters]], where "he and his battery performed capably."<ref name=Krick50>Krick, p. 50.</ref> On July 13 Pendleton was promoted to [[colonel]] and began serving as chief of artillery for Brig. Gen. [[Joseph E. Johnston]]'s command during the [[First Battle of Bull Run]] on July 21. He was wounded in this fight, injured in an ear and his back.<ref name=Eicher424/>

==Servizio nel corso della Guerra di Secessione==

[[File:WNPendelton.jpg|thumb|William Pendleton]]

Quando cominciò la Guerra di Secessione nel 1861, Pendleton scelse 8come gran parte dei Virginiani) di unirsi alla [[Confederazione degli Stati d'America|causa confederata]]. Il [[16 marzo]] entrò nell'Artiglieria regolare confederata col rango di [[capitano]], e il [[1° maggio]] assunse servizio nella Virginia Artillery. Comandava una batteria di quattro cannoni, denominata Rockbridge Artillery, e i suoi pezzi erano chiamati come gli [[Evangelisti]]: Matthew, Mark, Luke & John (Matteo, Marco, Luca e Giovanni).<ref>Eicher, p. 424; Wakelyn, p. 342; Warner, p. 234.</ref> Il [[2 luglio]] Pendleton partecipò a uno scontro minore (la [[Battaglia di Hoke's Run]] detta anche "Battaglia di Falling Waters"", in cui "egli e la sua batteria operarono con capacità".<ref name=Krick50>Krick, p. 50.</ref> Il [[13 luglio]] Pendleton fu promosso [[colonnello]] e cominciò a servire come comandante delle artiglierie al comando del [[Brig. Gen.]] [[Joseph E. Johnston]] durante la [[Battaglia di Bull Run (prima)|prima battaglia di Bull Run]] (o "Prima Manassas") del [[21 luglio]]. Fu ferito a un'orecchia e alla schiena nel combattimento.<ref name=Eicher424/>

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Beginning in July 1861 Pendleton led the artillery of the [[Confederate Army of the Potomac]], and on March 14, 1862, he continued in this role after the army was renamed the Army of Northern Virginia. On March 26 he was promoted to [[Brigadier General (CSA)|brigadier general]].<ref>Wright, p. 78. Appointed from Virginia on March 26, 1862, to rank from and confirmed by the Confederate Congress on that same date.</ref> On July 3 Pendleton was again wounded when a mule from his artillery kicked him in the leg and possibly breaking one of his bones there.<ref name=Krick50/> His most noted Civil War performance occurred during the 1862 [[Maryland Campaign]]. On the evening September 19 Lee gave Pendleton command of the [[rearguard]] infantry following the [[Battle of Shepherdstown]], ordering him to hold the [[Potomac River]] crossings until the morning. Despite a commanding position from which to defend the fords, "Pendleton lost track of his forces and lost control of the situation." Awakening Lee after midnight, he frantically reported his position lost and all of his guns captured. This turned out to be a highly exaggerated and hasty account, as he lost only four guns, but he had pulled out the infantry "without sufficient cause." Richmond newspapers viciously reported on this incident for the remainder of the war, and unflattering rumors and jokes were spread by his own soldiers and throughout the army. At least one military court of inquiry was held to investigate Pendleton's actions at Shepherdstown.<ref>Krick, pp. 51-3.</ref>

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Pendleton was portrayed in the 2003 Civil War film ''[[Gods and Generals (film)|Gods and Generals]]''. The scene featured a conversation between Pendleton and [[Stonewall Jackson]] regarding his son, [[Sandie Pendleton|Alexander Swift "Sandie" Pendleton]], who was present. During the scene, Pendleton informed Jackson of the naming the howitzers Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John; to which, Jackson replied "I'm sure your men will spread the gospel wherever they encounter the enemy."

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==Voci correlate==

*[[Generali degli Stati Confederati d'America]]