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'''Procrastination''' is the deferment or avoidance of an action or task which requires completion by focusing on some other action or task. For the person procrastinating, this can result in a loss of productivity, stress and a sense of guilt. The act of reading this article may be considered procrastination by certain employers whose employees are not permitted to view non-job related websites on the internet. While it is normal for individuals to procrastinate to some degree, it becomes a problem when it impedes normal functioning. Chronic procrastination may be a sign of an underlying psychological or physiological disorder.
The word itself comes from the [[Latin]] word ''procrastinatus'': ''pro-'' (forward) and ''crastinus'' (of tomorrow). The term's first known appearance was in the [[17th century]], during a sermon by a Reverend Anthoney Walker on procrastination. The sermon reflected procrastination's connection at the time to task avoidance or delay, volition or will, and sin.
==Causes of Procrastination==
===Psychological===
The psychological causes of procrastination vary greatly, but generally surround issues of [[anxiety]], low sense of [[self-worth]], a self-defeating mentality or [[laziness]]. Procrastinators are also thought to have a higher-than-normal level of [[conscientiousness]], more based on the "dreams and wishes" of perfection or achievement in contrast to a realistic appreciation of their obligations and potential.<ref name="ref1">Strub, R. L. (1989). Frontal lobe syndrome in a patient with bilateral globus pallidus lesions. ''Archives of Neurology'' '''46''', 1024-1027.</ref>
===Physiological===
Research on the [[physiological]] roots of procrastination mostly surround the role of the [[prefrontal cortex]]. This area of the brain is responsible for executive brain functions such as planning, [[impulse control]], attention, and acts as a filter by decreasing distracting stimuli from other brain regions. Damage or low activation in this area can reduce an individual's ability to filter out distracting stimuli, ultimately resulting in poorer organization, a loss of attention and increased procrastination. This is similar to the prefrontal lobe's role in [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]], where underactivation is common. <ref name="ref1"/>
==Procrastination and Mental Health==
Procrastination can be a persistent and debilitating disorder in some people, causing significant psychological disability and dysfunction. These individuals may actually be suffering from an underlying mental health problem such as [[clinical depression|depression]] or Attention Deficit Disorder ([[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADD]]).
While procrastination is a behavioral condition, these underlying mental health disorders can be treated with medication and/or therapy. Medication can improve an individual's attention span (in the case of ADHD) or improve overall mood (in the case of depression). Therapy can be a useful tool in helping an individual learn new behaviors, overcome fears and anxieties, and achieve an improved quality of life. Thus it is important for people who chronically struggle with debilitating procrastination to see a trained [[psychotherapy|therapist]] or [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]] to see if an underlying mental health issue may be present.
Severe procrastination and/or ADD can cross over into [[internet addiction]] or [[computer addiction]]. In this instance the individual has a compulsion to avoid reality by surfing the web or playing video games (see [[Game addiction]]) or looking at online pornography (see [[Pornography addiction]]). Although these are relatively new phenomena, they are being considered as a psychiatric [[DSM-IV|diagnoses]] by mental health professionals.
==Perfectionism==
Traditionally, procrastination has been associated with [[perfectionism (psychology)|perfectionism]], a tendency to negatively evaluate outcomes and one's own performance, intense fear and avoidance of evaluation of one's abilities by others, heightened social self-consciousness and anxiety, recurrent low mood, and [[workaholic|workaholism]]. Slaney (1996) found that adaptive perfectionists were ''less'' likely to procrastinate than non-perfectionists, while maladaptive perfectionists (people who saw their perfectionism as a problem) had high levels of procrastination (and also of anxiety). <ref name="McGarvey">[http://www.rps.psu.edu/sep96/almost.html The Almost Perfect Definition], McGarvey. Jason A. (1996) </ref>
==Academic Procrastination ==
Procrastination is commonly noticed in the academic setting, where students are required to meet deadlines for assignments and tests in an environment which is full of events and activities which compete for the students' time and attention.
Some students struggle with procrastination due to a lack of time management or study skills, stress, or feeling overwhelmed with their work. Students can also struggle with procrastination for medical reasons such as [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADD]]/[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]] or a [[learning disorder]] such as [[dyslexia]].
Teachers, guidance counselors, and others in school administration should be trained to address these issues when they arise, and many colleges and universities offer classes, coaching, and tutoring in study skills for students who are struggling with procrastination or a learning disorder. Students with ADD or learning disorders often qualify for special considerations such as increased time for test-taking.
==Types of Procrastinators==
===The Relaxed Type===
The relaxed type of procrastinators feels negatively towards their work and blow it off, commonly forgetting it, by doing something else. In a child, one would often see that the child would abandon his schoolwork, but not his socialization. This denial-based person would try their best to avoid stress caused by their work by not doing this challenging item, and focusing on having fun, or other easier work. This would give them a happy life. <ref name=how_to_stop>[http://www.mepcoeng.ac.in/scienceforum/psycology/psyhelp/chap4/chap4r.htm Procrastination, How To Stop Procrastinating]</ref>
===The Tense-Afraid Type===
The Tense-Afraid Type of procrastinators would usually feel "overwhelmed with pressure, unrealistic about time, uncertain about goals" and many other negative feelings. This person would therefore feel they are lacking some ability to do this work, and would try to escape this stress by relaxing. This temporary escape would then fall away, leading to an even more stress to this over-worked person. This would lead to this person feeling guilty, and therefore more apprehensive. It also has a debilitating effect on their personal life and relationships. Since they are uncertain about their goals they often feel awkward when with people who are confident and self-aware; in turn they often fall into depression. They tend to withdraw from social life and they often avoid contact, even with close friends. <ref name=how_to_stop/>
==See also==
*[[Deferred gratification]]
*[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
*[[Time management]]
*[[How to Live on 24 Hours a Day]]
==References==
<references />
* {{cite web|url=http://http-server.carleton.ca/~tpychyl/prg/research/research_history_term.html|title=A Brief History of Procrastination}}
* {{cite web|url=http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap4/chap4r.htm|title=Procrastination}}
== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Overcoming Procrastination}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.sas.calpoly.edu/asc/ssl/procrastination.html CalPoly - Procrastination] - Another excellent link with in depth-analysis of procrastinating behavior and possible cures
*[http://iprocrastinate.libsyn.com/ iProcrastinate Podcasts] - lectures on the psychology of procrastination.
*[http://http-server.carleton.ca/~tpychyl/index.html PRG] - Procrastination Research Group at Carleton University, Dept of Psychology
*[http://www.procrastinus.com/ Procrastination and You] - Resource website at University of Calgary, School of Business
*[http://www.couns.uiuc.edu/Brochures/procras.htm Self-Help Brochure] - Self Help Brochure by University of Illinois, Counselling Center
*[http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro02/web1/jmaryasis.html#3 Procrastination: Habit or Disorder?] - A paper discussing the biological origins of procrastination
*[http://ub-counseling.buffalo.edu/studyprocrast.shtml Overcoming Procrastination: Counseling Services, University at Buffalo] - Yet another great link with some reasons for procrastination and some ways to overcome procrastination. Also has some places in Buffalo of where one can find help with procrastination
*[http://www.structuredprocrastination.com/ Structured Procrastination] - a slightly [[tongue-in-cheek]] look at putting procrastination to work in accomplising many useful tasks.
*[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2005/1/18/153331/505 Getting Back To Work: A Personal Productivity Toolkit] - a tutorial to overcome procrastination
*[http://www.stevepavlina.com/articles/overcoming-procrastination.htm Overcoming Procrastination] - article about overcoming procrastination by applying simple strategies to move yourself from hesitation to stress-free action
[[Category:Attention]]
[[Category:Educational psychology]]
[[Category:Human behavior]]
[[Category:Motivation]]
[[Category:Psychological conditions]]
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[[es:Procrastinación]]
[[fr:Procrastination]]
[[ja:先延ばし]]
[[pl:Zwlekanie]]
[[fi:Viivyttely]]
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