Utente:BlackPanther2013/Sandbox: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 16:10, 28 ago 2015

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Riga 89:

Perfino le stime più ottimistiche sembrano indicare che rimangano in natura meno di 100 rinoceronti di Giava. Essi sono considerati una delle specie più minacciate del mondo<ref name="Telegraph 4 January 2010">{{cita web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/6927330/Top-10-most-endangered-species-in-the-world.html|data=4 gennaio 2010|sito=Daily Telegraph|titolo=Top 10 most endangered species in the world|accesso=19 marzo 2012}}</ref>. Il rinoceronte di Giava sopravvive ormai solamente in una località, il parco nazionale di Ujung Kulon sulla punta occidentale di Giava<ref name="CG"/><ref name="NYT">{{cita web|titolo=Racing to Know the Rarest of Rhinos, Before It's Too Late|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/science/11rhin.html|sito=[[The New York Times]]|accesso=14 ottobre 2007|data=11 luglio 2006|autore=Mark Derr}}</ref>.

Un tempo la specie era presente in un territorio che da [[Assam]] e [[Bengala]] (dove il suo areale si sovrapponeva sia a quello del rinoceronte di Sumatra che di quello indiano)<ref name="NE India"/> arrivava a est fino a Myanmar, Thailandia, Cambogia, Laos e Vietnam, e a sud fino alla [[penisola malese]] e alle isole di Sumatra, Giava e, forse, Borneo<ref name="Raffles">{{cita libro|periodico=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology|anno=2007|volume='''55''' (1)|editore=University of Singapore|pagine=217-220|url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/55/55rbz217-220.pdf|formato=PDF|autore=Earl of Cranbook and Philip J. Piper|titolo=The Javan Rhinoceros ''Rhinoceros Sondaicus'' in Borneo|accesso=4 novembre 2007}}</ref>. Il rinoceronte di Giava popolava prevalentemente le fitte foreste pluviali di pianura, le zone erbose e i canneti, dove fossero presenti fiumi ricchi di acqua, vaste pianure alluvionali o zone umide con molte pozze di fango. Anche se storicamente prediligeva le aree di pianura, la sottospecie del Vietnam fu costretta a ritirarsi verso quote molto maggiori (fino a 2000 m), probabilmente costretto dall'avanzata dell'uomo e dal bracconaggio<ref name="Foose"/>.

The animal was once widespread from [[Assam]] and [[Bengal]] (where their range would have overlapped with both the Sumatran and Indian rhinos)<ref name="NE India" /> eastward to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and southwards to the [[Malay Peninsula]] and the islands of Sumatra, Java, and possibly Borneo.<ref name="Raffles" /> The Sunda rhino primarily inhabits dense, lowland rain forests, grasslands, and reed beds with abundant rivers, large floodplains, or wet areas with many mud wallows. Although it historically preferred low-lying areas, the subspecies in Vietnam was pushed onto much higher ground (up to 2,000&nbsp;m or 6,561&nbsp;ft), probably because of human encroachment and poaching.<ref name="Foose" />

The range of the Sunda rhinoceros has been shrinking for at least 3,000 years. Starting around 1000&nbsp;BC, the northern range of the rhinoceros extended into China, but began moving southward at roughly {{convert|0.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} per year, as human settlements increased in the region.<ref name="Biotropica" /> It likely became locally extinct in India in the first decade of the 20th century.<ref name="NE India" /> The Sunda rhino was hunted to extinction on the Malay Peninsula by 1932.<ref name="Straits" /> The last ones on Sumatra died out during [[World War II]]. They were extinct from [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|Chittagong]] and [[the Sunderbans]] by the middle of the 20th century. By the end of the Vietnam War, the Vietnamese rhinoceros was believed extinct across all of mainland Asia. Local hunters and woodcutters in Cambodia claim to have seen Sunda rhinos in the [[Cardamom Mountains]], but surveys of the area have failed to find any evidence of them.<ref name="FFI" /> In the late 1980s, a small population was found in the Cat Tien area of Vietnam. However, the last individual of that population was shot in 2010.<ref>http://vietnam.panda.org/en/newsroom/news/?202075/Inadequate-protection-causes-Javan-rhino-extinction-in-Vietnam</ref> A population may have existed on the island of Borneo, as well, though these specimens could have been the Sumatran rhinoceros, a small population of which still lives there.<ref name="Raffles" />

Riga 142:

The Sunda rhinoceros never fared well in captivity. The oldest lived to be 20, about half the age that the rhinos can reach in the wild. No records are known of a captive rhino giving birth. The last captive Sunda rhino died at the [[Adelaide Zoo]] in [[Australia]] in 1907, where the species was so little known that it had been exhibited as an Indian rhinoceros.<ref name="van Strien" />

<ref name="RafflesBiotropica">

{{cite journal | journal = The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology | year = 2007 | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | publisher = [[University of Singapore]] | pages = 217–220 | url = http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/55/55rbz217-220.pdf | format = PDF| author = Cranbook, Earl of |author2=Philip J. Piper | title = The Javan Rhinoceros ''Rhinoceros Sondaicus'' in Borneo | accessdate = 2007-11-04

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</ref><ref name="Biotropica">

{{cite journal | journal = Biotropica | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 202–303 | year = 2007 | title = The Impact of Hunting on the Mammalian Fauna of Tropical Asian Forests | last = Corlett | first = Richard T. | doi = 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00271.x

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