Utente:Lydia Tuan/Generative Literature: differenze tra le versioni

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Versione delle 11:21, 6 giu 2019

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=== Jean-Pierre Balpe ===

[[File:Jean-Pierre Balpe.jpg|miniatura|[[Jean-Pierre Balpe]] in 2000.]]

One of the first, most prominent uses of generative literature as a term can be traced to [[Francia|French]] generative writer and theorist [[Jean-Pierre Balpe]], who in the mid-1970s, was inspired by [[Surrealismo|surrealism]], which fueled his exploration of automatic text generation’s artistic potential. Balpe defines generative literature as “the production of texts that continually change since they are based on a specific dictionary, on a set of rules and the use of algorithms.”<ref>{{Cita libro|curatore=Peter Gendola and Jörgen Schäfer|titolo=The Aesthetics of Net Literature: Writing, Reading

and Playing in the Programmable Media|anno=2007|editore=Transcript Verlag|città=Bielefeld|lingua=en|p=13}}</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|curatore=Peter Gendolla and Jörgen Schäfer|titolo=The Aesthetics of Net Literature: Writing, Reading

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=== Raymond Kurzweil's "Cybernetic Poet" ===

[[File:Raymond Kurzweil, Stanford 2006 (square crop).jpg|miniatura|[[Raymond Kurzweil]] speaking at [[Università di Stanford|Stanford University]] in 2006.]]

First introduced sometime in the mid-1980s, [[Raymond Kurzweil]]’s [[Cybernetic Poet]] is an online program that generates poetry by reading an extensive collection of poems written by human authors. OnAccording histo websiteKurzweil, entitled “[http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php CyberArt Technologies],” Kurzweil introduces the Cybernetic Poet’s functionalities in greater detail: "RKCP [the Cybernetic Poet] uses a recursive poetry-generation algorithm to achieve the language style, rhythm patterns, and poem structure of the original authors whose poems were analyzed. There are also algorithms to maintain thematic consistency through the poem.  The poems are in a similar style to the author(s) originally analyzed but are completely original new poetry.  The system even has rules to discourage itself from plagiarizing."<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Ray Kurzweil|titolo=The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence|anno=1999|editore=Penguin|città=New York|lingua=en|p=163}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cita web|url=http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php|titolo=Kurzweil CyberArt Technologies Home Page|autore=Raymond Kurzweil|lingua=en|urlarchivio=http://web.archive.org/save/http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php|dataarchivio=2019-05-24|urlmorto=no}}</ref>

Kurzweil has programmed the Cybernetic Poet to function like a human author, as its abilities to “maintain thematic consistency through the poem” and “discourage itself from plagiarizing” all suggest the development of an authorialAlso personality. Functioningfunctioning as a “poet’s assistant authoring tool,” the Cybernetic Poet aids human authors, Kurzweil claims, by “assist[ing] and stimulat[ing] a (human) poet in finding the right verbal images and phrases,” which, Kurzweil notes, “are often intriguing and surprising.”<ref name=":1" />

=== William Chamberlain and Thomas Etter's "Racter" ===

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=== Nick Montfort's ''#!''===

{{Citazione|form intends intense verse crease to tense form tense vent verse tone verse form crease form vent tends to crease to tends form form vent form crease tone verse tense|[[Nick Montfort]], "[[#!]]"|lingua=|lingua2=}}<nowiki/>

More recent examples of generative literature include [[Nick Montfort]]’s book entitled ''#!'' (2014) but pronounced ‘[[Shabang|sha-bang]]’ (which means “the set of all circumstances.”)<ref>{{Cita video|autore=Nick Montfort|titolo=Nick Montfort: "#!" {{!}} Talks At Google|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L19iQjE71Ws|accesso=2016-06-03|data=2014-12-11|editore=Talks at Google|lingua=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=http://counterpathpress.org/nick-montfort|titolo=#!Nick Montfort – Counterpath|lingua=en-US|accesso=2019-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Nick Montfort|titolo=#!|anno=2014|editore=Counterpath Press|lingua=en|ISBN=978-1-933996-46-2}}</ref> Published thirty years after Racter and Kurzweil’s Cybernetic Poet, ''#!'' contains generated poems and their [[Algoritmo|algorithms]]. The book is divided into sections that introduce the algorithm, then display its output on the following pages. Some of the outputs end with ellipses to signify that they could not be printed due to their infinite length. ''#!''<nowiki/>'s title is also a valid [[Python]] command: the placement of a [[hashtag]] before any given text commands the computer not to read any text following the hashtag. In a review of ''#!'', [[Critica letteraria|literary critic]] [[John Cayley]] writes that the programs are meant to read by the program producing the output, but the inclusion of both program and output in ''#!'' makes the code “a (constitutive) facet of the poem. It is (also) the text.”<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://electronicbookreview.com/essay/poetry-and-stuff-a-review-of/|titolo=Poetry and Stuff: A Review of #!|autore=John Cayley|lingua=en-US|accesso=2019-06-02|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602210941/https://electronicbookreview.com/essay/poetry-and-stuff-a-review-of/|dataarchivio=2019-06-02}}</ref> The effect of sharing the source code, according to Galanter, not only further creates confusion as to whether the source code is the text but also allows other artists to create variations of the output, which “breaks with the paradigm of the heroic single artist creating a ‘fixed’ masterpiece.”<ref name=":3">{{Cita libro|autore=Philip Galanter|curatore=Christiane Paul|titolo=A Companion to Digital Art|edizione=1|anno=2016|editore=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|lingua=en|pp=169-171|capitolo=Generative Art Theory}}</ref>

In a review of ''#!'', [[Critica letteraria|literary critic]] [[John Cayley]] writes that the programs are meant to read by the program producing the output, but the inclusion of both program and output in ''#!'' makes the code “a (constitutive) facet of the poem. It is (also) the text.”<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://electronicbookreview.com/essay/poetry-and-stuff-a-review-of/|titolo=Poetry and Stuff: A Review of #!|autore=John Cayley|lingua=en-US|accesso=2019-06-02|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602210941/https://electronicbookreview.com/essay/poetry-and-stuff-a-review-of/|dataarchivio=2019-06-02}}</ref> The effect of sharing the source code, according to Galanter, not only further creates confusion as to whether the source code is the text but also allows other artists to create variations of the output, which “breaks with the paradigm of the heroic single artist creating a ‘fixed’ masterpiece.”<ref name=":3">{{Cita libro|autore=Philip Galanter|curatore=Christiane Paul|titolo=A Companion to Digital Art|edizione=1|anno=2016|editore=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|lingua=en|pp=169-171|capitolo=Generative Art Theory}}</ref>

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== External Links ==

* Jean-Pierre Balpe, [https://fiction.maisonpop.fr/ Fictions]

* Raymond Kurzweil, [http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php The Cybernetic Poet]

*Jean-Pierre Balpe, [http://nt2.uqam.ca/fr/repertoire/trajectoires Trajectoires]

* Raymond Kurzweil, [http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php The Cybernetic Poet]

*Nick Montfort, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L19iQjE71Ws #!]

*Wikipedia entry on [[:en:Constrained_writing|Constraint writing]]<br />