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{{Storia della Georgia}}
[[File:Colchisiberiamapandersen.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Regni dell'antica Georgia, tra cui la Colchide]]
Nell'antica [[geografia]], la '''Colchide''' ([[lingua georgiana|georgiano]] e [[lingua laz|laz]]: კოლხეთი, ''k'olxeti''; [[lingua greca antica|greco antico]]: {{polytonic|Κολχίς}}, ''Kolkhís'') era un antico [[stato sovrano|stato]] <ref>{{En}} Cyril Toumanoff, Studi riguardanti la storia caucasica cristiana, p 69 </ref> [[Georgia|georgiano]], <ref>{{En}}La Georgia nell'antichità: una storia della Colchide ed Iberia Transcaucasica, 550 a.C.-562 d.C., David Braund Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. Pp. 359</ref><ref>{{En}}La fomazione del popolo georgiano, Ronald Grigor Suny, p. 13</ref><ref>{{En}} Odi moderni: la politica simbolica della guerra etnica, Stuart J. Kaufman, p. 91 </ref><ref>{{En}}Un Europa, molte nazioni: un dizionario storico dei gruppi nazionali europei, James Minahan, p. 282</ref>[[monarchia|regno]] e [[regione]] <ref> Marc Van de Mieroop, ''Una storia del Vicino Oriente antico'', C. [[XXX secolo a.C.|3000]]–323 a.C., p 265 </ref> situato nella Georgia occidentale (regione del [[Caucaso]]), che giocò un ruolo importante nella formazione etnica e culturale del [[Georgia|popolo georgiano]] e dei suoi sottogruppi. <ref>{{En}} Charles Burney e David Marshal Lang, ''I popoli delle colline: antica Ararat e Caucaso'', p. 38 </ref><ref>{{En}}Oliver Wardrop, ''Il regno di Georgia: viaggio in una terra di donne, vino e musica'' (Kegan Paul Library of History and Archaeology)</ref> Il regno della Colchide come primo stato georgiano <ref>{{En}}Odi moderni: la politica simbolica della guerra etnica, Stuart J. Kaufman, p. 91 </ref> contribuì in modo significativo allo sviluppo dello stato georgiano medievale dopo la sua unificazione con il regno georgiano orientale di [[Iberia (Caucaso)|Iberia-Kartli]]. <ref>{{En}}David Braund, La Georgia nell'antichità: una storia della Colchide ed Iberia Transcaucasica, 550 a.C.-562 d.C., Oxford University Press, USA (8 settembre 1994) </ref><ref>{{En}} W.E.D. Allen, ''Una storia del popolo georgiano'' (1932), p. 123 </ref> Il termine colchici viene usato come nome collettivo per significare le tribù georgiane che popolavano la costa orientale del [[Mar Nero]]. <ref>{{Ru}}[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article063055.html La Grande Enciclopedia Sovietica:Значение слова "Колхи" в Большой Советской Энциклопедии]</ref>
Secondo le fonti greche, il limite occidentale della Colchide era a [[Trebisonda]], nell'odierna [[Turchia]]. A nord comprendeva l'attuale [[Sukhumi]], in [[Abcasia]]. La maggior parte dell'antica Colchide fa attualmente parte della [[Georgia]].
Si ritiene che la popolazione della Colchide parlasse una [[Lingue caucasiche|lingua kartvelica]], in quanto il suo territorio è oggi occupato da parlanti di due lingue di questa famiglia strettamente imparentate tra loro: il [[Lingua laz|Laz]] ed il [[Lingua mingrelia|Megrelio]].
La sua geografia è principalmente ascritta a ciò che è adesso la parte occidentale della [[Georgia|Georgia]]. La Colchide era nella [[mitologia greca]] la patria di [[Eete]] e [[Medea]] e la destinazione degli [[Argonauti]], essendo anche la possibile patria delle [[Amazzoni]]. Questa antica regione è rappresentata grosso modo dalle attuali province georgiane di [[Samegrelo]], [[Imereti]], [[Guria]], [[Atchara]], [[Abkhazeti]], [[Svaneti]], [[Racha]], da quelle [[Turchia|turche]] di [[Rize]], [[Trabzon]] e [[Artvin]] ([[Lazistan]], [[Tao-klarjeti]]) e dai distretti [[Russia|russi]] di [[Sochi]] e [[Tuapse]]. <ref> Andrew Andersen, Storia dell'antico Caucaso, p. 91 </ref> <!--Uno degli elementi più importanti nell'attuale nazione georgiana,//--> I colchici si erano stabiliti nel Caucaso nella media [[età del bronzo]]. <ref>{{En}} David Marshal Lang, i georgiani, Frederich A. Praeger Publishers, New York, p 59 </ref>
==Geografia e toponimi==
[[Image:Colchisiberiamapandersen.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Antichi regni georgiani della '''Colchide''' e [[Iberia (Caucaso)|Iberia]], Copyright©2004 Andrew Andersen]]
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The kingdom of Colchis, which existed from the sixth to the first centuries BCE is regarded as the first Georgian state and the term Colchians was used as the collective term for early Georgian tribes which populated the eastern coast of the black sea. <ref>Modern Hatreds, Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, Stuart J. Kaufman p. 91.</ref><ref>Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, Stuart J. Kaufman, p. 91 </ref> <ref>Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562, David Braund Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. Pp. 359</ref><ref>
The Making of the Georgian Nation, Ronald Grigor Suny, p. 13</ref><ref>
Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, Stuart J. Kaufman, p. 91 </ref> <ref> Cyril Toumanoff, Studies in Christian Caucasian History, p 69 </ref> <ref>One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, James Minahan, p. 282</ref><ref>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article063055.html The Great Soviet Encyclopedia:Значение слова "Колхи" в Большой Советской Энциклопедии]</ref>
According to the scholar of the Caucasian studies [[Cyril Toumanoff]]:
{{quote|Colchis appears as the first Caucasian State to have achieved the coalescence of the newcomer, Colchis can be justly regarded as not a proto-Georgian, but a Georgian (West Georgian) kingdom....It would seem natural to seek the beginnings of Georgian social history in Colchis, the earliest Georgian formation. <ref name=CToumanoff>CToumanoff. Cyril Toumanoff, Studies in Christian Caucasian History, p 69,84 </ref>}}
A second Georgian tribal union emerged in the [[13th century BC]] on the Black Sea coast under creating the Kingdom of Colchis in the western Georgia. This kingdom was a first state formation of the early Georgians.<ref>D. Braund, ''Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC–562 AD'', Oxford University Press, 1996.</ref> <ref>James Stuart Olson, ''An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires'', p. 242 </ref>According to most classic authors, a district which was bounded on the southwest by [[Pontus]], on the west by the [[Black Sea]] as far as the river Corax (probably the present day [[Bzybi River]], [[Abkhazia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]), on the north by the chain of the [[Caucasus Mountains|Greater Caucasus]], which lay between it and Asiatic [[Sarmatians|Sarmatia]], on the east by [[Caucasian Iberia|Iberia]] and [[Moschia|Montes Moschici]] (now the [[Caucasus Mountains|Lesser Caucasus]]), and on the south by [[Armenia]]. There is some little difference in authors as to the extent of the country westward: thus [[Strabo]] makes Colchis begin at [[Trabzon]], while [[Ptolemy]], on the other hand, extends [[Pontus]] to the [[Rioni River]]. [[Pitsunda]] was the last town to the north in Colchis.
The name of Colchis first appears in [[Aeschylus]] and [[Pindar]]. The earlier writers only speak of it under the name of Aea (Aia), the residence of the mythical king [[Aeëtes]]: "Kolchian Aia lies at the furthest limits of sea and earth," wrote [[Apollonius of Rhodes]].<ref>Apollonius, ''[[Argonautica]]'', II.417.</ref> The main river was the [[Phasis (river)|Phasis]] (now Rioni), which was according to some writers the south boundary of Colchis, but more probably flowed through the middle of that country from the Caucasus west by south to the Euxine, and the Anticites or Atticitus (now [[Kuban]]). [[Arrian]] mentions many others by name, but they would seem to have been little more than mountain torrents: the most important of them were Charieis, Chobus or Cobus, Singames, Tarsuras, Hippus, Astelephus, Chrysorrhoas, several of which are also noticed by [[Ptolemy]] and [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]. The chief towns were [[Sukhumi|Dioscurias]] or Dioscuris (under the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] called Sebastopolis, now [[Sukhumi]]) on the seaboard of the Euxine, Sarapana (now [[Shorapani]]), [[Phasis (town)|Phasis]] (now [[Poti]]), Pityus (now [[Pitsunda]]), [[Apsaros]] (now [[Gonio]]), [[Surium]] (now [[Surami]]), Archaeopolis (now [[Nokalakevi]]), Macheiresis, and Cyta or Cutatisium (now [[Kutaisi]]), the traditional birthplace of [[Medea]]. [[Scylax of Caryanda|Scylax]] mentions also Mala or Male, which he, in contradiction to other writers, makes the birthplace of [[Medea]].
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==Storia==
===Primi periodi===
{{Stati georgiani}}
[[Image:Colchis-bracelet.jpg|thumb|left|Braccialeti d'oro, [[V secolo a.C.|V]]–[[IV secolo a.C.]].]]
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The eastern Black Sea region in antiquity was home to the well-developed bronze culture known as the [[Colchian culture]], related to the neighbouring [[Koban culture]], that emerged towards the Middle [[Bronze Age]]. In at least some parts of Colchis the process of urbanization seems to have been well advanced by the end of the second millennium BC, centuries before [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] settlement. The Colchian Late [[Bronze Age]] (15th to 8th Century BC) saw the development of significant skill in the smelting and casting of metals that began long before this skill was mastered in [[Europe]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}}. Sophisticated farming implements were made and fertile, well-watered lowlands with a mild climate promoted the growth of progressive agricultural techniques.
Colchis was inhabited by a number of related but distinct tribes whose settlements lay chiefly along the shore of the Black Sea. The chief of those were the [[Machelones]], [[Heniochi]], [[Zydretae]], [[Egrisi|Lazi]], [[Chalybes]], [[Tabal]]/[[Tibareni]]/[[Tubal]], [[Mossynoeci]], [[Macrones]], [[Meskheti|Moschi]], [[Marres]], [[Apsilia|Apsilae]], [[Kingdom of Abkhazia|Abasci]] <ref>According to some scholars, ancient tribes such as the Absilae (mentioned by Pliny, 1st century CE) and Abasgoi (mentioned by Arrian, 2nd century CE) correspond to the modern Abkhazians (Chirikba, V., "On the etymology of the ethnonym 'apswa' "Abkhaz", in ''The Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia'', 3, 13-18, Chicago, 1991; Hewitt, B. G., "The valid and non-valid application of philology to history", in ''Revue des Etudes Georgiennes et Caucasiennes'', 6-7, 1990-1991, 247-263). However this claim is controversial and no academic consensus has yet been reached. Other scholars suggest that these ethnonyms instead reflect a common regional origin, rather than emphasizing a distinct and separate ethnic and cultural identity in antiquity. For example, Tariel Putkaradze, a Georgian scholar, suggests, "In the 3rd-2nd millennia BC the Kartvelian, Abhaz-Abaza, Circassian-Adyghe and Vaynakh tribes must have been part of a great Ibero-Caucasian ethnos. Therefore, it is natural that several tribes or ethnoses descending from them have the names derived from a single stem. The Kartvelian Aphaz, Apsil, Apšil and north Caucasian Apsua, Abazaha, Abaza, existing in the 1st millennium, were the names denoting different tribes of a common origin. Some of these tribes (Apsils, Apshils) disappeared, others mingled with kindred tribes, and still others have survived to the present day." (Putkaradze, T. ''The Kartvelians'', 2005, translated by Irene Kutsia) </ref>, [[Sanigia|Sanigae]], [[Coraxi]], [[Coli (tribe)|Coli]], [[Melanchlaeni]], [[Gelonians|Geloni]] and [[Svaneti|Soani (Suani)]]. These tribes differed so completely in language and appearance from the surrounding nations that the ancients provided various theories to account for the phenomenon. //-->
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Colchis-axes.jpg|left|thumb|Bronze axes typical to the Colchian culture.]] -->
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For example, [[Herodotus]] states that the Colchians, with the [[Egyptians]] and the [[Ethiopia]]ns, were the first to practice [[circumcision]], a custom which he claims the Colchians themselves inherited from remnants of the army of [[Pharaoh]] [[Senusret III]] ([[19th century BC|1878]]-1841 BC). He thus regarded them as Egyptians. [[Apollonius of Rhodes]] states that the Egyptians of Colchis preserved as heirlooms a number of wooden tablets showing seas and highways with considerable accuracy. Though the 'Egyptian' theory of origin was not generally adopted by the ancients, it has been defended – but not with complete success, by some modern writers{{Fact|date=June 2008}}. A small population of black people in the area existed in the early 20th Century, so it is possible there was a black component (which predates the Arab slave trade) in the Black Sea region, whose origins could conceivably be traced to an ancient expedition into the region by blacks from Africa. However, in the absence of any conclusive archeological evidence, this claim is speculative. [http://plato-dialogues.org/tools/loc/colchis.htm]
[[Image:Lazicaandersen.jpg|300px|thumb|Kingdom of Colchis during the rise of Pontus and Armenia in [[189 BC|189]]–[[63 BC]].]]
Many modern theories suggest that the ancestors of the [[Laz people|Laz]]-[[Samegrelo|Mingrelians]] comprised the dominant ethnic and cultural presence in the region in antiquity, and hence played a significant role in the ethnogenesis of the modern [[Georgians]]. <ref> Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States,
James Minahan, p. 116</ref><ref> Cyril Toumanoff, Studies in Christian Caucasian History, p 80 </ref>.
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===Qulha (Kolkha)===
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Colchis-coins.jpg|thumb|Colchian [[coin]]s.|{{deletable image-caption|1=Sunday, 29 June 2008}}]] -->
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In the 13th century BC, the Kingdom of Colchis was formed as a result of the increasing consolidation of the tribes inhabiting the region. This power, celebrated in [[Greek mythology]] as the destination of the [[Argonauts]], the home of [[Medea]] and the special ___domain of sorcery, was known to [[Urartu|Urartians]] as Qulha (aka Kolkha, or Kilkhi). Being in permanent wars with the neighbouring nations, the Colchians managed to absorb part of [[Diauehi]] in the 750s BC, but lost several provinces (including the “royal city” of Ildemusa) to the [[Sarduris II of Urartu]] following the wars of 750-748 and 744-742 BC. Overrun by the [[Cimmerians]] and [[Scythians]] in the 730s-720s BC, the kingdom disintegrated and came under the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] [[Persian Empire]] towards the mid-[[6th century BC]]. The tribes living in the southern Colchis ([[Tabal|Tibareni]], [[Mossynoeci]], [[Macrones]], [[Meskheti|Moschi]], and [[Marres]]) were incorporated in the 19th [[Satrap]]y of the Persia, while the northern tribes submitted “voluntarily” and had to send to the Persian court 100 girls and 100 boys in every 5 years. The influence exerted on Colchis by the vast Achaemenid Empire with its thriving commerce and wide economic and commercial ties with other regions accelerated the socio-economic development of the Colchian land. Subsequently the Colchis people appear to have overthrown the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] Authority, and to have formed an independent state {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. According to Ronald Suny: This western Georgian state was federated to Kartli-Iberia, and its kings ruled through ''skeptukhi'' (royal governors) who received a staff from the king. <ref>The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd Ed, Ronald Grigor Suny, p 13 </ref>
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===Colonizzazione greca===
[[Image:Colchis-Nike.jpg|thumb|100px|Statuetta della dea [[Nike (mitologia)|Nike]] trovata a [[Vani]], Georgia.]]
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The advanced economy and favorable geographic and natural conditions of the area attracted the [[Miletus|Milesian Greeks]] who colonized the Colchian coast establishing here their trading posts at [[Poti|Phasis]], [[Gyenos]], and [[Sukhumi]] in the 6th-5th centuries BC. It was considered "the farthest voyage" according to an ancient Greek proverbial expression, the easternmost ___location in that society's known world, where the sun rose. It was situated just outside the lands conquered by [[Alexander the Great]]. [[Poti|Phasis]] and [[Sukhumi]] were the splendid Greek cities dominated by the mercantile oligarchies, sometimes being troubled by the Colchians from hinterland before seemingly assimilating totally. After the fall of the Persian Empire, significant part of Colchis locally known as [[Egrisi]] was annexed to the recently created [[Caucasian Iberia|Kingdom of Iberia]] ([[Kartli]]) in ca. 302 BC. However, soon Colchis seceded and broke up into several small princedoms ruled by [http://bible-history.com/latin/latin_s.html ''sceptuchi'']. They retained a degree of independence until conquered (circa 101 BC) by [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]].
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===Sotto il Ponto===
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Colchis-statuette.jpg|right|100px|thumb|Golden statuette found at Gonio, [[Adjara]].]] -->
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Mithradates VI quelled an uprising in the region in 83 BC and gave Colchis to his son Mithradates Chrestus, who was soon executed being suspected in having plotted against his father. During the [[Third Mithridatic War]], Mithridates VI made another his son [[Machares]] king of Colchis, who held his power but for a short period. On the defeat of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] in 65 BC, Colchis was occupied by [[Pompey]], who captured one of the local chiefs (sceptuchus) Olthaces, and installed Aristarchus as a ''[[Dynasty|dynast]]'' (65-47 BC). On the fall of Pompey, [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces II]], son of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]], took advantage of [[Julius Caesar]] being occupied in [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], and reduced Colchis, [[Armenia]], and some part of [[Cappadocia]], defeating [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]], whom Caesar subsequently sent against him. His triumph was, however, short-lived. Under [[Polemon I of Pontus|Polemon I]], the son and successor of [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces II]], Colchis was part of the [[Pontus]] and the [[Bosporan Kingdom]]. After the death of Polemon (after 2 BC), his second wife [[Pythodorida of Pontus|Pythodoris]] retained possession of Colchis as well as of Pontus itself, though the kingdom of Bosporus was wrested from her power. Her son and successor [[Polemon (Cilicia)|Polemon II of Pontus]] was induced by Emperor [[Nero]] to abdicate the throne, and both Pontus and Colchis were incorporated in the Province of [[Galatia]] (63) and later in [[Cappadocia]] (81).
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===Sotto il governo romano===
[[Image:Colchis-earrrings.jpg|thumb|Orecchini d'oro della Colchide.]]
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Despite the fact that all major fortresses along the seacoast were occupied by the Romans, their rule was pretty loose. In 69, the people of Pontus and Colchis under [[Anicetus (Pontus)|Anicetus]] staged a major uprising against the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] which ended unsuccessfully. The lowlands and coastal area were frequently raided by the fierce mountainous tribes with the [[Svaneti|Soanes]] and [[Heniochi]] being the most powerful of them. Paying a nominal homage to [[Rome]], they created their own kingdoms and enjoyed significant independence. [[Christianity]] began to spread in the early 1st century. Traditional accounts relate the event with [[Saint Andrew]], Saint [[Simon the Zealot]], and Saint [[Matata (religious figure)|Matata]]. However, the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]], local [[paganism|pagan]] and [[Mithraic Mysteries|Mithraic]] religious beliefs would be widespread until the 4th century. By the 130s, the kingdoms of [[Machelons]], [[Heniochi]], [[Egrisi]], [[Apsilia]], [[Kingdom of Abkhazia|Abasgia]], and [[Sanigia]] had occupied the district form south to north. [[Goths]], dwelling in the [[Crimea]] and looking for their new homes, raided Colchis in 253, but they were repulsed with the help of the Roman garrison of [[Pitsunda]]. By the 3rd-4th centuries, most of the local kingdoms and principalities had been subjugated by the Lazic kings, and thereafter the country was generally referred to as Lazica ([[Egrisi]]).
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==Regnanti==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Ake of Colchis strater.JPG|thumb|Stater issued by King Akes, 4th century BC.]] -->
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Little is known of the rulers of Colchis;
* [[Aeëtes]], celebrated in Greek legends as a powerful king of Colchis, is thought by some historians to be a historic person, though there is no evidence to support the idea.
* Kuji, a presiding prince (eristavi) of [[Egrisi]] under the authority of [[Pharnavaz I of Iberia]] (''ca'' 302-237 BC) (according to the medieval Georgian annals).
* Akes (''Basileus Aku'') (end of the [[4th century BC]]), king of Colchis; his name is found on a coin issued by him.
* Saulaces, "king" in the [[2nd century BC]] (according to some ancient sources).
* Mithradates Chrestus (fl 83 BC), under the authority of [[Pontus]].
* Machares (fl 65 BC), under the authority of [[Pontus]].
''Note: During his reign, the local chiefs, sceptuchi, continued to exercise some power. One of them, Olthaces, is mentioned by the Roman sources as a captive of [[Pompey]] in 65 BC.''
* Aristarchus (65-47 BC), a dynasty under the authority of [[Pompey]]
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==La Colchide nella mitologia==
=== Mitologia greca ===
Nella [[mitologia greca]], la Colchide è la regione dove era custodito il [[vello d'oro]], che sarà preso dagli [[Argonauti]] guidati da [[Giàsone (mitologia)|Giàsone]]. Ad aiutarlo nella conquista fu [[Medea (mitologia)|Medea]], principessa della Colchide, protagonista di una [[tragedia greca|tragedia]] di [[Euripide]] dal titolo, appunto, di [[Medea (Euripide)|Medea]].
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According to the Greek mythology, Colchis was a fabulously wealthy land situated on the mysterious periphery of the heroic world. Here in the sacred grove of the war god [[Ares]], King [[Aeëtes]] hung the [[Golden Fleece]] until it was seized by [[Jason]] and the [[Argonauts]]. Colchis was also the land where the mythological [[Prometheus]] was punished by being chained to a mountain while an eagle ate at his liver for revealing to humanity the secret of fire. [[Amazons]] also were said to be of [[Scythia]]n origin from Colchis. The main mythical characters from Colchis are [[Aeëtes]], [[Medea]], [[Absyrtus]], [[Chalciope]], [[Circe]], [[Eidyia]], [[Pasiphaë]].
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==Note==
{{reflist|2}}
==Ulteriori letture==
*{{En}}Braund, David. 1994. ''Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC-AD 562.'' Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814473-3
*{{En}}Gocha R. Tsetskhladze. ''Pichvnari and Its Environs, 6th c BC-4th c AD.'' ''Annales Littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté'', 659, Editeurs: M. Clavel-Lévêque, E. Geny, P. Lévêque. Paris: Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises, 1999. ISBN 2-913322-42-5
*{{En}}Otar Lordkipanidze. ''Phasis: The River and City of Colchis.'' ''Geographica Historica 15'', Franz Steiner 2000. ISBN 3-515-07271-3
*{{En}}Alexander Melamid. ''Colchis today. (northeastern Turkey)'': An article from: ''The Geographical Review.'' American Geographical Society, 1993. ISBN B000925IWE
*{{En}}Akaki Urushadze. ''The Country of the Enchantress Media'', Tbilisi, 1984 (in Russian and English)
==Voci correlate==
* [[Egrisi]] (come uno [[Successione di stati|stato successore]] della Colchide)
* [[Storia della Georgia]]
* [[Ponto]]
==Collegamenti esterni==
*{{En}} [http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/Gold/default.html Golden graves, archeological evidences]
*{{En}} [http://www.kolkhoba.org/lazuri.htm Kolkhoba: Laz language]
*{{De}} [http://www.colchis.de Colchis]
*{{En}} [http://www.lazebura.net/english/ History of Laz-Mingrelians]
*{{En}} [http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Fuji/8160/ Colchis]
*{{de}} [http://www.amarcord.be/georgia/kolchis.html Colchis]
*{{En}} [http://85.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CO/COLCHIS.htm LoveToKnow Article on Colchis]
*{{En}} [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aid%3Dcolchis Colchis in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD)]
*{{ka}} [http://www.istoria.ge/kolxeti.htm Kingdom of Colchis (Egrisi)]
*{{En}} [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/kolchis/t.html Colchian coins]
*{{En}} [http://www.matiane.com/strabo_colchis.htm Strabo on Colchis]
*{{En}} [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt%2e+7%2e79 Herodotus on Colchis]
*{{En}} [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/pliny3.html/ Plinius on Colchis]
*{{En}} [http://georgianwines.blogspot.com/2007/06/colchis-gives-birth-to-nation.html "Colchis Gives Birth to a Nation," ''From the Cradle of Wine'']
{{Portale|mitologia greca}}
Riga 13 ⟶ 133:
[[Categoria:Caucaso]]
[[Categoria:Georgia]]
[[Categoria:Storia della Georgia]]
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