Robot: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 01:11, 3 apr 2004

Versione delle 13:15, 3 apr 2004

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Il termine '''Robot''', ha subito e continua a subire un cambiamento del suo significato. InidicaIndica una qualsiasi macchina (di forma più o meno antropomorfa), in grado di svolgere più o meno indipendentemente un lavoro automatizzato,

== Concetto: Che cos'è un robot? ==

Nel linguaggio comune, un '''robot''' è una un'apparecchiatura meccanica che esegue compiti automatizzati, sia in base aad una supervisione diretta dell'uomo, che per un programma predefinito, o un insieme di linee guda generali, usando tecniche di [[intelligenza artificiale]]. Questi compiti vanno a rimpiazzare o migliorare il lavoro umano, come nella fabbricazione, costruzione o manipolazione di materiali pesanti o pericolosi.

Un '''robot''' può essere dotato di connessioni guidate dalla [[retroazione]] tra percezione e azione, e non dal controllo umano diretto. L'azione può prendere la forma di motori elettro-magnetici, o [[attuatore|attuatori]], che muovono un braccio, aprono e qhiudonochiudono una pinza, o fanno muovere il robot. Il controllo passo-passo e la retroazione sono forniti da un [[programma]] che viene eseguito da un [[computer]] esterno o interno al robot, o da un [[microcontroller]]. In base a questa definizione, il concetto di ''robot'' può comprendere quasi tutti gli apparati automatizzati.

In alternativa, il termine ''robot''' viene usato per indicare un '''uomo meccanico''', o un [[automa]] che somigli a un animale (reale o immaginario). Il termine ha finito per essere applicato a molte macchine che sostituiscono direttamente un umano o un animale, nel lavoro o nel gioco. In questo modo, un robot può essere visto come una forma di [[biomimicrybiomimica]]. L'[[antropomorfismo]] è forse ciò che ci rende così riluttanti a riferirci a una moderna e complessa lavatrice, come a un robot. Comunque, nella comprensione moderna, il termine implica un grado di autonomia che escluderebbe molte macchine automatiche dal venire chiamate robot. Si tratta di una ricerca per robot sempre più autonomi, il che è il maggiore obbiettivo della ricerca [[robotica]] e il motivo che guida gran parte del lavoro sull'[[intelligenza artificiale]].

== Origine del termine robot ==

== History: Where Did the Idea Originate? ==

The word ''robot'' comes from the [[Czech language|Czech]] (and [[West Slavic]]) word ''robota'' meaning "labor." The word ''robot'' was first used in English in reference to [[Karel Capek]]'s play ''[[R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)]]'' (written in [[1920]]; first performed [[1921]]; performed in [[New York]] [[1922]]; [[English language|English]] edition published [[1923]]). [http://jerz.setonhill.edu/resources/RUR/ 1]. While Karel is frequently acknowledged as the originator of the word, this is incorrect. his brother Josef Capek used it first in his short story "Opilec" (1917). Karel wrote that his initial choice was the word "laboř".

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Once technology advanced to the point where people foresaw mechanical creatures as more than toys, literary responses to the concept of robots reflected fears that humans would be replaced by their own creations. ''[[Frankenstein]]'' ([[1818]]), sometimes called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with this theme. When Capek's play ''RUR'' introduced the concept of an assembly line run by robots who try to build still more robots, the theme took on economic and philosophical overtones, further disseminated by the classic movie ''[[Metropolis (1927 movie)|Metropolis]]'' ([[1927]]), and the popular ''[[Star Wars]]'' ([[1976]]), ''[[Blade Runner]]'' ([[1982]]) and ''[[The Terminator]]'' ([[1984]]) .

== PresentUso Day:contemporaneo Howdei are Robots Used?robot ==

Robots are being used today to do the tasks that are either too dirty, dangerous, difficult, repetitive or dull for humans. This usually takes the form of [[industrial robot]]s used in manufacturing lines. Other applications include [[toxic waste]] cleanup, [[space exploration]], [[mining]], search and rescue, and mine finding. Manufacturing remains the primary market where robots are utilized. In particular, articulated robots, similar in motion capability to the human arm, are the most widely used. Applications include welding, painting and machine loading. The [[automotive industry]] has taken full advantage of this new technology where robots have been programmed to replace human labor in many simple repetitive tasks. There is much hope, especially in [[Japan]], that [[home care]] for an aging (and long-lived) population can be better achieved through robotics.

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A [[ludobot]] is a robot for entertainment and companionship.

== Sviluppi futuri ==

== Future Developments: How do Robots Move and Operate? ==

When roboticists first attempted to mimic human and animal [[gait]]s, they discovered that it was incredibly difficult; requiring more computational power than what was available at the time. So, emphasis was shifted to other areas of research. Simple wheeled robots were used to conduct experiments in [[behavior]], [[navigation]], and [[path planning]]. When engineers were ready to attempt walking robots again, they started small with [[hexapod]]s and other multi-legged platforms. These robots mimicked insects and arthropods in both form and function. The trend towards these body types offer immense flexibility and proven adaptability to any environment. With more than four legs, these robots are [[statically stable]] which makes them easier to work with. Only recently has progress been made towards [[bipedal locomotion]] in robots.

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Experimental winged robots and other examples exploiting [[biomimicry]] are also in early development. So-called "[[nanomotor]]s" and "[[smart wire]]s" are expected to drastically simplify motive power, while in-flight stabilization seems likely to be improved by extremely small gyroscopes. A significant driver of this work is military research into spy technologies.

== Competizioni ==

== Contests: Where Do Robots Compete? ==

[[Dean Kamen]], Founder of [[FIRST]], and the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) created a competitive forum that inspires in young people, their schools and communities an appreciation of science and technology.

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The popularity of the TV shows ''[[Robot Wars]]'' and ''[[Battlebots]]'', of college level [[robot-sumo]] wrestling competitions, the success of "[[smart bomb]]s" and [[UCAV]]s in armed conflicts, grass-eating "[[gastrobot]]s" in Florida, and the creation of a [[slug]]-eating robot in England, suggest that the fear of an artificial life form doing harm, or competing with natural wild life, is not an illusion.

== Possibili pericoli ==

== Dangers: Can Robots Hurt People? ==

The concern that robots might displace or compete with humans is common. In his ''[[I, Robot]]'' series, [[Isaac Asimov]] created the [[Three Laws of Robotics]] in a literary attempt to control the competition of robots with humans:

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Even without overt malicious programming, robots and humans simply do not have the same body tolerances or awarenesses, leading to accidents: In [[Jackson, Michigan]] on [[July 21]], [[1984]], a factory robot crushed a worker against a safety bar in apparently the first robot-related death in the [[United States]].

== AdditionalVedi Robot Topicsanche ==

* [[Arthropod robot]]s

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* [[Uncanny Valley]]

== FamousRoboticisti Roboticistsfamosi ==

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* [[Red Whittaker]],  CMU Robotics Institute

== ExternalLink linksesterni ==

*[http://amorphicrobotworks.org/ AmorphicRobotWorks(ARW)] is a group working to create robotic performances and installations

*[http://www.ifr.org International Federation of Robotics].

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*[http://lucy.vub.ac.be Bipedal Walking Robot Lucy] - A bipedal walking robot with artificial muscles (Lucy)!

== OtherAltri Usagesusi ofdel termine ''Robot'' ==

* South African slang specifically for the automated red, amber, green [[traffic light]] controlling an intersection

* Swedish word for [[guided missile]]