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{{Infobox Computer Hardware Printer
==Kony 2012==
| name = LaserWriter
'''''Kony 2012''''' è un film creato da [[Invisible Children, Inc.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltvbc.com/video/trending+now+kony+2012/video.html?v=2206826267#stories/video|title=News Hour – Trending Now: Kony 2012|accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-06|publisher=[[Global TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.ninemsn.com.au/world/8431277/kony-2012-sheds-light-on-uganda-conflict|title=Kony 2012 sheds light on Uganda conflict|date=March 7 20|publisher=Ninemsn|accessdate=2012-03-07|author=Lees, Philippa; Zavan, Martin}}</ref><ref name=JCTSK>{{cite news|url=http://post-journal.com/page/content.detail/id/599038/Jackson-Center-To-Show-KONY-2012.html?nav=5004|title=Jackson Center To Show KONY2012|date=February 14, 2012|publisher=[[The Post-Journal]]|accessdate=2012-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17295078|title=Uganda rebel Joseph Kony target of viral campaign video|date=March 8 2012|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> il cui scopo è di promuovere la campagna umanitaria denominata "Stop Kony", con l'obiettivo di far catturare il criminale di guerra [[Uganda|ugandese]] [[Joseph Kony]] entro la fine del 2012<ref>{{cite news|url=http://kykernel.com/2012/03/07/a-call-for-justice/|title=A call for justice|date=March 7, 2012|last=Myers|first=Julia|publisher=Kentucky Kernel}}</ref>.
| image =Apple Laserwriter II.jpg
| caption = Apple Laserwriter II
| introduced = March 1, 1985
| discontinued = February 1, 1988
| cost = $6,995
| processor = [[Motorola 68000]]
| frequency = 12 MHz
| minimum = 1.5 MB
| maximum = 1.5 MB
| slot = 1
| rom = 512 kB
| ports = [[Serial port|Serial]], [[LocalTalk]]
| type = [[Laser printer|Laser]]
| color = 1
| dpi = 300
| speed = 8 Pages Per Minute
| language = [[PostScript]], [[Diablo 630]]
| power = 760 Watts
| weight = 77 lb
| dimensions = (H × W × D) 11.5 × 18.5 × 16.2 in
}}
The '''LaserWriter''' was a [[laser printer]] with built-in [[PostScript]] interpreter introduced by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] in 1985. It was one of the first laser printers available to the mass market. In combination with [[WYSIWYG]] publishing software like [[Adobe PageMaker|PageMaker]], that operated on top of the [[graphical user interface]] of [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] computers, the LaserWriter was a key component at the beginning of the [[desktop publishing]] revolution.<ref name="tucker">H. A. Tucker: ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YlmafkntEqIC&pg=PA296 Desktop Publishing.]'' In: Maurice M. de Ruiter: ''Advances in Computer Graphics III.'' Springer, 1988, ISBN 3-540-18788-X, P. 296.</ref><ref name="spring">Michael B. Spring: ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_MV46vFUrI4C&pg=PA46 Electronic printing and publishing: the document processing revolution.]'' CRC Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8247-8544-4, Page 46.</ref>
Il film si è diffuso in maniera [[video virale|virale]] sul web ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyorker.co.uk/news/citynews/10807|title=Kony fever hits York! |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=[[The Yorker]]|author=Neylon, Stephanie}}</ref><ref name="Molloy">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/tech/892373-kony-2012-campaign-shedding-light-on-uganda-conflict-a-huge-online-success|title=Kony 2012: Campaign Shedding light on Uganda Conflict a Huge Online Success |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=[[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]]|author=Molloy, Mark}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/03/07/kony-2012-invisible-children-documentary-sheds-light-on-uganda-conflict-video_n_1326183.html?ref=uk|title=Kony 2012: Invisible Children Documentary Sheds Light On Uganda Conflict |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|author= Nelson, Sara C.}}</ref>, tanto che su [[Youtube]] (dove è stato inserito il [[5 marzo]] [[2012]]) ha raggiunto più di 84 milioni di visite<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4MnpzG5Sqc|title=Kony 2012|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=21 marzo 2012}}</ref> e più di 17,5 milioni su [[Vimeo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/37119711|title=Kony 2012|publisher=Vimeo|accessed=March 7, 2012}}</ref>.
==History==
Alcune celebrità, come [[Rihanna]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Christina Milian]], [[Nicki Minaj]], [[Bill Gates]] e [[Kim Kardashian]] hanno dichiarato il loro supporto alla campagna<ref name="Molloy"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/stars-join-uganda-campaign_1301071|title=Taylor Swift – Stars Join Uganda Campaign |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=[[Contactmusic.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/video/kony-2012|title=Kony 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=The Voice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Celebs tweet opposition to African strongman Joseph Kony |author=Michelle Profis |url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2012/03/07/celebs-tweet-joseph-kony/ |newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=March 7, 2012|accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/#!/BillGates/status/177883491076284418|title=@BillGates status|author=Gates, Bill|accessdate=2012-03-08|date=2012-03-08|publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>, che prevede un maxi-evento nella notte tra venerdì [[20 aprile|20]] e sabato [[21 aprile]] [[2012]], quando tutti gli adesori affiggerano manifesti per pubblicizzarla. Invisible Children consente di acquistare inoltre sul proprio sito posters, braccialetti e adesivi per "rendere Kony famoso".
===Development of laser printing===
==Sinossi==
Laser printing traces its history to efforts by [[Gary Starkweather]] at [[Xerox]] in 1969, which resulted in a commercial system called the Xerox 9700. [[IBM]] followed this with the [[IBM 3800]] system in 1976. Both machines were large, room-filling devices handling the combined output of many users.<ref name=e>Benji Edwards: ''[http://www.macworld.com/article/144880/2009/12/five_important_printers.html Apple's Five Most Important Printers.]'' macworld.com, December 10, 2009.</ref> During the mid-1970s, [[Canon (company)|Canon]] started working on similar machines, and partnered with [[Hewlett-Packard]] to produce 1980's HP 2680, which filled only part of a room.<ref name=j>Jim Hall, [http://www.hparchive.com/seminar_notes/HP_LaserJet_The%20Early%20History_by_Jim_Hall_110512.pdf "HP LaserJet – The Early History"]</ref> Other copier companies also started development of similar systems.
Il film documenta i progetti e gli sforzi di Invisible Children Inc per far sì che Joseph Kony venga arrestato. In esso sono descritte le tattiche di [[guerriglia]] del suo [[Esercito di Resistenza del Signore]] e sono elencate le regioni in cui esso opera ([[Uganda]], [[Repubblica democratica del Congo]] e [[Sud Sudan]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altoona.psu.edu/now/news.php?value=3646|title=KONY 2012, an Invisible Children film, to show on campus March 12|accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-05|publisher=[[Penn State Altoona]]}}</ref>.
HP introduced their first desktop model with a Ricoh engine for $12,800 in 1983. Sales of the non-networked product were unsurprisingly poor.<ref name=j/> In 1983 [[Canon (company)|Canon]] introduced the LBP-CX, a desktop laser printer engine using a [[laser diode]] and featuring an output resolution of 300 dpi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fixyourownprinter.com/reference/pcr/engine/1311 |title=Canon LBP-CX Engine |publisher=fixyourownprinter.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref> In 1984, HP released the first commercially available system based on the LBP-CX, the [[HP LaserJet]].<ref name=e/>
Uno dei personaggi principali su cui il film ruota è Jacob, un ugandese il cui fratello è stato ucciso dall'esercito di Kony e a cui il regista del film e fondatore dell'Invisible Children Inc, [[Jason Russel]] ha promesso di fermare il sanguinario criminale<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebs Help "Stop Kony" Trend on Twitter: Who Is Kony? |author=Jenny McGrath |url=http://www.wetpaint.com/network/articles/celebs-help-stop-kony-tweet-on-twitter-who-is-kony |newspaper=[[Wetpaint]] |date=March 7, 2012 |accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref>. Nel film si afferma inoltre la necessità di interrompere la recluta di giovani e giovanissimi nell'Esercito di Resistenza del Signore.
===Apple's development===
==Supporto di personaggi famosi e politici==
Steve Jobs had seen the LPB-CX while negotiating for supplies of 3.5" floppy disk drives for the upcoming [[Apple Macintosh]] computer. Meanwhile, [[John Warnock]] had left Xerox to found [[Adobe Systems]] in order to commercialize [[PostScript]] in a laser printer they intended to market. Jobs was aware of Warnock's efforts, and on his return to California he started working on convincing Warnock to allow Apple to license PostScript for a new printer that Apple would sell. Negotiations between Apple and Adobe over the use of Postscript began in 1983 and an agreement was reached in December 1983, one month before Macintosh was announced.<ref name="pfiff-2003" /> Jobs eventually arranged for Apple to buy $2.5 million in Adobe stock.
La campagna umanitaria promossa da Invisible Children si è impegnata a selezionare un gruppo di 20 celebrità e di 12 politici che possano aiutare a sensibilizzare l'opinione pubblica sui crimini di Joseph Kony, che rapisce, tortura, recluta nel proprio esercito e uccide giovani ragazze e ragazzi. Tra le celebrità vi sono [[George Clooney]], [[Angelina Jolie]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Bono (cantante)|Bono]] e [[Ryan Seacrest]]<ref name="E!">{{cite news |title=Kony 2012: George Clooney, Angelina Jolie and You Asked to Save Africa's Invisible Children From Torture |author=Rebecca Macatee |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/kony_2012_george_clooney_angelina_jolie/299424 |newspaper=[[E!]] |date=March 7, 2012 |accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref>, tra i politici vi sono [[George W. Bush]], [[Condoleeza Rice]] e [[John Kerry]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The Flash – Rocklin High School – KONY 2012|author=Devin Moss|url=http://my.hsj.org/Schools/Newspaper/tabid/100/view/frontpage/articleid/507449/newspaperid/234/KONY_2012.aspx|date=March 7, 2012 |accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref>.
At about the same time, Jonathan Seybold ([[John W. Seybold|John W]]'s son) introduced [[Paul Brainerd]] to Apple, where he learned of Apple's laser printer efforts and saw the potential for a new program using the Mac's [[GUI]] to produce PostScript output for the new printer. Arranging his own funding through a [[venture capital]] firm, Brainerd formed [[Aldus]] and began development of what would become [[Adobe PageMaker|PageMaker]]. The VC coined the term "desktop publishing" during this time.<ref>David Wilma, [http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=7657 "Brainerd, Paul (b. 1947)"], HistoryLink, 22 February 2006</ref>
Nel filmato viene anche mostrata la lettere con cui il presidente degli [[Stati Uniti]] [[Barack Obama]] comunica la decisione di stanziare un piccolo contingente militare in Uganda, per proteggere la popolazione civile dai ribelli guidati da Kony.
===Release===
==Criticism and responses==
The LaserWriter was announced at Apple's annual shareholder meeting on January 23, 1985,<ref name="bart-1985">Jim Bartimo, Michael McCarthy: [http://books.google.com/books?id=7S4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 "Is Apple's LaserWriter on Target?"], ''InfoWorld'', Volume 7 Issue 6 (11 February 1985), pp. 15-18.</ref> the same day Aldus announced PageMaker.<ref>''Aldus Announces Desktop Publishing System ...'' BusinessWire, January 23, 1985.</ref> Shipments began in March 1985<ref>[http://www.macworld.co.uk/mac/news/index.cfm?newsid=24596 Macintosh Timeline]</ref> at the retail price of US$ 6,995, significantly more than the HP model. However, the LaserWriter featured [[AppleTalk]] support that allowed the printer to be shared among as many as sixteen Macs, meaning that its per-user price could fall to under $450, far less expensive than HP's less-advanced model.
In November of 2011, while ''Kony 2012'' was in production, ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' magazine published an article stating that several organizations, including Invisible Children, had "manipulated facts for strategic purposes, exaggerating the scale of LRA abductions and murders" and was "portraying Kony – a brutal man, to be sure – as uniquely awful, a [[Kurtz (Heart of Darkness)|Kurtz]]-like embodiment of evil".<ref name="Post1"/> Resolve, one of Invisible Children's partner organizations, responded that the accusation was a "serious charge ... published with no accompanying substantiation."<ref name="Post1"/> These criticisms of Invisible Children's intentions and the statements that were made in the film resurfaced when ''Kony 2012'' was released.
The combination of the LaserWriter, PostScript, PageMaker and the Mac's GUI and built-in AppleTalk networking would ultimately transform the landscape of computer desktop publishing.<ref name="pfiff-2003">Pamela Pfiffner: ''Inside the Publishing Revolution. The Adobe Story.'' Adobe Press, 2003. ISBN 0-321-11564-3. Chapter ''Steve Jobs and the LaserWriter.'' Pages 33-46. A PDF of the chapter is available at {{cite web|url=http://www.creativepro.com/article/inside-publishing-revolution-how-laserwriter-and-photoshop-changed-world |title=Inside the Publishing Revolution|publisher=CreativePro.com |date=2002-12-03 |accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref> At the time, Apple planned to release a suite of AppleTalk products as part of the [[Macintosh Office]], with the LaserWriter being only the first component.<ref name="linz-1985">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mXnw5tM8QRwC&pg=PA143
Since the video's release, the campaign has come under criticism for oversimplification of events in the region.<ref name="Okwonga">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/03/07/stop-kony-yes-but-dont-stop-asking-questions/|title=Stop Kony, yes. But don’t stop asking questions|accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=[[The Independent]]|author=Okwonga, Musa}}</ref> While the campaign promotes global activism, it has been criticized for providing a black-and-white picture rather than encouraging the viewers to learn about the situation.<ref>[http://hateandrelativism.wordpress.com/2012/03/13/what-trends-does-kony-2012-represent/ What trends does KONY 2012 represent?] Hate & Relativism Blog, March 2012</ref> One criticism is that the film gives a misleading impression of the whereabouts and magnitude of Kony's remaining LRA forces. Kony's followers are now thought to number only in the hundreds, and Kony himself is believed to be in the [[Central African Republic]] rather than Uganda--a fact that receives only a passing mention in the video.<ref name="Keating20120307">{{cite web|url=http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/07/guest_post_joseph_kony_is_not_in_uganda_and_other_complicated_things |title=Guest post: Joseph Kony is not in Uganda (and other complicated things) |accessdate=2012-03-08|date=2012-03-07|work=Foreign Policy|author=Keating, Joshua}}</ref> This problem has raised questions about the plausibility of Ugandan army intervention, which the video advocates. Since Kony and most of the LRA forces are not in Uganda, the Ugandan army would need to coordinate with the militaries of the other countries where the LRA is located: [[South Sudan]], the [[Central African Republic]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Military cooperation between the countries has historically not worked well and efforts by the African Union to facilitate cooperation have stalled.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/2012/03/08/148239201/joseph-kony-is-now-a-star-but-will-he-be-caught | title=Joseph Kony is Infamous - But will he be caught? | publisher=NPR | accessdate=March 09, 2012}}</ref> In addition, the [[Uganda People's Defence Force|Ugandan army]] and the [[Armed forces of South Sudan|South Sudanese army]] have themselves been accused of human rights violations such as attacks against civilians, use of child soldiers and looting of civilian homes and businesses.<ref name=OTotL>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136673/mareike-schomerus-tim-allen-and-koen-vlassenroot/obama-takes-on-the-lra?page=2|title=Obama Takes on the LRA|accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=Foreignaffairs.com|author= Schomerus, Mareike; Allen, Tim; Vlassenroot, Koen }}</ref>
|author=Owen W. Linzmayer
|title=Apple Confidential 2.0
|publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-23
|ISBN= 978-1-59327-010-0}} Chapter ''Why 1984 Wasn't like 1984.'' Pages 143-146.</ref>
While competing printers and their associated control languages offered some of the capabilities of PostScript, they were limited in their ability to reproduce free-form layouts (as a desktop publishing application might produce), use [[Computer_font#Outline_fonts|outline fonts]], or offer the level of detail and control over the page layout. HP's own LaserJet was driven by a simple [[page description language]] running on the host computer, known as [[Printer Command Language]], or PCL. The version for the LaserJet, PCL4, was adapted from earlier [[inkjet printer]]s with the addition of downloadable bitmapped fonts.<ref name=j/> It lacked the power and flexibility of PostScript until several upgrades provided some level of parity.<ref>[http://www.csgnetwork.com/hppclhist.html "HP's History Of Printer Command Language (PCL)"], HP</ref> It was some time before similar products became available on other platforms, by which time the Mac had ridden the desktop publishing market to success.
===Criticisms of U.S. military assistance===
In October 2011, U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] announced that he would send 100 American military advisors to Uganda, South Sudan, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to help the regional forces remove Joseph Kony "from the battlefield". However, they were not authorized to fight unless they were fired upon.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/15/world/la-fg-us-uganda-20111015 | title=U.S. sending military advisors to Uganda | publisher=LA Times | accessdate=2012-03-12 | date=2011-10-15}}</ref> Human rights advocates have reported that both the Ugandan army and the former [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|Sudan People’s Liberation Army]], which forms the core of the new South Sudanese army, have exploited children as soldiers. They criticized the U.S. decision to provide military assistance for armies accused of using child soldiers: "Countries that keep using child soldiers aren’t going to get serious about ending the practice until they see the US is serious about withholding the money,” said Jo Becker, child rights advocate at [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref name="HRW">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/10/04/us-don-t-finance-child-soldiers |title=US: Don’t Finance Child Soldiers Obama Administration Aid Waivers Undercut US Law |accessdate=2012-03-12|date=2011-10-04|work=Human Rights Watch|author=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Further criticism has come from the campaign's lack of accountability towards the Ugandan government in the conflict.<ref name="Okwonga"/> There has also been a more [[International_relations_theory#Realism | realist]] analysis of President Obama's decision to send military advisers to the region, with some suggesting that the assistance was a reward for Ugandan assistance in [[Somalia]].<ref name=OTotL></ref> Some have argued that U.S. interest in Africa is mainly due to Uganda's recent discovery of oil.<ref name="GRTV">{{cite web|url=http://tv.globalresearch.ca/2012/03/us-launches-pr-campaign-ugandan-oil-intervention |title=US Launches PR Campaign for Ugandan Oil Intervention |accessdate=2012-03-18|date=2012-15-03|work= Global Research TV |author=James Corbett }}</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITC5oOoCvcQ</ref> Author and human rights advocate, Adam Branch asks, 'How are we, as US citizens, allowing our government to militarise Africa in the name of the "War on Terror" and its effort to secure oil resources?'<ref name="AJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/201231284336601364.html |title=US: Dangerous ignorance: The hysteria of Kony 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-17|date=2012-12-03|work= Al Jazeera|author=Adam Branch }}</ref>
==Description==
===Criticisms from Uganda===
There has been growing criticism in Uganda over the film.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/uganda/9131469/Joseph-Kony-2012-growing-outrage-in-Uganda-over-film.html | title=Joseph Kony 2012: growing outrage in Uganda over film | publisher=The Telegraph | accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=rU_1jnrj5VI|title=Kony screening provokes anger in Uganda|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=March 15, 2012}}</ref> Critics argue Kony and his diminishing troops, many of them kidnapped child soldiers, fled northern Uganda six years ago and are now spread across the jungles of neighbouring countries. Rosebell Kagumire, a Ugandan journalist specializing in peace and conflict reporting, said: “This paints a picture of Uganda six or seven years ago, that is totally not how it is today. It’s highly irresponsible”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=KLVY5jBnD-E|title=My response to KONY2012|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref>
===Hardware===
A March 2012 showing of the film in Lira, a town in northern Uganda, was met with jeering and thrown objects. An estimated 35,000 people jeered at the showing, and some threw rocks at the screen and at the group [[African Youth Initiative Network]], which screened the film and provided translations. The screening prompted angry calls to local radio stations. Ugandans were upset that the film devoted so much attention to the filmmakers and Kony while spending relatively little time on the conflict's victims, prompting complaints that the film was "more about whites than Ugandans." Others objected to being reminded of the horrors Kony brought to Uganda. Despite the negative response, the organization still plans on showing the film in other towns, hoping to avoid this response by providing context for the film and its message of advocacy.<ref>{{cite news |title='Kony' Screening Inflames Ugandans |author1=Nicholas Bariyo |author2=Erica Orden |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=March 16, 2012 |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303863404577283531931361326.html?google_editors_picks=true |accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref>
PostScript is a complete [[programming language]] that has to be run in a suitable [[interpreter]] and then sent to a software rasterizer program, all inside the printer. To support this, the LaserWriter featured a [[Motorola 68000]] [[central processing unit|CPU]] running at 12 [[Megahertz|MHz]], 512 kB of workspace [[RAM]], and a 1 MB frame buffer.<ref>[http://support.apple.com/kb/sp472 "LaserWriter: Technical Specifications"], Apple</ref> At introduction, the LaserWriter had the most processing power in Apple’s product line—more than the 8 MHz Macintosh. As a result, the LaserWriter was also one of Apple's most expensive offerings.
===Networking===
''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' interviewed local residents over the video in Gulu, Uganda, a former rebel center. Dr Beatrice Mpora, director of the community health organization Kairos commented: "What that video says is totally wrong, and it can cause us more problems than help us ''(... )'' There has not been a single soul from the LRA here since 2006. Now we have peace, people are back in their homes, they are planting their fields, they are starting their businesses. That is what people should help us with.<ref name="pflanz">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/uganda/9131469/Joseph-Kony-2012-growing-outrage-in-Uganda-over-film.html|title=Joseph Kony 2012: growing outrage in Uganda over film|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=8 March 2012|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=17 March 2012}}</ref>” Ugandan online commentators have also criticized the video's for its aim of making Kony "famous", and for its advocacy of foreign military intervention to stop him.<ref name="pflanz" />
Since the cost of a LaserWriter was several times that of a [[dot-matrix]] impact printer, some means to share the printer with several Macs was desired. [[Local area network|LANs]] were complex and expensive, so Apple developed its own networking scheme, [[LocalTalk]]. Based on the [[AppleTalk]] [[protocol stack]], LocalTalk connected the LaserWriter to the Mac over an [[RS-422]] serial port. At 230.4 [[kilobit|kbit]]/[[second|s]] LocalTalk was slower than the Centronics PC parallel interface, but allowed several computers to share a single LaserWriter. PostScript enabled the LaserWriter to print complex pages containing high-resolution [[Raster graphics|bitmap graphics]], [[outline font]]s, and vector illustrations. The LaserWriter could print more complex layouts than the HP [[Laserjet]] and other non-Postscript printers. Paired with the program [[Aldus PageMaker]], the LaserWriter gave the layout editor an exact replica of the printed page. The LaserWriter offered a generally faithful proofing tool for preparing documents for quantity publication, and could print smaller quantities directly. The Mac platform quickly gained the favor of the emerging desktop-publishing industry, a market in which the Mac is still important.<ref>http://www.businessweek.com/technology/ByteOfTheApple/blog/archives/2009/04/cnbc_on_the_mac_vs_pc_fight.html</ref>
===Design===
Ugandan prime minister [[Amama Mbabazi]] launched an online response on Youtube. On video he seeks to correct the false impression that Uganda is in conflict, and invites everyone to come and see the country. He assures that people would find it a very different place to that portrayed by Invisible Children.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/2012317134323360997.html|title=Uganda launches video to counter 'Kony 2012'|date=17 March 2012|work=Al Jazeera|accessdate=17 March 2012}}</ref>
The LaserWriter was the first major printer designed by Apple to use the new [[Snow White design language]] created by [[Frogdesign]]. It also continued a departure from the beige color that characterized the Apple and Macintosh products to that time by using the same brighter, creamy off-white color first introduced with the [[Apple IIc]] and [[Apple Scribe Printer]] 8 months earlier. In that regard it and its successors stood out among all of Apple’s Macintosh product offerings until 1987, when Apple adopted a unifying warm gray color they called Platinum across its entire product line, which was to last for over a decade.
The LaserWriter was also the first peripheral to use the [[LocalTalk]] connector and Apple’s unified round AppleTalk Connector Family, which allowed any variety of mechanical networking systems to be plugged into the ports on the computers or printers. A common solution was the 3rd party [[PhoneNet]] which used conventional telephone cables for networking.
===Invisible Children's response===
On March 8, 2012, Invisible Children released an official response addressing the criticisms directed at ''Kony 2012''. As an explanation for the simplicity of the movie, they stated that "in [their] quest to garner wide public support of nuanced policy, [they] sought to explain the conflict in an easily understandable format". Jedediah Jenkins, the director of idea development for Invisible Children, responded to the new criticisms by saying that they were "myopic" and that the video itself was a "tipping point" that "got young people to care about an issue on the other side of the planet that doesn’t affect them."<ref name="Post1">{{cite news |title=Invisible Children responds to criticism about ‘Stop Kony’ campaign |author=Elizabeth Flock |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/invisible-childrens-stop-kony-campaign/2012/03/07/gIQA7B31wR_blog.html?wprss=blogpost |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=March 7, 2012 |accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref> In response to concerns about working with the Ugandan government, Invisible Children explained that they "do not defend any of the human rights abuses perpetrated by the Ugandan government or the Ugandan army" and the reason why they are working with the Ugandan army even though Kony is no longer in Uganda is because the army is "more organized and better equipped than that of any of the other affected countries (DRC, South Sudan, CAR) to track down Joseph Kony" and that they want all of the governments in the region to work together to arrest Kony.<ref name="Invisible Children Website">{{cite web|title=Invisible Children Critiques|url=http://www.invisiblechildren.com.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/critiques.html|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref> Jenkins stated that "There is a huge problem with political corruption in Africa. If we had the purity to say we will not partner with anyone corrupt, we couldn’t partner with anyone."<ref name="Post1"/>
==Other LaserWriter models==
==Notes==
{{See also|List of Apple printers#Laser printer series}}
<references/>
Building on the success of the original LaserWriter, Apple developed many further models. Later LaserWriters offered faster printing, higher [[dots per inch|resolution]]s, [[Ethernet]] connectivity, and eventually color output in the [[Color LaserWriter]]. To compete, many other laser printer manufacturers licensed Adobe PostScript for inclusion into their own models. Eventually the standardization on Ethernet for connectivity and the ubiquity of PostScript undermined the unique position of Apple’s printers: Macintosh computers functioned equally well with any Postscript printer. After the LaserWriter 8500, Apple discontinued the LaserWriter product line in 1997.
=== LaserWriter II ===
In 1988, to address the need for both an affordable printer and a professional printer, the LaserWriter II was designed to allow for complete replacement of the computer circuit board that operates the printer. Across all the different models, the print engine was the same.
* For low-end users, there was the LaserWriter II SC,<ref>http://support.apple.com/kb/SP474</ref> a host-based [[QuickDraw]] printer connected via SCSI that did not use PostScript and did not require a license from Adobe. It had two SCSI ports to allow [[Daisy chain (electrical engineering)|daisy-chaining]] of the printer with other SCSI devices such as hard drives. It did not support AppleTalk.
* For midrange users, the LaserWriter II NT<ref>http://support.apple.com/kb/SP475</ref> provided PostScript support and AppleTalk networking.
* For high-end users, the LaserWriter II NTX<ref>http://support.apple.com/kb/SP476</ref> also included a SCSI controller for storage of printer fonts on a hard drive dedicated for use by the printer.
Three years later in 1991, two updated versions of the LaserWriter II were produced.
* The LaserWriter IIf<ref>http://support.apple.com/kb/SP477</ref> had a faster processor than the IINTX, a newer version of PostScript and also HP PCL, and included the SCSI interface for font storage on an external hard drive
* The LaserWriter IIg<ref>http://support.apple.com/kb/SP478</ref> had the capabilities of the IIf, and was also the first LaserWriter with a built-in Ethernet network interface.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Apple printers}}
{{Apple hardware before 1998}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Laserwriter}}
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