Mu'adh al-Kasasbeh: differenze tra le versioni
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Il jet che al-Kasāsbeh pilotava era un [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|Lockheed Martin F-16]], precedentemente impiegato dall'[[Componente aerea dell'armata belga|Aeronautica militare belga]]. Esso cadde, forse per un guasto meccanico o perché abbattuto da un missile, il 24 dicembre 2014 durante una missione di [[bombardamento]] su una fabbrica di [[mattoni]], durante l'[[intervento militare contro lo Stato Islamico dell'Iraq e del Levante]].<ref name=YT20141226>{{cite web|title=Jordan pilot ejected over Syria after 'technical failure'|url=http://news.yahoo.com/jordan-denies-jihadists-shot-down-warplane-131419028.html|website=Yahoo News|publisher=Yahoo|accesso=26 dicembre 2014}}</ref> Il governo giordano parlò di guasto tecnico che avrebbe provocato la sua espulsione dall'abitacolo mentre volava a bassa altitudine, ma [[Da'esh]] specificò che era stato il pilota a eiettarsi dall'aereo.<ref name=YT20141226 /><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31021927|title=Profile: IS-held Jordanian pilot Moaz al-Kasasbeh|work=BBC News}}</ref> He ejected and parachuted into a lake near [[Raqqa|Raqqa, Syria]]. He was quickly captured by Islamic State militants and pulled from the water.<ref name="nytimes.com1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/29/middleeast/who-is-jordan-pilot-isis-hostage/|title=Who was Jordanian pilot Moath al-Kasasbeh, killed by ISIS?|author=Laura Smith-Spark and Michael Martinez|date=29 January 2015|work=CNN}}</ref><ref name="arabnews.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/700446|title=US moves pilot-rescue teams closer as Coalition steps up war against IS|work=arabnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/isis-terrorists-shoot-jordanian-plane-capture-pilot-article-1.2055578|title=ISIS terrorists capture Jordan pilot, plane not shot down|work=NY Daily News}}</ref> Un pattugliatore lo aveva cercato dopo la sua eiezione, secondo funzionari statunitensi, ma il pilota non aveva potuto sottrarsi alla cattura".<ref name="arabnews.com1"/> Il 30 dicembre 2014, Muʿādh apparve in un'intervista dettagliata della rivista ''Dabiq'' di Da'esh.<ref>http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/02/04/Profile-of-Jordan-s-patriotic-pilot.html</ref><ref>http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/when-did-jordan-find-out-hostage-pilot-muath-al-kasasbeh-n299896</ref>
Negoziati ebbero luogo, ma inutilmente, per la sua liberazione. La sua famiglia effettuò per suo conto pressioni sul governo giordano per facilitare il suo rilascio. Inizialmente fu proposto uno scambio tra lui e il giornalista [[giappone]]se [[Kenji Goto]], anche lui sequestrato da Da'esh, in cambio di [[Sagida al-Rishawi]], una donna che aveva cercato di farsi esplodere all'interno di un hotel di Amman, poi fatto esplodere dal marito, e che era stata incarcerata in Giordania e condannata a morte.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31121160|title= Jordan pilot hostage Moaz al-Kasasbeh 'burned alive'|work=BBC News}}</ref> Il governo giordano insisté nel chiedere prove sull'esistenza in vita del suo pilota, prima di procedere allo scambio. Da'esh rifiutò e pubblicò un video della sue esecuzione.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jordantimes.com/jordan-confirms-death-of-pilot-says-killed-january-3 |title=Jordan confirms death of pilot, says killed January 3 |publisher=The Jordan Times |date=27 January 2015 |accesso=3 febbraio 2015}}</ref> Alcuni analisti hanno affermato che l'offerta dello [[Stato Islamico]] era in realtà un inganno
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Un'operazione militare per liberare al-Kasāsbeh, condotta forse dalle [[Comando speciale congiunto Operativo|Forze Speciali giordane]], è possibile sia stata tentata il 1° gennaio 2015. Membri del gruppo anti-IS a Raqqa, chiamato proprio "Raqqa", hanno affermato di aver assistito a un bombardamento aereo su Raqqa in una delle più dure azioni ostili della campagna condotta contro [[Da'esh|Dāʿesh]], mentre quattro [[elicotteri]] scaricavano soldati con l'uniforme giordana. La missione fallì quando combattenti dello SI dell'area cominciarono a lanciare missili antiaerei sugli elicotteri, obbligandoli al ritiro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/special-forces-may-have-tried-rescue-jordanian-pilot-muath-al-kasaesbeh-1805416|title=Special Forces May Have Tried To Rescue Jordanian Pilot Muath al-Kasaesbeh|date=4 February 2015|work=International Business Times}}</ref>
==Death==▼
Al-Kasasbeh was [[Death by burning|burned to death]] by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|IS]] members in January 2015.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/01/us-mideast-crisis-jordan-dilemma-idUSKBN0L51OZ20150201|title=Pilot held by Islamic State puts Jordan's king in a tough spot|work=Reuters}}</ref> His killing was recorded on video and shown near the end of a 22-minute "[[snuff film]]" entitled ''Healing the Believers' Chests'', credited to the Islamic State's official [[Al Furqan Media Foundation]] and distributed via a Twitter account known as a source for IS propaganda, and on video-sharing sites.<ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/02/jordan-pilot-ISIS-execution-unity-Mouath-al-Kasaesbeh-King-Abdullah-revenge/385147/|title=Jordan's King Abdullah Vows Revenge for Death of Mouath al-Kasaesbeh, Who Was Burned Alive by ISIS |work=The Atlantic|author=Adam Chandler|date=4 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="aol.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aol.com/article/2015/02/03/video-claims-to-show-isis-terrorists-burning-pilot-alive/21138558/|title=Video claims to show ISIS terrorists burning pilot alive|work=AOL.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nieuws.thepostonline.nl/2015/02/03/isis-verbrandt-gevangengenomen-jordaanse-piloot-levend/|title=Video: IS verbrandt gevangengenomen Jordaanse piloot levend|publisher=The Post Online|date=3 February 2015}} (in Dutch; includes a [http://www.dumpert.nl/embed/6638265/30337e4b/ excerpt] of the immolation via LiveLeak as an inline illustration)</ref>▼
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▲Most Western media outlets refused to show the full video, sometimes describing it or showing images immediately preceding al-Kasasbeh's immolation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2015/02/03/islamic-state-burning-video-news-organizations-describe-it-dont-show-it/|title=Islamic State burning video: News organizations describe it, don't show it|publisher=Washington Post|date=3 February 2015|author=Erik Wemple}}</ref> [[Fox News]] posted the complete video on its website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/feb/04/fox-news-shows-isis-video-jordan-pilot/|title=Fox News website embeds unedited Isis video showing brutal murder of Jordanian pilot|publisher=The Guardian|date=4 February 2015|author=Nicky Woolf}}</ref>
▲The Jordanian government assessed that al-Kasasbeh was killed [[Death by burning|by burning]] on 3 January, rather than 3 February, when the video was released on Twitter. If correct, it would confirm that the Islamic State never intended to exchange him for al-Rishawi. Other news reports suggest that he may have been killed a few days later, on 8 January, according to a tweet posted by a Syrian activist from Raqqa that day claiming he saw individuals from IS celebrating the death of al-Kasasbeh on 8 January.<ref name=Burnews1 /> It was reported that al-Kasasbeh was deprived of food beginning five days before he was killed.<ref name=Burnews1>{{cite web|url=http://www.burnews.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%8F%D8%B1%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9|title=الطيار الأردني حُرم من الطعام قبل إعدامه بخمسة أيام|work=صحيفة عاجل الإلكترونية}}</ref>
==Reazione==
▲On 25 February 2015, al-l'tisam, a media arm of ISIS, released a video entitled ''Message to Jordan''. It showed new excerpts from the video of al-Kasasbeh's burning.<ref>http://jihadology.net/2015/02/25/al-iti%E1%B9%A3am-media-presents-a-new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-message-to-jordan/</ref><ref>http://stepagency-sy.net/archives/36071</ref>
▲Al-Kasasbeh's killing provoked outrage in Jordan; even some of those who had been opposed to the country's participation in airstrikes against IS started demanding revenge.<ref name=ChulovGuardian>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/04/isis-muadh-al-kasasbeh-death-jordan-revenge-mood|title=Jordanians turn their minds to revenge after Isis killing of pilot|author=Martin Chulov|work=the Guardian}}</ref>
▲King [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]] cut short a visit to the United States, and the Jordanian government announced that all prisoners in its custody who had been convicted of association with IS would be executed "within hours" in retaliation for al-Kasasbeh's killing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2938199/Burned-alive-cage-ISIS-release-video-claiming-horrifying-murder-captured-Jordanian-pilot.html|title=Jordan announces execution of six ISIS prisoners 'within hours' in retaliation after terrorists release lavish video of Jordanian pilot being TORCHED to death in a cage in yet another new low for humanity|publisher=Daily Mail|date=3 February 2015|author=John Hall and Tom Wyke and Steph Cockroft for MailOnline and David Williams, Chief Reporter for the Daily Mail}}</ref> In further response, Mamdouh al-Ameri, a [[Jordanian Armed Forces|Jordanian military]] spokesman, said: "While the military forces mourn the martyr, they emphasize his blood will not be shed in vain. The revenge will be as big as the calamity that has hit Jordan."<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/isis-execution-jordan-pilot-302659]</ref>
▲On 4 February 2015, al-Rishawi and another Iraqi jihadist who was also on death row, [[Ziad Khalaf Raja al-Karbouly|Ziad Khalaf al-Karbouly]], were executed by [[hanging]] in Swaqa Prison, expedited in response to al-Kasasbeh's death.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Michaels|first1=Jim|last2=Bacon|first2=John|title=Jordan executes two in response to pilot's slaying|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/02/03/islamic-state-jordanian-pilot/22798055/|accessdate=4 February 2015|agency=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author =| title =Jordan executes Sajida al-Rishawi after pilot murder| quote =| newspaper =[[Al Arabiya|Al Arabiya News English]]| date = 4 February 2015| url =http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/02/04/Jordan-to-execute-jailed-would-be-bomber-jihadists-security.html| accessdate =3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.mehrnews.com/ar/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=1849387|title=Jordan executes two terrorists after alkasasabeh murder|work=MehrNews}}</ref>
Later on 4 February, Jordan launched its first military response to al-Kasasbeh's killing. Jordanian warplanes bombed IS positions in [[Mosul]], killing 55 IS fighters, including a senior commander.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/middle-east/60008-150204-king-abdullah-lands-in-jordan-following-murder-of-pilot|title=Jordan carries out air strikes in Iraq, killing 55 IS militants|work=i24news}}</ref> The following day, Jordan launched airstrikes against IS weapons and munition warehouses and training camps. According to U.S. officials, the attacks took place near [[Ar-Raqqah]] and involved 20 Jordanian F-16s, and American refueling and radio jamming aircraft assisted. After the jets completed their mission, they overflew al-Kasasbeh's hometown of Karak while on their way back to base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/02/05/shocked-jordanians-rally-behind-king-against-isis-after-video-pilot-killing/|title=Jordanian fighter jets strike hard at ISIS, pay tribute to murdered pilot|work=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11397577|title=Jordanian warplanes bomb Isis targets|work=The New Zealand Herald}}</ref> The [[Jordan Radio and Television Corporation]] aired footage shot prior to those attacks, of pilots scribbling messages onto bombs slated to be used in the strikes. "For you, the enemies of Islam," read one message. Others bore verses from the [[Quran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/2/6/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83-/2055752#.VNP_PNLF9A0 |title=بالفيديو.."سيصلى نارا ذات لهب"..آيات قرآنية على صواريخ أردنية لدك داعش |اليوم السابع |publisher=Youm7.com |date= |accessdate=6 February 2015|language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jordanian-pilots-scribble-messages-isis-missiles-you-enemies-islam-1486834|title=Jordanian pilots scribble messages for Isis on missiles: 'For you, the enemies of Islam'|work=International Business Times UK}}</ref> In 3 days of bombardment, Jordan fighter jets destroyed 56 ISIS targets and killed 7000 ISIS fighters.<ref>http://www.timesofisrael.com/jordan-approximately-7000-is-members-killed-in-strikes/</ref>▼
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Several clerics, leading figures of the Islamic world and news outlets roundly condemned the killing as murder. However, IS said it could be justified by [[Islamic law]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gayle|first1=Damien|title=Even Al-Qaeda condemn murder of Jordanian pilot as 'deviant'... and leading Muslim cleric calls for ISIS militants to be killed, crucified and have limbs 'chopped'|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2939536/Even-Al-Qaeda-condemn-murder-Jordanian-pilot-deviant-leading-Muslim-cleric-calls-ISIS-militants-killed-crucified-limbs-chopped.html|accessdate=6 February 2015|work=Daily Mail|date=4 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I38U4bEhQmM Scholar Khola Hasan on Murder of Jordanian Pilot Moaz al-Kassasbeh by ISIS]</ref>
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