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=== Il numero dodici ===

Il numero dodici non è né fittizio né il risultato di un vero sviluppo genealogico della [[Patriarca (ebraismo)|storia patriarcale]]. Si tratta di una cifra istituzionalizzata e convenzionalizzata che si trova anche in altre tribù, come ad esempio i figli di [[Ismaele]], di Naor, di Ioctan, ed [[Esaù]]. Simili modelli organizzativi riferentesi a gruppi di dodici, o anche sei, tribù, sono noti in [[Asia Minore]], [[Grecia]] e [[Italia]]. In Grecia, tali raggruppamenti erano chiamati [[Anfizionia|anfizionie]], leghe sacrali di {{polytonic|ἔθνη}} o [[polis|πόλεις]] (''polis'') che gravitavano attorno ad un particolare santuario. A ciascuna tribù veniva assegnato un turno prestabilito nell'approvvigionamento e mantenimento del tempio. I membri anfizionici facevano pellegrinaggio verso il centro religioso comune in occasioni festive. La misura esatta di corrispondenza tra l'anfizionia del mondo ellenico e la struttura duodecimale delle tribù di Israele porebbe essere causa di controversie accademiche, tuttavia non ci sono dubbi che questo modello di dodici attribuito alle tribù erabriche sia reale e fermamente radicato nella storia. Pertanto, se una delle tribù Tdoveva ritirarsi dall'unione o essere assorbita da un'altra tribù, il numero dodici sarebbe stato conservato, sia dividendo in due una delle rimanenti tribù oppure accettando una nuova tribù nell'unione. Per esempio, quando la [[tribù di Levi]] viene considerata parte delle dodici tribù, le tribù di Giuseppe sono con siderate come una sola. Ma quando la tribù di Levi non viene citata, le tribù di Giuseppe sono contate separatamente come [[Manasse (tribù)|Manasse]] ed [[Efraim (tribù)|Efraim]]. Seguendo le stesse considerazioni duodecimali, Simeone è contata come una tribù anche dopo che è stata assorbita da Giuda, e Manasse anche quando si divide in due, viene considerata una.

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The number twelve is neither fictitious nor the result of an actual genealogical development in patriarchal history. It is an institutionalized and conventionalized figure which is found among other tribes as well, such as the sons of Ishmael, of Nahor, of Joktan, and Esau. Similar organizational patterns built about groups of twelve, or even six, tribes, are known from Asia Minor, Greece and Italy. In Greece, such groupings were called amphictyony, meaning "to dwell about" a central sanctuary. Each tribe was assigned a prearranged turn in the provision and maintenance of the shrine. The amphictyonic members would make pilgrimages to the common religious center on festive occasions. The exact measure of correspondence between the amphictyony of the Hellenic world and the duodecimal structure of the tribes of Israel may be the subject of scholarly controversy, but there can be little doubt that this pattern of twelve attributed to the Hebrew tribes is very real and historically rooted. Thus, if one tribe were to withdraw from the union or to be absorbed into another, the number twelve would be preserved, either by splitting one of the remaining tribes into two or by accepting a new tribe into the union. For example, when the tribe of Levi is considered among the twelve tribes, the Joseph tribes are counted as one. However, when Levi is not mentioned, the Joseph tribes are counted separately as Manasseh and Ephraim. For the same duodecimal considerations, Simeon is counted as a tribe even after having been absorbed into Judah, and Manasseh even after having split in tw, is considered one.

The confederation of the twelve tribes was primarily religious, based upon belief in the one "God of Israel" with whom the tribes had made a covenant and whom they worshiped at a common sacral center as the "people of the Lord." The Tent of Meeting and the Ark of the Covenant were the most sacred objects of the tribal union and biblical tradition shows that many places served as religious centers in various periods. During the desert wanderings, "the mountain of God," that is, Sinai or Horeb, served as such a place, as did the great oasis at Kadesh-Barnea where the tribes remained for some time and from where the tribes attempted a conquest of the land. Many sites in Canaan are mentioned as having sacred associations or as being centers of pilgrimage. Some of these, such as Penuel, where Jacob received the name Israel, Beth-El, where the Ark rested, and Beer-Sheba, go back to patriarchal times. Jacob built an altar at Shechem and the tribes gathered there "before the Lord" and made a covenant with Him in Joshua's time. Shiloh enjoyed special importance as a central site for the tribes. There they gathered under Joshua to divide up the land by lot, and it was there that they placed the Tent of Meeting and the Ark of the Covenant. Eli's family, which traced its descent from Aaron, the high priest, served at Shiloh, and it was to Shiloh that the Israelites turned for festivals and sacrifices.