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Riga 1:
{{Tassobox
|nome=Pappagallo terragnolo
|statocons=
|statocons_versione=iucn3.1
▲|immagine=[[File:Pezoporus wallicus -vegitation-8.jpg|230px]]
|didascalia=
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Riga 29 ⟶ 28:
|tribù=[[Pezoporini]]
|sottotribù=
|genere=
|sottogenere=
|specie='''P.
|sottospecie=
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|biautore=
|binome=Pezoporus
|bidata=[[
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|triautore=
Riga 45 ⟶ 44:
|sinonimi=
|nomicomuni=
|suddivisione=[[Areale]]
|suddivisione_testo=
}}
Il '''pappagallo terragnolo
Il piumaggio del pappagallo terragnolo occidentale è simile a quello della sua controparte orientale, ma le piume dell'addome e le [[Penne copritrici|copritrici]] sotto-caudali sono di colore giallo brillante con strisce nere indistinte. Nei giovani esemplari, inoltre, la regione attorno alla testa, le copritrici alari e il dorso sono di colore grigio-bruno, diversamente da quanto avviene nei giovani della specie orientale, in cui le stesse zone sono di colore verde brillante (come nell'adulto). Questa differenza di piumaggio fornirebbe una migliore mimetizzazione ai giovani esemplari, dalle abitudini più nomadi, che scorrazzano nell<nowiki>'</nowiki>''habitat'' tipico delle regioni aride sud-occidentali in cui risiedono. Al contrario, il pappagallo terragnolo orientale vive in zone dove la vegetazione è molto fitta, con poche zone di terreno aperto.
== Descrizione ==▼
Secondo le analisi del DNA molecolare il pappagallo terragnolo occidentale si sarebbe separato dai pappagalli terragnoli dell'Australia orientale circa 2 milioni di anni fa<ref name=Murphy>{{cita pubblicazione|titolo=A cryptic and critically endangered species revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses: the Western Ground Parrot|autore=Stephen A. Murphy, Leo Joseph, Allan H. Burbidge e Jeremy Austin|anno=2010|pubblicazione=Conservation Genetics|doi=10.1007/s10592-010-0161-1|volume=12|numero=2|pp=595-600}}</ref>.
== Tassonomia ==▼
Descritto come specie separata da [[Alfred John North]] nel 1911 a causa del piumaggio differente<ref>{{cita libro|autore=[[Alfred John North]]|p=175|titolo=Nests and eggs of birds found breeding in Australia and Tasmania|anno=1911|editore=Australian Museum|città=Sydney|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42060#page/7/mode/1up|dataaccesso=20 novembre 2010}}</ref>, il pappagallo terragnolo occidentale deve l'epiteto specifico, ''flaviventris'', dai termini [[Lingua latina|latini]] ''flavus'', «giallo oro», e ''venter'', «pancia»<ref>{{cita libro|autore=D. P. Simpson|titolo=Cassell's Latin Dictionary|editore=Cassell Ltd.|anno=1979|edizione=5|città=Londra|pp=250 e 634|isbn=0-304-52257-0}}</ref>. Già nel 1912, tuttavia, [[Gregory Mathews]] lo considerò una sottospecie del [[Pezoporus wallicus|pappagallo terragnolo orientale]], non ritenendolo abbastanza differente da giustificarne il rango di specie a sé<ref>{{cita pubblicazione|autore=G. M. Mathews|anno=1912|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ia/novitateszoologi18lond#page/304/mode/1up|titolo=Reference List to the Birds of Australia|pubblicazione=Novitates Zoologicae|volume=18|pp=171-455}}</ref><ref name=interimplan>{{cita web|url=http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/pdf/plants_animals/threatened_species/irps/fauna/pez_wal_irp6.pdf|titolo=Interim Recovery Plan No. 6: Western Ground Parrot interim recovery plan 1996 to 1999|autore=Allan H. Burbidge, John Blyth, Alan Danks, Kelly Gillen e Brenda Newbey|data=Giugno 1997|sito=Department of Environment and Conservation website|editore=Western Australian Threatened Species and Communities Unit, Department of Conservation and Land Management, WA Government|città=Wanneroo, WA|dataaccesso=21 novembre 2010}}</ref>. Tale classificazione è stata seguita dalla maggior parte degli autori, finché nel 2010 uno studio molecolare non ha dimostrato la sua diversità genetica dalle popolazioni originarie di Australia orientale e Tasmania<ref name=Murphy/>. La terza specie del genere è il misterioso e gravemente minacciato pappagallo notturno (''P. occidentalis'')<ref name="Leeton"/>. La posizione filogenetica del genere ''[[Pezoporus]]'' all'interno della famiglia degli [[Psittaculidae|Psittaculidi]] è tuttora poco chiara<ref name="Leeton"/><ref name="Christidis1991">{{cita pubblicazione|autore=L. Christidis, R. Schodde, D. D. Shaw e S. F. Maynes|anno=1991|titolo=Relationships among the Australo-Papuan parrots, lorikeets, and cockatoos (Aves, Psittaciformes) – protein evidence|pubblicazione=Condor|volume=93|pp=302-317|doi=10.2307/1368946|numero=2|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/104423}}</ref>.
▲== Descrizione ==
[[File:Pezoporus wallicus Göteborgs Naturhistoriska Museum 01.png|thumb|left|upright|Esemplare impagliato al museo di storia naturale di [[Göteborg]].]]
Il piumaggio del pappagallo terragnolo occidentale è pressoché identico a quello del [[Pezoporus wallicus|pappagallo terragnolo orientale]] (''P. wallicus''), ma le piume dell'addome e delle [[Penne copritrici|copritrici]] sotto-caudali sono di colore giallo brillante con striature nere indistinte<ref name=lendon>{{cita libro|titolo=Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary|edizione=2|autore= Alan H. Lendon|anno=1973|p=310|editore=Angus and Robertson|città=Sydney|isbn=0-207-12424-8}}</ref><ref name="Forshaw78">{{cita libro|autore=Joseph M. Forshaw e William T. Cooper|anno=1978|annooriginale=1973|titolo=Parrots of the World|edizione=2|editore=Landsdowne Editions|città=Melbourne, Australia|p=275|isbn=0-7018-0690-7}}</ref>. Nei giovani esemplari, inoltre, la regione attorno alla testa, le copritrici alari e il dorso sono di colore grigio-bruno<ref name=Whitlock13/>, diversamente da quanto avviene nei giovani della specie orientale, in cui le stesse zone sono di colore verde brillante (come nell'adulto)<ref name="Forshaw78"/>.
=== Voce ===▼
== Biologia ==
Il pappagallo terragnolo occidentale di solito si alimenta da solo o in compagnia di un altro uccello. Viene avvistato solo di rado, perché di giorno si alza in volo o emette i suoi richiami solo raramente, e resta generalmente nascosto tra la bassa vegetazione. Il suo piumaggio gli conferisce una buona mimetizzazione. Se scoperto, fugge via volando basso al di sopra della vegetazione, per poi atterrare nuovamente dopo aver percorso 100 metri o giù di lì. Questi voli a zig-zag sono caratterizzati da brevi fasi di planata e rapidi battiti d'ala<ref name=Whitlock13>{{cita pubblicazione|autore=F. Lawson Whitlock|pubblicazione=Emu|anno=1913|volume=13|numero=4|p=202-05|titolo=Spotless Crake and Western Ground-parrot|doi=10.1071/MU913202}}</ref>. La specie fa udire il suo richiamo al tramonto e al mattino presto, prima che sorga il sole<ref name=interimplan/>; it is a variable high-pitched call audible for some distance and answered by neighbouring members of the species.
Il pappagallo di terra occidentale di solito si nutre da solo o con un altro uccello. Raramente sono visti perché raramente volano o chiamano durante il giorno e di solito sono nascosti tra una vegetazione bassa. Il loro piumaggio offre un buon camuffamento. Se arrossato volerà basso sopra la vegetazione, quindi atterra nuovamente a 100 metri circa. Il volo quando è sciacquato è caratterizzato da uno schema a zigzag con fasi di planata corta e battiti alari rapidi. I periodi di chiamata sono al crepuscolo e al mattino presto prima che sorga il sole; è una chiamata acuta variabile udibile per una certa distanza e risposta dai membri vicini della specie.
Seeds of various plants especially sedges. e.g. ''Mesomaelaena stygia'' ssp. ''stygia.'' Flower buds and the base of flowers e.g. [[beaufortia (plant)|beaufortia]]s, [[dryandra]]s and [[grevillea]]s are also important parts of the diet. A western ground parrot has been observed feeding on the semi-succulent leaves of ''[[Daviesia pachyphylla]]''. The diet is varied and utilises the high diversity of their habitat.<ref name=interimplan/> <!-- Over 20 species of plant were recorded during one month of direct observations of feeding by Brent Barrett a researcher operating in [[Fitzgerald River National Park]]. This feeding behaviour was recorded using a video recorder and careful use of the Play-back of bird calls. Through these means he was able to follow birds for 2 hour periods over many days within the one month study period. Thus providing intimate glimpses of the feeding behaviour of this cryptic species. Seed pods, flower heads, seed heads, leaves and grit were collected by the study male. The timing of this work coincided with the males need to feed a mate and therefore resulted in high levels of feeding and maximum food intake. -->
===
The most recently found [[Bird nest|nest]] of the western ground parrot, found in 1913, was described as a slight depression among low prickly vegetation (possibly the genus ''[[Hakea]]'') on a low ridge.<ref name=Whitlock13/> Fledglings have been recorded from September to November. Males feed females on the ground in "mate-feeding arenas", arriving silently just after dusk. Females elicit food from the male by issuing a short rasping begging call (termed ''scree''). On hot dry days the male has difficulty in moving his [[Crop (anatomy)|crop]] contents as he does not go to water sources during the day. Instead he derives his liquid from the plant material ingested. Hence when the day is hot and dry the crop contents becomes thick and difficult to regurgitate. In the later periods of nesting the female becomes very insistent and will even chase the male when he stops feeding her. Typically at the end of feeding his mate the male gives a loud call and moves a short distance away, while the female leaves undetected from the area. The male may then roost near this site. The nest can be as much as 400 m (1300 ft) from this area, as indicated by the presence of a nearly fledge chick of a known pair monitored in 2005. The female can lay up to five eggs in a recess within a clump of low vegetation which she lines with vegetation. A vacant nest may have been found in 1989 by Ray Garstone while working in Fitzgerald River National Park. While the long unburnt habitat is necessary for nesting it is often adjacent to younger more recently burnt habitat which can provide a richer and more varied food source. Being among the few ground nesting parrots the young ground parrots leave the nest before fledge and are only capable of short unsteady flight. These young have only been seen on two occasions in the last 90 years. Post fledging the young are assumed to be attended by the male (field indications support this).
▲== Tassonomia ==
Seven critically endangered western ground parrots have been transferred by the Department of Parks and Wildlife of Western Australia in July 2014 from a secluded south coast enclosure in Western Australia to the Perth Zoo, where it is hoped they will breed.<ref>Parks and Wildlife, Government of Western Australia, Media Statement, Minister’s office - 6552 5800, July 2014</ref>
==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Westerngroundparrotsing.jpg|thumb|vocalising]]
Historically, this species was found all along the coast of western southwest Australia from [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] north to [[Geraldton]] and along the South Coast east to [[Israelite Bay]]. However, it appears to have vanished from the west coast of Western Australia by 1900.<ref name=interimplan/> Nowadays, the range of this species is limited to two locations along the south coast of Western Australia, east of [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] with the largest population in [[Cape Arid National Park]].<ref name=friends/>
Low heathland usually on deep white sand with a large diversity of plants is the most common habitat. Parrots appear to be more abundant in heath which has not been burnt for decades, but have been found in areas six years after a burn. There is usually a fairly high component of [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]s.<ref name=interimplan/><!-- cites previous two sentences -->
===Status===
This species is one of the rarest bird species in the world.<ref name=Murphy/> The first photo of the western ground parrot in the wild was taken in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research|url=http://www.western-ground-parrot.org.au/WGP_Research.html|publisher=Friends of the Western Ground Parrot|accessdate=25 November 2010}}</ref> This species has rapidly declined between 1990 and 2009 from about 400 individuals to 110 individuals.<ref name=Murphy/> Most individuals (~100) are found in the Cape Arid National Park.<ref name=friends>[http://www.western-ground-parrot.org.au Friends of the Western Ground Parrot], accessed 18 November 2010</ref><ref>Burbidge AH, Blyth J (2008) Threatened and rare birds of Western Australia. Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth</ref> The species has not yet been evaluated by the IUCN, but it meets several criteria to be considered critically endangered.<ref name=Murphy/> <!--(Next is uncited) An application to change its status from endangered to critically endangered under the ''Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999'' has been lodged.--> The main threats are [[invasive species|introduced predators]], such as foxes<ref>Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) (2008). [http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/pubs/tap-fox-report.pdf Threat abatement plan for predation by the European red fox, DEWHA, Canberra].</ref> and feral cats,<ref>Dickman, C.R. Denny, E. and Buckmaster, T. 2010 [http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/feral-cat-impacted-sites.pdf Identification of sites of high conservation priority impacted by feral cats]. Report for the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Canberra, Australia.</ref><ref>Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) (2008). [http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/pubs/tap-cat-report.pdf Threat abatement plan for predation by feral cats, DEWHA, Canberra].</ref> as well as [[wildfire]]s.<ref name=Murphy/> It is listed as "critically endangered" by the Australian Government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pezoporus wallicus flaviventris — Western Ground Parrot|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=26024|publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|accessdate=25 November 2010}}</ref> Much of the local vegetation is vulnerable to ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]'' dieback and it is unclear what impact the loss of certain food items may have on the species, but there is believed to be less than 40 parrots left.<ref name=interimplan/>
In November 2015, intense bushfires around Esperance burnt almost all of the western ground parrot's habitat. The impact on the population is unclear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-30/fears-for-rare-western-ground-parrot-after-esperance-fires/6987740|title=Fears for rare western ground parrot after Esperance fires destroy 90 per cent of habitat|last=Shine|first=Rhiannon|date=2015|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=1 December 2015}}</ref>
== Note ==
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