Lingue apache: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 00:36, 28 nov 2017

Versione delle 14:17, 15 apr 2018

Riga 1:

{{F|lingue|ottobre 2012}}

{{T|inglese|lingue|ottobre 2012}}

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{{Lingua

Riga 363 ⟶ 362:

* crescente (contrassegnato da un háček '''ˇ''', Esempio: '''ǎ''')

* calante (contrassegnato da un accento circonflesso '''ˆ''', Esempio: '''â''')

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Rising and falling tones are less common in the language (often occurring over morpheme boundaries) and often occur on long vowels. Vowels can carry tone as well as syllabic '''n''' (Example: '''ń''').

The practical orthography has tried to simplify the [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist transcription]] system by representing only high tone with an acute accent while leaving low tone unmarked:

* high tone: '''á'''

* low tone: '''a'''

So now '''niziz''' is written instead of the previous '''nìzìz'''.

Additionally, rising tone on long vowels is indicated by an unmarked first vowel and an acute accent on the second, and vice versa for falling tone:

* rising: '''aá''' (instead of Americanist: '''ǎ·''')

* falling: '''áa''' (instead of Americanist: '''â·''')

Nasal vowels carry tone as well, resulting in a two diacritics on vowels with high tone: '''ą́''' (presenting problems for computerization). Recently, de Reuse (2006) has found that Western Apache also has a mid tone, which he indicates with a macron diacritic '''¯''', as in '''ō''', '''ǭ'''. In [[Chiricahua]], a falling tone can occur on a syllabic '''n''': '''n̂'''.

Here are some vowel contrasts involving nasalization, tone, and length from [[Chiricahua|Chiricahua Apache]]:

: '''cha̧a̧''' &nbsp;'feces'

: '''chaa''' &nbsp;'beaver'

: '''shiban''' &nbsp;'my buckskin'

: '''shibán''' &nbsp;'my bread'

: '''bik'ai’''' &nbsp;'his hip'

: '''bík'ai’''' &nbsp;'his stepmother'

: '''hah'aał''' &nbsp;'you two are going to chew it'

: '''hah'ał''' &nbsp;'you two are chewing it'

===Comparative phonology===

{{sectstub}}

The differences and similarities among the Southern Athabaskan languages can be observed in the following modified and abbreviated Swadesh list:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; line-height: 1.2em; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; font-family: Doulos SIL, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Gentium, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Arial Unicode MS, Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro, Lucida Grande; font-size: 100%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid;"

| &nbsp;

! Navajo

! Chiricahua

! Western Apache<br /><small>(San Carlos)</small>

! Jicarilla

! Lipan

|-

| I || shí || shí || shíí || shí || shí

|-

| thou || ni || ⁿdí || ⁿdi || ni || ⁿdí

|-

| we || nihí || náhí || nohwíí || nahí || nahí

|-

| many || łą́ || łą́ || łą́ą́ || łá || łą́

|-

| one || ła' || ła' || ła'- || ła' || ła'-

|-

| two || naaki || naaki || naaki || naaki || naaki

|-

| big || -tso || -tso || -tso || -tso || -tso

|-

| long || -neez || -neez || -neez || -ⁿdees || -ⁿdiis

|-

| small || -yáázh || -zą́ą́yé || -zhaazh || -zhááh || -zhą́ą́yí

|-

| woman || 'asdzání || 'isdzáń || 'isdzánhń || 'isdzání || 'isdzání

|-

| man || diné || nⁿdé || nnéé || diⁿdé || diⁿdí

|-

| fish || łóó' || łóí' || łóg || łógee || łǫ́'

|-

| dog || łééchą́ą́'í || kéjaa || łį́į́chaayáné || łį́'chaa'á || nii'łį́

|-

| louse || yaa' || yaa || yaa' || yaa' || yaa

|-

| tree || tsin || tsin || ch'il || nooshchíí || chish

|-

| leaf || -t'ąą' || -t'ąą || -t'ąą' || -t'ąą' || -t'ąą'

|-

| meat || -tsį' || -tsįį || -tsį' || -tsį || -tsįį

|-

| blood || dił || dił || dił || dił || dił

|-

| bone || ts'in || ts'į' || ts'in || -ts'in || -ts'įh

|-

| grease || -k'ah || k'ah || k'ah || xéh || xáí

|-

| egg || -ghęęzhii || -gheezhe || -ghęęzh || -gheezhi || -ghaish

|-

| horn || -dee' || -dee' || -dee' || -dee' || -dii'

|-

| tail || -tsee' || -tsee' || -tsee' || -tsee' || -dzistsii'

|-

| feather || -t'a' || -t'a' || -t'a' || -t'a' || -t'a'

|-

| hair || -ghaa' || -ghaa || -ghaa || -ghaa' || -ghaa

|-

| head || -tsii' || -tsii || -tsii || -tsii || -tsii'

|-

| ear || -zhaa' || -zhaa || -jaa || -jaa || -jaa

|-

| eye || -náá' || -ⁿdáa || -náá || -ⁿdáá || -ⁿdáa

|-

| nose || -´-chį́į́h || -´-chį́ || -chį́h || -chį́sh || -´-chį́sh

|-

| mouth || -zéé' || -zé || -zé' || -zé' || -zí'

|-

| tooth || -ghoo' || -ghoo || -ghoo' || -ghoo || -ghoo

|-

| tongue || -tsoo' || -zaade || -zaad || -zaadi || -zaadi

|-

| claw || -s-gaan || -s-gan || -gan || -s-gan || -s-gąą

|-

| foot || -kee' || -kee || -kee' || -kee || -kii

|-

| knee || -god || -go' || -god || -go' || -goh

|-

| hand || -´-la' || -laa || -la' || -la' || -laa'

|}

==Grammar==

See [[Southern Athabascan grammar]].

== Altri progetti ==

{{interprogetto|commons=Category:Athabaskan}}

==Collegamenti esterni==

* {{cita web|http://home.bluemarble.net/~langmin/miniatures/navajo.htm|How Different can Languages be?: The grammatical mosaic of Navajo}}

* {{cita web|http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8352/lang.htm|Simplified Apache Pronunciation}}

* {{cita web|http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/apache/|Chiricahua and Mescalero Texts}}

* {{cita web|http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/apache/frames/grammar.html|Grammatical Sketch of Chiricahua/Mescalero}}

* {{cita web|http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/apache/Resources/resources.html|Other Apache Ethnographical Sources}}

* {{cita web|http://apache-texts.co.nr|Apache texts}}

* {{cita web|http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/pla/jat/|Goddard's Jicarilla Texts (translation only)}}

* {{cita web|http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/TIL_11.html|Issues in Language Textbook Development: The Case of Western Apache}}

* {{cita web|http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/TIL_12.html|White Mountain Apache Language: Issues in Language Shift, Textbook Development, and Native Speaker-University Collaboration}}

* {{cita web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92341|titolo=Apachean Languages on Ethnologue site}}

* {{cita web|http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/gordon/apachephonetics.pdf|Phonetic Structures of Western Apache (318 kb PDF: technical work on acoustic phonetics)}}

* {{cita web|http://www.language-museum.com/a/apache.php|sample of Apache bible translation}}

* [[:nv:|Wikipedia in Navajo]]

==Bibliography==

*''For the bibliography, see the subarticle '''[[Southern Athabaskan languages/Bibliography]]'''.''

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== Collegamenti esterni ==