Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Add: url-status. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | #UCB_toolbar |
||
| (22 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox
|name
|logo
|screenshot
|caption
|
|founded
|___location
|
|founder
|CEO
|
|industry
|international
|employees
|
|url
|
|alexa
|
|registration
|users
|language
|launched
|
}}
'''GitHub''' is a Web-based '''platform mostly used for developers to post and collaborate on''' [[computer code]]. '''It is''' the largest host of [[source code]] in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gousios|first1=Georgios|last2=Vasilescu|first2=Bogdan|last3=Serebrenik|first3=Alexander|last4=Zaidman|first4=Andy|title=Lean GHTorrent: GitHub Data on Demand|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~aserebre/msr14georgios.pdf|___location=The Netherlands|publisher=Delft University of Technology & †Eindhoven University of Technology|page=1|accessdate=9 July 2014|quote=During recent years, GITHUB (2008) has become the largest code host in the world.}}</ref>
'''GitHub''' is a Web-based [[Git]] [[version control]] [[Repository (version control)|repository]] [[Internet hosting service|hosting service]]. It is mostly used for [[Source code|computer code]]. It offers all of the [[distributed version control]] and [[source code management]] (SCM) functionality of Git as well as adding its own features. It provides [[access control]] and several collaboration features such as [[bug tracking system|bug tracking]], [[software feature|feature requests]], [[task management]], and [[wiki]]s for every project.<ref name="hugeinvestment">{{cite web |url = https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/09/github-pours-energies-into-enterprise-raises-100-million-from-power-vc-andreesen-horowitz/ |title = GitHub Pours Energies into Enterprise – Raises $100 Million From Power VC Andreessen Horowitz |date = 9 July 2012 |first1 = Alex |last1 = Williams |publisher = TechCrunch |quote = Andreessen Horowitz is investing an eye-popping $100 million into GitHub }}</ref>▼
▲
GitHub offers both plans for private and free [[repository (version control)|repositories]] on the same account<ref>{{cite web |title = Why GitHub’s pricing model stinks (for us) |url = https://lostechies.com/jimmybogard/2012/11/07/why-githubs-pricing-model-stinks-for-us/ |website = LosTechies |accessdate = 29 June 2015 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629153426/https://lostechies.com/jimmybogard/2012/11/07/why-githubs-pricing-model-stinks-for-us/ |archivedate = 29 June 2015 |dead-url = no |date = 7 November 2012 }}</ref> which are commonly used to host [[open-source]] software projects.<ref>{{cite web |title = The Problem With Putting All the World's Code in GitHub |url = https://www.wired.com/2015/06/problem-putting-worlds-code-github/ |website = [[Wired (website)|Wired]] |accessdate = 29 June 2015 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629152927/http://www.wired.com/2015/06/problem-putting-worlds-code-github/ |archivedate = 29 June 2015 |dead-url = no |date = 29 June 2015 }}</ref> [As of April 2017, GitHub reports having almost 20 million users and 57 million repositories,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://github.com/blog/2345-celebrating-nine-years-of-github-with-an-anniversary-sale |title = Celebrating nine years of GitHub with an anniversary sale |website = github.com |publisher = Github |accessdate = 2017-04-11 }}</ref>] '''As of October 2017, Github had 24 million developers affiliated to 1.5 million organizations and 67 million repositories, located in 200 countries of the world. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.i-programmer.info/news/136-open-source/11210-github-state-.html|title=GitHub's Latest State Of The Octoverse|last=Editor|website=www.i-programmer.info|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref> It is''' the largest host of [[source code]] in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |first1 = Georgios |last1 = Gousios |first2 = Bogdan |last2 = Vasilescu |first3 = Alexander |last3 = Serebrenik |first4 = Andy |last4 = Zaidman |title = Lean GHTorrent: GitHub Data on Demand |page = 1 |url = http://www.win.tue.nl/~aserebre/msr14georgios.pdf |accessdate = 9 July 2014 |publisher = Delft University of Technology & †Eindhoven University of Technology |___location = The Netherlands |quote = During recent years, GITHUB (2008) has become the largest code host in the world. }}</ref>▼
▲GitHub offers both plans for private and free [[repository (version control)|repositories]] on the same account<ref>{{cite web |title = Why
GitHub has a [[mascot]] called Octocat, a cat with five tentacles and a human-like face.<ref name="Octodex FAQ">{{cite web |title = GitHub Octodex FAQ |url = https://octodex.github.com/faq.html |accessdate = 21 September 2015 |website = github.com }}</ref><ref name="Jaramillo">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/blog/1929-from-sticker-to-sculpture-the-making-of-the-octocat-figurine |title=From Sticker to Sculpture: The making of the Octocat figurine |date=24 November 2014 |last=Jaramillo |first=Tony |website=The GitHub Blog |publisher=GitHub |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref>
Line 36 ⟶ 38:
== Services ==
=== GitHub ===
Development of the GitHub platform began on 19 October 2007.<ref name="beginning">{{cite web |url = http://blogs.esri.com/esri/arcgis/2014/02/10/github-ceo-and-co-founder-chris-wanstrath-keynoting-esris-devsummit/ |title = GitHub CEO and Co-Founder Chris Wanstrath Keynoting
Projects on GitHub can be accessed and manipulated using the standard Git command-line interface and all of the standard Git commands work with it. GitHub also allows registered and non-registered users to browse public repositories on the site. Multiple desktop clients and Git [[Plug-in (computing)|plugin]]s have also been created by GitHub and other third parties that integrate with the platform.
The site provides [[social networking]]-like functions such as feeds, followers, wikis (using [[wiki software]] called [[Gollum Wiki|Gollum]]) and a [[Collaboration graph|social network graph]] to display how developers work on their versions ("[[fork (software development)|forks]]") of a repository and what fork (and branch within that fork) is newest.
'''In October 2017, it said it added recommendations of relevant repositories to the homepage of logged in users.'''<ref name=":2" />
A user must create an account in order to contribute content to the site, but public repositories can be browsed and downloaded by anyone. With a registered user account, users are able to discuss, manage, create repositories, submit contributions to others' repositories, and [[code review|review changes to code]].
'''Users can pay a subscription fee to keep to keep their code private.'''<ref name=":0" />
The software that runs GitHub was written using [[Ruby on Rails]] and [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]] by GitHub, Inc. developers Chris Wanstrath,<ref name="wanstrathinterview">{{cite web |url = http://doeswhat.com/2012/03/06/interview-with-chris-wanstrath-github/ |title = Interview with Chris Wanstrath |publisher = Doeswhat.com |date = 2012-03-06 |accessdate = 2013-02-26 }}</ref> PJ Hyett, and [[Tom Preston-Werner]].
Line 68 ⟶ 74:
* Photoshop's native PSD format can be previewed and compared to previous versions of the same file.
* PDF document viewer
* '''Newsfeeds'''<ref name=":3" />
* '''Explorer (connecting to curated collections, topics and other resources)'''<ref name=":3" />
* '''Dependency Graphs'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://adtmag.com/articles/2017/10/12/github-security.aspx|title=GitHub Intros Dependency Graphs, Security Alerts Coming Soon -- ADTmag|website=ADTmag|language=en|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>
* '''Security Alerts'''<ref name=":3" />
* '''Projects (card-based project management of repositories)'''<ref name=":4" />
* '''Marketplace (discover and purchase apps)'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2017/05/22/github-launches-developer-marketplace/|title=GitHub launches Marketplace to help developers find the tools they need|last=Mix|date=2017-05-22|work=The Next Web|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Atom editor integration'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3196220/development-tools/atom-editor-now-has-native-github-integration.html|title=Atom editor now has native GitHub integration|last=Yegulalp|first=Serdar|work=InfoWorld|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Electron (framework for cross-platform development of desktop applications)'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3069453/javascript/github-releases-electron-10-for-desktop-app-developers.html|title=GitHub releases Electron 1.0 for desktop app developers|last=Krill|first=Paul|work=InfoWorld|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>
==== Licensing of repositories ====
Line 74 ⟶ 88:
=== GitHub Enterprise ===
GitHub Enterprise is similar to GitHub's public service but is designed for use by large-scale enterprise software development teams where the enterprise wishes to host their repositories behind a corporate [[firewall (computing)|firewalll]].
'''
'''Git Hub Enterprise allows users to follow each other, rate each other’s work, receive updates for specific projects and communicate publicly or privately.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.itjungle.com/2017/05/17/arcad-github-prepare-paradigm-shift/|title=ARCAD And GitHub Prepare For A Paradigm Shift - IT Jungle|date=2017-05-17|work=IT Jungle|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref>''' '''It also has private workspaces and 24/7 support.'''<ref name=":0" />
'''GitHub Enterprise added support for [[Jupyter]] in November 2016'''. '''It allows for annotations and discussions around specific lines of code and, card-based project-management software created directly from GitHub objects.'''<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3140154/development-tools/github-enterprise-28-adds-new-workflow-options.html|title=GitHub Enterprise 2.8 adds new workflow options|last=Yegulalp|first=Serdar|work=InfoWorld|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>
'''GitHub Enterprise 2.9 added the following features in March 2017:'''<ref name=":1" />
* '''Support for load balancers'''<ref name=":1" />
* '''Resolve merge conflicts from within pull requests'''<ref name=":1" />
* '''Dismiss pull request reviews'''<ref name=":1" />
* '''Ask for pull request reviews from specific individuals'''<ref name=":1" />
* '''Search commit messages in specific data fields, such as author, date, and message'''<ref name=":1" />
* '''Organization-wide projects''' <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/03/02/github_opens_door_to_hosted_service_for_businesses/|title=You're mulling GitHub Enterprise. Not keen on on-prem hosting. You don't totally hate cloud...|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>
'''In November 2017, Github adopted the "Git Virtual File System" created by Microsoft for [[Windows]] development. The system makes it easier to run large projects with thousands of developers and a very large codebase. Microsoft and Github are further extending the new system to include GitHub Enterprise projects built on MacOS and Linux.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/11/microsoft-and-github-team-up-to-take-git-virtual-file-system-to-macos-linux/|title=Microsoft and GitHub team up to take Git virtual file system to macOS, Linux|work=Ars Technica|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-us}}</ref>'''
'''Forty five percent of the 100 largest companies in the United States (by revenue) use GitHub Enterprise to build software.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2017/11/20/github-vulnerability-security-alerts/|title=GitHub starts alerting developers of security vulnerabilities in dependencies - Help Net Security|date=2017-11-20|work=Help Net Security|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref> About $110 million of GitHub's annual revenue, based on a run rate in August 2017, came from GitHub Enterprise.'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/11/github-has-a-110-million-run-rate-from-business-products.html|title=GitHub has turned serious and now books more than $100m a year from businesses|last=Novet|first=Jordan|date=2017-10-11|work=CNBC|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>
'''GitHub Business offers largely the same features as GitHub Enterprise but is hosted by GitHub. It also includes SAML single sign-on, and automated provisioning and deprovisioning.<ref name=":1" />'''
=== Gists ===
GitHub also operates other services: a [[pastebin]]-style site called '''Gist'''<ref name="pastie"/> that is for hosting [[Snippet (programming)|code snippets]] (GitHub proper is for hosting larger projects), and a [[slide hosting service]] called Speaker Deck.
Tom Preston-Werner presented the then-new Gist feature at a punk rock Ruby conference in 2008.<ref>{{cite conference |title = God's memory leak - a scientific treatment |first = Tom |last = Preston-Werner |url = https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/god-rb/Acyit8SlgcI |date = 2008-07-20 |conference = RubyFringe |
<!-- Placeholder for potential section about Speaker Deck
=== Speaker Deck ===
Line 90 ⟶ 122:
=== GitHub Marketplace service ===
GitHub also provides some
* Rollbar: Integrate with GitHub to provide real time debugging tools and full-stack exception reporting. It is compatible with all well used code languages, such as JavaScript, Python, .Net, Ruby, PHP, Node.js, Android, iOS, Go, Java and C#.
* Codebeat: For automated code analysis specialized in web and mobile developers. The supported languages for this software are: Elixir, Go, Java, Swift, JavaScript, Python, Ruby, Kotlin, Objective-C, TypeScript.
Line 108 ⟶ 140:
On 9 July 2012, [[Peter Levine (venture capitalist)|Peter Levine]], general partner at GitHub's investor [[Andreessen Horowitz]], stated that GitHub had been growing revenue at 300% annually since 2008 "profitably nearly the entire way".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://peter.a16z.com/2012/07/09/software-eats-software-development/ |title = Software Eats Software Development |date = 2012-07-09 |first = Peter |last = Levine | author-link = Peter Levine (venture capitalist) }}</ref>
GitHub, Inc. was originally a [[flat organization]] with no middle managers; in other words, "everyone is a manager" ([[Workers' self-management|self-management]]).<ref name=
On 16 January 2013, GitHub announced it had passed the 3 million users mark and was then hosting more than 5 million repositories.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/04/11/code-sharing-site-github-turns-five-and-hits-3-5-million-users-6-million-repositories/ |title = Code-sharing site Github turns five and hits 3.5 million users, 6 million repositories |publisher = TheNextWeb.com |date = 2013-04-11 |accessdate = 2013-04-11 }}</ref> On 23 December 2013, GitHub announced it had reached 10 million repositories.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://github.com/blog/1724-10-million-repositories |title = 10 Million Repositories |publisher = GitHub.com |date = 2013-12-23 |accessdate = 2013-12-28 }}</ref>
Line 115 ⟶ 149:
On 29 July 2015, GitHub announced it had raised $250 million in funding in a round led by [[Sequoia Capital]]. The round valued the company at approximately $2 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/29/github-raises-250-million-in-new-funding-now-valued-at-2-billion/ |title = GitHub raises $250 million in new funding, now valued at $2 billion |publisher = Fortune |date = 2015-07-29 }}</ref>
In 2016, GitHub was ranked #14 on the [[Forbes|Forbes Cloud 100]] list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/cloud100/|title=Forbes Cloud 100|
With the first release on July 21, 2017, [[Brave (web browser)| Brave ]] web browser features Github as one of its default search engines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brave Browser Github page|url=https://github.com/brave/browser-laptop|website=Github|accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref>
'''In November 2017, GitHub introduced security alerts for vulnerabilities in software packages that their projects depend upon.'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/open-sources-big-weak-spot-flawed-libraries-lurking-in-key-apps/|title=Open source's big weak spot? Flawed libraries lurking in key apps {{!}} ZDNet|last=Tung|first=Liam|work=ZDNet|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>''' The security alerts service is based on a GitHub "dependency graphs" and include severity levels and suggested fixes.'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3230461/application-development/whats-new-at-github-dependency-management-security-alerts.html|title=What's new at GitHub: dependency management, security alerts|last=Krill|first=Paul|work=InfoWorld|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2017/11/20/github-vulnerability-security-alerts/|title=GitHub starts alerting developers of security vulnerabilities in dependencies - Help Net Security|date=2017-11-20|work=Help Net Security|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
=== Censorship ===
Line 129 ⟶ 165:
=== Harassment allegations ===
In March 2014, GitHub programmer Julie Ann Horvath alleged that founder and CEO [[Tom Preston-Werner]] and his wife Theresa engaged in a pattern of harassment against her that led to her leaving the company.<ref name="Valleywag March 2014">{{cite web|last1=Biddle |first1=Sam |last2=Tiku |first2=Nitasha |title=Meet the Married Duo Behind Tech's Biggest New Harassment Scandal |url=http://valleywag.gawker.com/meet-the-married-duo-behind-techs-biggest-new-harassme-1545685104 |accessdate=March 17, 2014 |newspaper=[[Vallywag]] |publisher=Gawker |date=March 17, 2014 |
=== Mascot ===
GitHub's [[mascot]], Octocat, is an [[anthropomorphized]] female cat with five [[Cephalopod limb|octopus-like arms]].<ref name="Octodex FAQ" /><ref name="Jaramillo"/> The character was created by graphic designer [[Simon Oxley]] as [[clip art]] to sell on [[iStock]],<ref name="DeAmicis">{{Cite
GitHub became interested in Oxley's work after [[Twitter]] selected a bird that he designed for their own logo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fastcodesign.com/1672164/meet-the-accidental-designer-of-the-github-and-twitter-logos |title=Meet the Accidental Designer of the GitHub and Twitter Logos |last=Campbell-Dollaghan |first=Kelsey |date=26 April 2013 |website=Co.Design |publisher=Fast Company |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> The illustration GitHub chose was a character that Oxley had named Octopuss.<ref name="DeAmicis"/> Since GitHub wanted Octopuss for their logo (a use that the iStock license disallows), they negotiated with Oxley to buy exclusive rights to the image.<ref name="DeAmicis"/>
Line 142 ⟶ 178:
=== Organizational structure ===
'''Originally a flat organization with little management structure, in 2014, GitHun introduced middle managers, including heads of engineering, legal, marketing, sales.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/startups/why-github-finally-abandoned-its-bossless-workplace/article31718152/|title=Why GitHub finally abandoned its bossless workplace|access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref> About 700 people worked at GitHub, as of October 2017.<ref name=":2" />'''
▲GitHub, Inc. was originally a [[flat organization]] with no middle managers; in other words, "everyone is a manager" ([[Workers' self-management|self-management]]).<ref name='cto-mgmt-style'>{{cite web |url = http://tomayko.com/writings/management-style |title = Show How, Don't Tell What - A Management Style |first = Ryan |last = Tomayko |date = 2 April 2012 |accessdate = 28 August 2013 }}</ref> Employees can choose to work on projects that interest them ([[open allocation]]). However, salaries are set by the chief executive.<ref name='nyt'>{{cite news |url = http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/28/github-has-big-dreams-for-open-source-software-and-more/?_r=0 |title = Dreams of 'Open' Everything |first = Quentin |last = Hardy |publisher = New York Times }}</ref>{{update inline|date=August 2014}}
=== Finance ===
GitHub.com was a [[Startup company|start-up business]], which in its first years provided enough revenue to be funded solely by its three founders and start taking on employees.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Michael |first1 = Carney |title = GitHub CEO explains why the company took so damn long to raise venture capital |url = http://pando.com/2013/06/20/github-ceo-explains-why-the-company-took-so-damn-long-to-raise-venture-capital/ |accessdate = 10 July 2014 |date = 20 June 2013 |publisher = PandoDaily }}</ref> In July 2012, four years after the company was founded, [[Andreessen Horowitz]] invested $100M in [[venture capital]].<ref name="hugeinvestment"/> In July 2015 GitHub raised another $250M of venture capital in a [[Series B|series B round]]. Investors were [[Sequoia Capital]], [[Andreessen Horowitz]], [[Thrive Capital]] and other venture capital funds.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/29/github-raises-250m-series-b-round-to-take-risks/ |title = GitHub Raises $250M Series B Round To Take Risks |last = Lardinois |first = Frederic |website = TechCrunch |access-date = 2016-07-04 }}</ref> As of August 2016, GitHub was making $140M in Annual Recurring Revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://medium.com/@moritzplassnig/github-is-doing-much-better-than-bloomberg-thinks-here-is-why-a4580b249044 |title = GitHub is making $140M in ARR |last = Plassnig |first = Moritz |website = Medium |access-date = 2016-12-19 }}</ref> '''GitHub reported annual revenue of about $200M based on its July 2017 annual run rate.'''<ref name=":2" /> '''About half the revenue comes from GitHub Enterprise and half from subscription fees to keep repositories private.'''<ref name=":0" />
=== Octoverse Report ===
'''GitHub releases an annual trends report based on data from its millions of code repositories, including the most popular programming languages used in its hosted projects and the most active repositories.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://adtmag.com/articles/2017/10/20/github-octoverse.aspx|title=GitHub Details Year's Most Popular Programming Languages, Active Projects, More -- ADTmag|website=ADTmag|language=en|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>'''<ref name=":7" />
'''In October 2017, based on 67 million repositories, the report stated that Javascript is the most popular programming language, followed by Python and Java.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-9-most-popular-programming-languages-according-to-the-facebook-for-programmers-2017-10|title=The 15 most popular programming languages, according to the 'Facebook for programmers'|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref> The most forked project was [[TensorFlow]], a machine learning project.<ref name=":5" />'''<ref name=":7" /> '''[[Visual Studio Code]] was the project with the most contributors, at about 15,000. <ref name=":5" />'''
== See also ==
* [[Collaborative innovation network]]
* [[Collaborative intelligence|Collaborative intelligen]]
* [[Commons-based peer production]]
* [[Comparison of source code hosting facilities]]
Line 164 ⟶ 203:
{{Portal bar|Computer programming|Free and open-source software}}
[[:Category:GitHub| ]]
[[:Category:Bug and issue tracking software]]
[[:Category:Cloud computing providers]]
[[:Category:Collaborative projects]]
[[:Category:Community websites]]
[[:Category:Computing websites]]
[[:Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[:Category:Git (software)]]
[[:Category:Internet properties established in 2008]]
[[:Category:Open-source software hosting facilities]]
[[:Category:Project hosting websites]]
[[:Category:Project management software]]
[[:Category:South of Market, San Francisco]]
[[:Category:Technology companies of the United States]]
[[:Category:Version control]]
| |||