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This page lists [[Wiktionary:superlatives|superlatives]] of the [[automobile]] industry - that is, the smallest, largest, fastest, lightest, best-selling, and other such topics.
[[Image:PA44180.jpg|thumb|300px|Piper PA-44-180 Seminole]]
[[Image:PiperPA-44-180SeminoleC-FLZJ02.jpg|thumb|300px|Piper PA-44-180 Seminole]]
[[Image:PiperPA-44-180SeminoleC-FLZJ01.jpg|thumb|300px|Piper PA-44-180 Seminole]]
The '''[[The New Piper Aircraft|Piper]] PA-44 Seminole''' is essentially a twin-engine version of the popular [[Piper Cherokee]] series of small, single-engine flight training aircraft. Like its single-engine counterparts, it is primarily used for twin-engine flight training. It was built in 1979-82, in 1989-90, and again since 1995.
The Seminole is equipped with two 180-hp (135 kW) Lycoming engines, and it is often complained that the aircraft is greatly under-powered, especially for engine-out training (leading to the affectionate and awkwardly-rhyming moniker "No-Go Seminole" to some). However, the Seminole's single-engine performance is similar to that of many other popular light twins. A version built in 1981-82 featured turbocharged 180-hp (135 kW) Lycoming engines, which offer a significant improvement in performance at high [[density altitude]].
In order to keep the entries relevant, the list (except for the [[#Firsts|Firsts]] section) will be limited to automobiles built after World War II. Many odd vehicles emerged in the early days of the automobile industry. There is [[#Pre-War|a section]] for early superlatives, however.
The aircraft makes an effective multi-engine trainer, as the propellers are "[[Counter-rotating propellers|counter-rotating]]" (with the left propeller rotating right and the right propeller rotating left), thus eliminating the [[critical engine]] and making the aircraft more controllable in the event an engine needs to be shut down or fails.
The list will also be limited to production road cars that meet the following conditions:
Other than having two engines, it is further distinguished from the majority of the Cherokee trainer line in having a high [[T-tail]]; in this, it is similar to the Arrow IV. This design is highly similar to the [[Beechcraft Duchess]].
# 20 or more examples must have been made by the original vehicle manufacturer and offered for commercial sale to the public in new condition - cars modified by either professional tuners or individuals are not eligible
# They must be street-legal in their intended markets and capable of passing any tests or inspections required to be granted this status
# They must have been built for retail sale to consumers for their personal use on public roads - no commercial or industrial vehicles are eligible
==Operators==
==Some notes about units of measurement used herein==
The PA-44 is used for multi-engine training by [[Bowling Green State University]], [[Lewis University]], [[Middle Tennessee State University]], [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]], [[Daniel Webster College]], [[Western Michigan University]], [[Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]], [[University of North Dakota]], [[Sault College]], [[Purdue University]] and [[FlightSafety International]] Academy in [[Vero Beach]], [[Florida]], [[University of Illinois]] - Institute of Aviation, [[Parks College]] at [[Saint Louis University]].
===Engine capacity/displacement===
*1 L = 1,000 [[cubic centimeter]]s = 61.0237 [[cubic inch]]es
*1 in³ = 16.3871 cubic centimeters
==Specifications (PA-44-180 Seminole)==
===Engine output===
===General characteristics===
* '''Crew:''' one pilot
* '''Capacity:''' 3 passengers
* '''Length:''' 27 ft 7 in (8.41 m)
* '''Wingspan:''' 38 ft 6.6 in (11.77 m)
* '''Height:''' 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m)
* '''Wing area:''' 184 ft² (17.1 m²)
* '''Empty:''' 2,360 lb (1,070 kg)
* '''Loaded:''' lb ( kg)
* '''Maximum takeoff:''' 3,800 lb (1,723 kg)
* '''Powerplant:''' 2x [[Lycoming O-360]]-A1H6, air cooled, direct-drive, horizontally opposed 4 cylinder engines, rated at 180 hp (135 kW) at Sea Level.
* '''Propellers:''' Two, 2-bladed, constant speed, fully feathering Hartzell HC-C2Y(K,R)-2 CLEUF with pitch controlled by oil/nitrogen pressure.
* '''Fuel:''' 2 main nacelle tanks each of 55 U.S. gallon capacity each (110 U.S. Gal. total), 2 U.S. gallons unusable.
===Performance===
[[Power (physics)|Power]]
* '''Maximum speed:''' 194 mph (311 km/h)
*1 [[horsepower]] (hp) = 1 brake hp (bhp) = 1.0139 metric hp ([[Horsepower#PS|PS]]) = 0.7457 [[kilowatt]]s (kW)
* '''Range:''' 1,000 miles (1,630 km)
*1 metric hp = 0.9863 hp = 0.7355 kilowatts
* '''Single Engine Service ceiling''' 3,800 ft
*1 kilowatt = 1.3410 hp = 1.3596 metric hp
* '''Service ceiling:''' 15,000 ft
* '''Absolute ceiling''' 17,100 ft (5,213 m)
* '''Rate of climb:''' 1,200 ft/min (366 m/min)
* '''Wing loading:''' 21.1 lb/ft² ( kg/m²)
* '''Power/Mass:''' 10.55 hp/lb ( kW/kg)
[[Torque]]
*1 foot-pound force of torque ( ft·lbf''f'') = 1.3558 [[newton-meter]] (N·m)
*1 newton-meter = 0.7376 foot-pound force
===FuelRelated economy=content==
'''Related development:'''
*1 mile per US gallon = 1.2009 miles per imperial gallon = 0.4252 kilometers per L = 235.208 liters per 100 kilometers
[[Piper Cherokee]]
*1 mile per imperial gallon = 0.8327 miles per US gallon = 0.3540 kilometers per L = 282.4731 liters per 100 kilometers
*1 kilometer per L = 2.3521 miles per US gallon = 2.8247 miles per imperial gallon
*1 L per 100 kilometers = 235.208 miles per US gallon = 282.4731 miles per imperial gallon
'''Comparable aircraft:'''
===Power to weight or weight to power===
* [[Beechcraft Duchess]]
(See also: [[weight-to-power ratio]])
* [[Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar]]
*1 hp per [[short ton]] = 1.12 hp per [[long ton]] = 0.82199 kilowatt per [[metric ton]]
*1 hp per long ton = 0.89286 hp per short ton = 0.76890 kilowatt per metric ton
*1 kilowatt per metric ton = 1.2166 hp per short ton = 1.3625 hp per long ton
*1 pound per hp = 0.60828 kilogram per kilowatt
'''Designation sequence:'''
==Engine capacity==
[[Piper PA-34 Seneca|PA-34]] -
* [[Straight-3]] (I3)
[[Piper PA-39 Twin Comanche|PA-39]] -
** Smallest I3 engine (gasoline) - 0.36 L (357 cc/22 in³) - 1967 [[Suzuki Fronte]]
[[Piper PA-40 Arapaho|PA-40]] -
** Smallest I3 engine (Diesel) - 0.8 L (799 cc/48.8 in³) - 2000 [[Smart Fortwo]] ''cdi''
[[Piper PA-42 Cheyenne|PA-42]] -
** Largest I3 engine (gasoline) - 1.2 L (1198 cc/73 in³) - 2002 [[Volkswagen Polo]]/[[SEAT Ibiza]]/[[Škoda Fabia]]
'''PA-44''' -
** Largest I3 engine (Diesel) - 1.8 L (1779 cc/109 in³) - 1984 [[Alfa Romeo 33]] 1.8 TD
[[Piper PA-46 Malibu|PA-46]] -
* [[Straight-4]] (I4)
[[Piper PA-48 Enforcer|PA-48]] -
** Smallest I4 engine (gasoline) - 0.36 L (356 cc/21.7 in³) - 1963 [[Honda T360]] ''AS250E''
[[Piper PA-60 Aerostar|PA-60]]
** Smallest I4 engine (Diesel) - 1.25 L (1248 cc/65 in³) - 2003 [[Fiat Nuova Panda]] ''[[MultiJet]]''
** Largest I4 engine (gasoline) - 3.2 L (3188 cc/194.5 in³) - 1961 [[Pontiac Tempest]] ''[[Pontiac V8 engine#195|195]]''
** Largest I4 engine (Diesel) - 3.2 L (3200 cc/195 in³) - [[Mitsubishi Pajero]] ''[[Mitsubishi 4M4x engine#4M41|4M41]]''
* [[V4 engine]]
** Smallest V4 engine - 0.9 L (903 cc/55 in³) - 1939 [[Lancia Ardea]] ''[[Lancia V4 engine|V4]]''
** Largest V4 engine - 2.6 L (2568 cc/157 in³) - 1930 [[Lancia Lambda]] ''[[Lancia V4 engine|V4]]''
* [[Straight-5]] (I5)
** Smallest I5 engine (gasoline) - 1.9 L (1921 cc/117 in³) - 1981 [[Audi 100]] 1.9 E
** Smallest I5 engine (Diesel) - 2.0 L (1986 cc/121 in³) - 1978 [[Audi 100]] 2.0 D
** Largest I5 engine (gasoline) - 3.7 L (3653 cc/223 in³) - 2007 [[General Motors Corporation|GM]] ''[[GM Atlas engine#LLR|Atlas L5R 3700]]''
** Largest I5 engine (Diesel) - 3.5 L (3469 cc/212 in³) - 1990 [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]] ''[[Toyota PZ engine|1PZ]]'' [[Diesel]]
* [[Straight-6]] (I6)
** Smallest I6 engine (gasoline) - 1.5 L (1488 cc/91 in³) - 1948 [[Maserati A6G]]
** Smallest I6 engine (Diesel) - 2.4 L (2383 cc/145 in³) - 1979 [[Volvo 240]] ''[[Volvo D24 engine|D24]]''
** Largest I6 engine (gasoline) - 4.9 L (4917 cc/300 in³) - 1965 [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] ''[[Ford Straight-6 engine#300|300]]''
** Largest I6 engine (Diesel) - 6.7 L (6690 cc/408 in³) - 2007 [[Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram 2500/3500]] ''[[Cummins]] [[Cummins B Series engine|B series turbodiesel]]''
* [[V6 engine]]
** Smallest V6 engine (gasoline) - 1.0 L - 1960s [[DKW]] [[DKW F102|F102]] (a two-stroke V6) ''(about 100 produced for testing, 13 fitted to road cars)''[http://www.dyna.co.za/cars/specs.htm]
***Honorable mention: 1.6 L (1597 cc/97 in³) - 1992 [[Mitsubishi Lancer]] ''[[Mitsubishi 6A10 engine|6A10]]''
** Smallest V6 engine (Diesel) - 2.5 L (2496 cc/152 in³) - 1996 [[Audi|Audi/VW]] 2.5 TDI (in multiple cars)
** Largest V6 engine (gasoline) - 5.8 L (5755 cc/351 in³) - 1966 [[GMC (General Motors division)|GMC]] 1000-3500 series ''[[GMC V6 engine|351E 60° V6]]''
** Largest V6 engine (Diesel) - 4.3 L (4304 cc/262 in³) - 1982 [[General Motors Corporation|GM]] ''LT6''
* [[V8 engine]]
** Smallest V8 engine (gasoline) - 2.0 L (1990 cc/121 in³) - 1975 [[Ferrari GT4#208 GT4|Ferrari 208 GT4]]
*** Others: [[Automobili Turismo e Sport|ATS]]/[[BRM]]/[[Coventry Climax]] and [[Ferrari]] [[Formula One]] 1.5 L V8 engines ''(none of them used in a road car)''
*** Smallest American V8 engine - 3.4 L (3391 cc/207 in³) - 1996 [[Ford Taurus]] ''[[Ford Taurus#Third generation SHO|SHO V8]]''
** Smallest V8 engine (Diesel) - 3.3 L (3328 cc/203 in³) - 2000 [[Audi A8]] ''3.3 [[Turbo Direct Injection|TDI]]''
** Largest V8 engine (gasoline) - 8.2 L (8194 cc/500 in³) - 1970 [[Cadillac Eldorado]] ''[[Cadillac V8 engine#1963|500]]''
***Honorable mention: 12.8 L (12782 cc/780 in³) - 2006 Weineck Cobra 780 (limited edition tuner car)
*** Largest [[small-block]] V8 engine - 7.0 L (7008 cc/428 in³) - [[GM LS7 engine#400|2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06]]
** Largest V8 engine (Diesel) - 7.3 L (7275 cc/444 in³) - 1997 [[Ford F-Series|Ford F250]] ''[[Ford Power Stroke engine|Power Stroke]]''
* [[V10 engine]]
** Smallest V10 engine - 4.9 L (4921 cc/301 in³) - [[Volkswagen Touareg]] V10 TDI
** Largest V10 engine - 8.3 L (8277 cc/505 in³) - 2003 [[Dodge Viper]]
* [[V12 engine]]
** Smallest V12 engine - 2.0 L (1995 cc/122 in³) - 1948 [[Ferrari 166|Ferrari 166 Inter]] ''[[Ferrari Colombo engine|Colombo]]''
** Largest V12 engine - 7.5 L (7467c cc/456 in³)- 1934 [[Packard Twelve Victoria]]
*** Honorable mention: - 7.7 L (7730 cc/471 in³) -TVR Cerbera Speed 12 (''Vehicle never reached production'').
** Largest W12 engine - 6.0 L (6000 cc/366 cu in³) 2005 [[Audi A8]]
* [[V16 engine]]
** Largest V16 engine - 7.4 L (7406 cc/452 in³)- 1930 [[Cadillac V16]]
*** Honorable mention: 13.6 L (13600 cc/829 cu in³) 2003 Cadillac Sixteen ([[concept car]])
* [[W16 engine]]
** Largest W16 engine - 8.0 L (7993 cc) - 2005 [[Bugatti Veyron 16.4]]
{{Piper}}{{airlistbox}}
==Dimensions==
===Overall===
* Longest - 6650 mm (261.8 in) - 2006 [[Ford F-350]] Super Duty Crew Cab Long Bed
** Passenger car - 6426 mm (253 in) - 1975 [[Cadillac Fleetwood|Cadillac Fleetwood Seventy-Five]]
*** Honorable mention - 6400 mm (252 in) - 1932 [[Bugatti Royale]] (''Few produced'')
** Commercial - 6852 mm (269.8 in) - [[Checker Aerocar]]
*** Honorable mention - 6680 mm (263.0 in) - 2005 [[Dodge Sprinter|Dodge Sprinter High Roof]]
* Widest - 2220 mm (87.04 in) - 1994 [[Jaguar XJ220]]
* Highest - 2037 mm (80.2 in) - 2005 [[Ford Excursion]]
** Honorable mention - 2631 mm (103.6 in) - 2005 [[Dodge Sprinter|Dodge Sprinter High Roof]] (''Not a consumer vehicle'')
** Honorable mention - 1632 mm (64.3 in) - 2006 [[Rolls Royce Phantom]] ("Highest passenger car")
* Shortest - 1340 mm (52.8 in) - 1962 [[Peel P50]] (3 wheels)
** Honorable mention - 2286 mm (90 in) - 1956 [[Isetta]] (4 wheels)
* Lowest - 1020 mm (40 in) - 1966 [[Ford GT40]]
** Honorable mention - 37 in (940 mm) - [[Concept Cars Ltd|Concept]] [[Concept Centaur GT|Centaur GT]] ''(Not a production car)''
** Honorable mention - 32 in (813 mm) - [[Adams Brothers]] [[Probe 16]] ''(Only 3 produced)''
[[Category:Piper aircraft]]
===[[Wheelbase]]===
[[Category:U.S. civil trainer aircraft 1970-1979]]
* Longest wheelbase - 4475 mm (176.2 in) - 2006 [[Ford F-Series|Ford F-350 Super Duty Chassis Crew Cab]] (truck)
** Honorable mention - 3900 mm (153.3 in) - 1964 [[Mercedes-Benz 600]] - longest wheelbase car
** Honorable mention - 4800 mm (189 in) - [[Checker Aerocar]] (''Not a consumer vehicle'')
* Shortest wheelbase - 1500 mm (59.1 in) - 1956 [[Isetta]]
** Honorable mention - 1800 mm (70.9 in) - 2003 [[Suzuki Twin]]
===Track===
* Widest Front - 1819 mm (71.6 in) - 1993 [[Hummer H1]]
* Widest Rear - 1819 mm (71.6 in) - 1993 [[Hummer H1]]
* Narrowest Front - 1200 mm (47.2 in) - [[Isetta]]
* Narrowest Rear - 521 mm (20.5 in) - [[Isetta]]
===Weight===
* Heaviest passenger vehicle - 3550 kg (7826 lb) [[curb weight]] - 2006 [[ZIL-41047]] - Russian limousine
* Lightest passenger vehicle (4 wheels) - 350 kg (770 lb) [[DIN]] - 1956 [[Isetta]]
** Honorable mention - 370 kg (816 lb) [[DIN]] - 1992 [[LCC Rocket]]
* Lightest passenger vehicle (3 wheels) - 59 kg (132 lb) [[DIN]] - 1962 [[Peel P50]]
===Other===
* Largest iron [[disc brake|brake disc]] - 405 mm (16 in) - 2004 [[Bentley Continental GT]]
* Largest carbon ceramic [[disc brake|brake disc]] - 420 mm (16.5 in) - 2006 [[Bentley Continental GT]] Diamond Series
* Largest fuel tank - 276.34 L (73 US gallons) - 2006 [[International CXT]]
* Largest tires (height) - 1041.4 mm (41 in) - 2006 [[International CXT]]
* Largest tires (weight) - 90.71 kg (200 lb) - 2006 [[International CXT]]
==Power==
===Most power===
* Petrol/Gasoline - ([[naturally-aspirated]]) - 485 kW (660 [[horse power#PS|PS]]/651 [[horse power|hp]]) - 2003 [[Ferrari Enzo]] V12 engine
** Honorable mention: 500 kW (680 PS/671 hp) - [[McLaren F1]] LM (only 5 produced)
** Honorable mention: The [[TVR Cerbera Speed 12]] prototype produced an estimated 701 kW (953 PS/940 hp) (the central shaft of TVR's dynamometer snapped before they could complete the test - car never entered production)
** Honorable mention: 820 kW (1115 PS/1100 hp) - 2006 Weineck Cobra 780 (limited edition tuner car)
** Front-wheel drive: 226 kW (307 PS/303 hp) - [[GM LS engine#LS4|GM LS4]], 2005 [[Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala SS]] and [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo SS]]
*** Honorable mention: 287 kW (385 hp) ([[gross]]) 1966 [[Oldsmobile]] [[Oldsmobile Toronado|Toronado]], less net power than Impala/Monte Carlo
*Petrol/Gasoline - (forced-induction) - 736 kW (1001 PS/987 hp) - 2005 [[Bugatti Veyron 16.4]] [[Turbocharger|quad-turbocharged]] W16 engine.
** Honorable mention: 593 kW (806 PS/795 hp) - [[Koenigsegg CCX]] (most powerful [[supercharger|supercharged]] engine)
*[[Diesel]] - 243 kW (330 PS/326 hp) - [[BMW M67]], 2006 [[BMW E65|BMW 745d]]
** Honorable mention - 268 kw (364 PS/360 hp) - 2006 [[Chevrolet Silverado]]/[[GMC Sierra]] 6.6 L [[GM Duramax engine#LBZ|Duramax LBZ]] [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] V8 engine (most powerful passenger heavy duty truck)
===Most torque===
*Petrol (naturally-aspirated) - 760 N·m (561 ft·lbf), 2005 [[Pagani Zonda]] ''F'' 7.3 L (7291 cc/445 in³) V12 engine..
** Honorable Mention: 1760 N·m (1298.1 ft·lbf), 2006 Weineck Cobra 780 cui Limited Edition (12782 cc/780 in³) V8 engine. (Production car status is debatable.)
*Petrol (forced-induction) - 1250 N·m (922 ft·lbf), 2005 [[Bugatti Veyron]] 8.0 L (7993 cc/488 in³) [[Turbocharger|quad-turbocharged]] W16 engine.
===Most specific power (power to weight ratio)===
* 100–200 hp — 288.75 hp/metric ton (7.64 lb/hp) — [[Lotus 340R]], 190 hp (142 kW) and 658 kg (1451 lb)
* 200–300 hp — 657 hp/metric ton (3.35 lb/hp) — [[Ariel Atom]] 2 [[supercharged]] 300 hp (224 kW) and 456 kg (1005 lb)
* 300–400 hp — 381 hp/metric ton (5.79 lb/hp) — 2003 [[TVR Tuscan]] S 400 hp (298 kW) and 1050 kg (2315 lb)
* 400+ hp — 683 hp/metric ton (3.12 lb/hp) — 2004 [[Koenigsegg CCR]] [[supercharged]] V8 engine 806 hp (468 kW) and 1180 kg (2513 lb)
===Most specific engine output (power per unit volume)===
*[[Naturally-aspirated]] [[pistonless rotary engine]] - 140.5 kW (191.1 PS/188.8 hp) /litre - [[Mazda RX-8]] ''[[Mazda Wankel engine#Renesis|Renesis]]'' (184 kW (250 PS/247 hp) [[Japanese Industrial Standard|JIS]] 1.3 L)
*Forced-induction [[pistonless rotary engine]] - 157.4 kW (214.1 PS/212.3 hp)/litre - 2003 [[Mazda RX-7]] ''[[Mazda Wankel engine#13B|13B-REW]]'' (206 kW (280 PS/276 hp [[Japanese Industrial Standard|JIS]] 1.3 L)
*Petrol/Gasoline ([[naturally-aspirated]]) [[piston engine]] - 92.1 kW (125.2 PS/123.7 hp)/litre - 2000 [[Honda S2000]] ''[[Honda F20C engine|F20C]]'' (184 kW (250 PS/247 hp) [[JIS]] 2.0 L [[Straight-4|I4]])
:* Honorable mention: 168 hp (125.3 kW)/litre - 2002 [[Radical Motorsport]] ''SR3'' (252 hp (184 kW) 1.5 L I4 engine) - (''Note:'' The Radical's status as a production car is disputed, and numbers refer to the competition version, there are no official data for the road version)
:* Honorable mention: 125 hp/liter - 1968 [[Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale]] (250 hp from a 2.0 liter [[V8]] engine) - note: only 18 cars were built by the factory, at US$17,000 it was the most expensive car available to the public at the time.
*Petrol/Gasoline (forced-induction) [[piston engine]] - 149 kW (203 PS/200 hp)/litre 400 hp - 2005 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII FQ400 (298 kW (405 PS/400 hp) 2.0 L [[straight-4|I4]] (''The FQ400's status as a "production car" is disputed'')
**Honorable Mention: 126 kW (171.4 PS/169.7 hp)/litre (441 kW (600 PS/594 hp) [[DIN]] 3.5 L V12 quad-turbo) - [[Bugatti EB110]] ''Super Sport''
**Honorable mention: 179.3 kW (243.8 PS/240,5 kW)/litre (537 kW (730 PS/720 hp) 3.0 L [[flat-6]] twin-turbo) - [[Dauer 962 LeMans]] (''Road version of the Group C [[Porsche 962]]'')
*[[Diesel]] ([[naturally-aspirated]]) - 33.4 kW (45.4 PS/44.7 hp)/litre (100 kW (136 PS/134 hp) [[DIN]] 3.0 L [[Straight-6|I6]]) - 1995 [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|Mercedes E 300 D]]
*[[Diesel]] (forced-induction) - 70.1 kW (95.4 PS/94.1 hp)/litre (210 kW (286 PS/282 hp) [[DIN]] 3.0 L [[Straight-6|I6]] twin-turbo) - 2006 [[BMW X3]]
** Honorable Mention: 81.6 kW (111 PS/109.5 hp)/litre (156 kW (212 PS/209 hp) 1.9 L I4 twin-turbo) - 2003 [[Opel Vectra]] OPC Concept (''Not a production vehicle'')
===Most specific torque (torque per unit displacement)===
*Petrol ([[naturally-aspirated]]) - 114 N·m (84 ft·lbf)/litre (370 N·m (273 ft·lbf)) - 2003 [[BMW M3]] ''CSL''
*Petrol (forced-induction) - 241.4 N·m (177.7 ft·lbf)/litre (482.1 N·m (355 ft·lbf)) - 2004 [[Mitsubishi Evo VIII]] ''MR FQ-400''
** Honorable mention: 233.6 N·m (172.3 ft·lbf)/litre - 700 N·m/516 ft·lbf [[Dauer 962 LeMans]] (''Road-going version of the Group C [[Porsche 962]]'')
*Petrol ([[naturally-aspirated]] [[pistonless rotary engine]]) - 170.8 N·m (126.0 ft·lbf)/litre (222 N·m (164 ft·lbf)) - 2005 [[Mazda RX-8]]
*Petrol (forced-induction [[pistonless rotary engine]]) - 226.3 N·m (166.9 ft·lbf)/litre (294 N·m (217 ft·lbf)) - 1995 [[Mazda RX-7]] ''Turbo''
*Diesel - 193.8 N·m (143 ft·lbf)/litre (580 N·m (428 ft·lbf)) - 2006 [[BMW X3|BMW X3 3.0sd]]
** Honorable mention: 210.5 N·m (154.8 ft·lbf)/litre (400 N·m (294 ft·lbf)) - 2003 [[Opel Vectra]] OPC Concept (''Not a production vehicle'')
===Least specific engine output (power per unit volume)===
* Petrol - 22.1 hp (16.8 kW)/litre, 1950 [[Volkswagen Type 2]] T1 1.2 L [[Flat-4]], 25 hp (19 kW)
* Diesel - 18.4 hp (13.7 kW)/litre, 1980 [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#LF9|Oldsmobile LF9 engine]] 5.7 L [[V8]], 105 hp (78.3 kW)
==Economy==
* Highest USA [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] mileage - 61/66 [[mpg]] (3.9/3.6 L/100 km) - 2005 [[Honda Insight]] 5-speed
* Lowest EU average fuel consumption - 2.99 L/100 km (78.6 mpg (US)) - 2002 [[VW Lupo]] 1.2 TDI 5-speed
** Honorable mention: 0.89 L/100 km (264 mpg (US)) - 2002 [[Volkswagen 1-litre car]] (''Not a production car'') [http://www.seriouswheels.com/top-vw-1-liter-car.htm]
* Longest 90% range - 1500 km (932 mi) - 2005 Mercedes E220 CDI with 6-speed manual and optional 80 Liter fuel tank, calculated by using extra-urban Euro cycle mileage of 4.8 L/100 km (49 mpg)
==Performance==
* Quickest 0-60 mph (roughly equal to 0-100 km/h):
** 2.5 seconds - 2006 [[Bugatti Veyron]]
** Sports car (4 seat) - 3.4 seconds - 2006 [[Porsche]] 911 Turbo
** 4-door car - 3.5 seconds - 2005 [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution|Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII FQ400]] 2.0 L (''Note:'' the FQ400's status as a "production car" is disputed)
** Pickup truck - 4.9 seconds - 2004 [[Dodge Ram]] ''SRT-10''
***Honorable mention: 1991 [[GMC Syclone]] - Car & Driver got 0-60 in 4.6 Seconds (Nov '90) and later 5.3 Seconds (Sep '91), Sport Truck (Jan '91) got 4.8 seconds, Off Road magazine (Feb '91) got 4.3 Seconds (Feb '91), and Autoweek got 5.2 seconds but quoted GMC's estimate of 4.6 seconds and cited unfavorable temperature and track conditions.
* Quickest 0-200 km/h (124 mph) - 7.4 seconds, Auto Motor Und Sport - 2006 Bugatti Veyron 16.4
* Quickest 0-300 km/h time (185 mph) - 18.2 seconds, Auto Motor Und Sport - 2006 Bugatti Veyron 16.4
* Quickest 0-100-0 mph:
**Sports car (2 seat) - 9.9 sec - 2006 Bugatti Veyron <sup>[http://www.autocar.co.uk/popups/video.asp?ar=220983]</sup>
***Honorable mention: 9.4 seconds - 2006 [[Ultima GTR]]-720<sup>[http://www.ultimasports.co.uk/records/part6.html]</sup> - (''Note:'' production numbers for GTR-720 are not available and the GTR's status as a "production car" is disputed)
* Highest top speed:
** Sports car - 407 km/h (253 mph) - [[Bugatti Veyron 16.4]]<sup>
*** Honorable Mention: 391.1 km/h (240.14 mph) - [[McLaren F1]] held the title of "worlds fastest production car" for more than a decade.
** 4-door car - 312 km/h (195 mph) - [[Bentley Continental Flying Spur (2005)|2005 Bentley Continental Flying Spur]]
*** Honorable mention: 350 km/h* (217.6 mph) - 2005 [[Brabus EV12 BiTurbo]] and [[Brabus Rocket]] (tuner cars) (350 km/h is electronically limited, but both are likely capable of higher speeds)
** Pickup truck/Utility - 271.44 km/h (168.66 mph) - [[Holden Special Vehicles#World Record|2006 HSV Maloo R8]]
==Sales==
:''See also [[List of bestselling vehicle nameplates]]''
* Best-selling models:
** Best-selling car nameplate - [[Toyota Corolla]] ''(more than 32,000,000 sold in nine generations since 1966)''
** Best-selling vehicle nameplate - [[Toyota Corolla]] ''(more than 32,000,000 sold in nine generations since 1966)''
** Best-selling single model - [[Volkswagen Beetle]] ''(21,529,464 of the same basic design sold worldwide between 1938 and 2003)''
** Best-selling 2-seat car - [[Mazda Miata|Mazda Roadster/MX-5/Miata]] ''(nearly 750,000 of three generations sold between 1989 and 2006)'' (EDIT:: CORVETTE 1,302,401 1953-2003)
** Best single-year sales - >1,000,000 - [[Chevrolet Impala]], 1965.[http://www.sportscarmarket.com/profiles/2006/August/American/index.html]
** Best single-month sales - 126,905 - July 2005 [[Ford F-Series]] [http://www.ford-trucks.com/news/idx/12/264/2005/article/FORD_FSERIES_SETS_NEW_MONTHLY_SALES_RECORD_.html]
** Best Selling Minivan - [[Dodge Caravan]], over 11,000,000 sold.
* Lowest-production models: ''(excluding limited-production vehicles)''
** Pickup truck - avg. 223 per month, [[Lincoln Blackwood]] ''(3,356 sold in 15 months)''
** Sports car - avg. 6 per month, [[Toyota 2000GT]] ''(337 sold in 5 years)''
** SUV - avg. 4 per month, [[Lamborghini LM002]] ''(301 sold in 6 years)''
==Firsts==
Full-production vehicles are listed here. Many were preceded by racing-only cars.
===Industry===
* First automobile manufacturer - [[Panhard|Panhard et Levassor]] (1889) (followed by [[Peugeot]] in 1891)
* First standardized automobile - [[Benz Velo]] (1894) or [[Duryea Motor Wagon]] (1893)
* First mass-produced automobile - [[Oldsmobile Curved Dash]] (1901)
** Honorable Mention - [[Ford Model T]], first car produced on a moving assembly line.
* First auto company technical institute - [[General Motors Institute]] (now [[Kettering University]])
* First automotive proving ground - [[General Motors]] [[Milford Proving Grounds]]
===Engine types===
* [[V4 engine]]
** First V4 - 1922 [[Lancia Lambda]]
*** Honorable mention - 1903 [[Marmon]] ''(few produced)''
* [[Straight-6]]
** First 6-cylinder - 1903 [[Napier & Son]]
* [[V6 engine]]
** First V6 - 1950 [[Lancia Aurelia]]
*** Honorable mention - 1904 [[Marmon]] ''(few produced)''
** First American V6 - 1962 [[Buick Special]]
** First Japanese V6 engine - 1983 Nissan's VG engine series
* [[Straight-8]]
** First I8 - 1919 [[Isotta-Fraschini]]
*** Honorable mention - 1920 [[Duesenberg]]
* [[V8 engine]]
** First V8 - 1910 [[De Dion-Bouton]]
*** Honorable mention - 1904 [[Marmon]] ''(few produced)''
** First mass-produced V8 - 1914 [[Cadillac Type 51]]
** First mass-produced monobloc V8 - 1932 [[Ford Model B]]
** First [[OHV]] V8 - 1949 [[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile]]/[[Cadillac V8 engine#1949|Cadillac]] (Not the same engine, but both released the same year)
* [[V10 engine]]
** First V10 (road car) - 1992 [[Dodge Viper]] (Previously V10s were only used in race cars)
** First V10 sedan - 2002 [[Volkswagen Phaeton]]
* [[V12 engine]]
** First V12 - 1916 [[Packard]] "Double-Six"
*[[W12 engine]]
** First W12 - 2001 [[Audi A8]] (5998 cc W12 engine - four banks of three cylinders)
*[[V16 engine]]
** First V16 - 1930 [[Cadillac V-16]]
*** Honorable mention - 1931 [[Marmon]] and 1932 [[Peerless]]
*[[W16 engine]]
** First W16 - [[Bugatti Veyron 16.4]]
*** Jimenez Novia (used a 4.1 L W16 based on four I4 Yamaha motorcycle engines.)
*[[W18 engine]]
**No production cars yet are known to use a W-18 configuration, however [[Bugatti]] has experimented with both three-bank and four-bank designs for various [[concept cars]].
===Engine technologies===
* First [[carburetor]] - 1896 [[Daimler]]
* First [[overhead cam]] engine - 1898 [[Wilkinson Motor Car Company|Wilkinson]]
* First [[variable displacement]] engine - 1905 [[Sturtevant]] 38/45 six
** Honorable mention - 1917 [[Enger Motor Car|Enger]] Twin-Unit Twelve
* First twin-spark engine - 1921 [[Bentley 3 Litre]]
* First [[DOHC]] engine - 1921 [[Ballot (automobile)]] ''([[Peugeot]] had a DOHC 4-valve [[Grand prix motor racing|Grand Prix]] car in 1913).''
* First [[Diesel]]-engined production car — 1936 Mercedes 260D.
* [[Multi-valve]] engines
** First 3-valve engine - 1924 [[Bugatti]] [[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35]] ''([[Bugatti Type 18|Type 18]] had a 3-valve in 1912, but only 6 or 7 were made. Type 35 used the engine from the 1922 [[Bugatti Type 29|Type 29]] racing car.)''
** First 4-valve engine - 1921 [[Bentley 3 Litre]]
*** Honorable mentions - 1931 [[Bugatti]] [[Bugatti Type 51|Type 51]] [[DOHC]]. An [[SOHC]] 4-valve engine appeared in 1910's [[Bugatti Type 13|Type 13]] racing car, while a 4-valve [[straight-4]] was also developed by Bugatti in 1914. The [[Linthwaite-Hussey Motor Company]] of Los Angeles manufactured and advertized a four-valve straight-4 engine in 1916.
** First 5-valve engine - 1989 [[Mitsubishi Minica]] 548 cc [[Mitsubishi 3G8x engine|3G81]] I3 ''([[Peugeot]] had a triple overhead cam 5-valve [[Grand Prix]] car in 1921).''
** First 6-valve engine - 1985 Maserati 2.0L V6 36V 261 hp
** First 3-valve [[Diesel]] - 1989 [[Citroën]] [[Citroën XM|XM]]
** First 4-valve [[Diesel]] - 1994 [[Mercedes-Benz]] [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]]
** First [[multi-valve]] [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] engine - 1984 [[Saab Automobile|Saab]] [[Saab 900|900]] ''[[Saab H engine#B202|B202]]''
* First [[carburetor]] air filter - 1915 [[Packard]] Twin Six
** Honorable mention - 1922 [[Rickenbacker]] had a modern dry element
* First [[crankcase ventilation]] - 1926 [[Cadillac V8 engine]]
* First automatic [[choke]] - 1932 [[Oldsmobile]]
* First four-barrel [[carburetor]] - 1941 [[Buick]]
* [[Fuel injection]]
** First FI engine - 1910 [[Adams Farwell]] [[Diesel]]
** First non-[[Diesel]] FI engine - 1952 [[Gutbrod]] [[Gutbrod Superior|Superior]]
** First [[gasoline direct injection]] - 1955 [[Mercedes-Benz 300SL]]
** First electronic [[fuel injection]] - 1968 [[Bosch]] D-Jetronic - [[Volkswagen]] [[VW Type 3|Type 3]]/[[VW Type 4|Type 4]]
** First [[Diesel]] direct injection engine - 1986 [[Fiat]] Croma TD
** First electronic gasoline direct injection - August 1996 [[Mitsubishi Galant]]/[[Mitsubishi Legnum|Legnum]] ''[[Mitsubishi 4G9x engine#4G93|4G93]]'' GDI [[Straight-4|I4]]
* First [[Supercharger|supercharged]] car - 1923 [[Mercedes (car)|Mercedes]] 6/25/40 hp
* First [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] car - 1962 [[Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile F-85]] ''[[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Turbo Jetfire|Turbo Jetfire]]''
** Honorable mention - 1962 [[Chevrolet Corvair]] ''[[Chevrolet Corvair engine|flat-6]]''
* First [[Turbodiesel|turbocharged diesel]] car - 1978 [[Mercedes-Benz_W116|Mercedes-Benz 300SD]]
* First variable-nozzle [[turbocharger]] - 1989 [[Shelby CSX#CSX-VNT|Shelby CSX-VNT]]/[[Garrett Systems]]
** Honorable mention - 2006 [[Porsche 997#Turbo|Porsche 911 Turbo]]/[[BorgWarner]]
* First quad-[[turbocharged]] car - [[Bugatti EB110]]
* First supercharged and turbocharged car - 1989 Nissan [[March Superturbo]] ''[[Nissan MA MA09ERT|MA09ERT]]''
** Honorable mention - 1985 [[Lancia Delta S4]] (Homologation special, only 200 road cars produced for [[Group B]] regulations)
* First point ignition - 1910 [[Cadillac Model Thirty]]/[[Delco]]
* First electronic ignition - 1960 [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]/[[Delco]]
* First alternator - 1960 [[Chrysler Corporation]], [[Plymouth Valiant]]
* First [[flat-engine]] - 1905 [[Knox (automobile)|Knox]]
* First [[Oversquare|square]] engine - 1906 [[Premier (automobile)|Premier]]
* First monobloc engine with removable cylinder head - 1908 [[Ford Model T]]
* First counterbalanced [[crankshaft]] - 1908 [[Mercer]] Type 35
* First [[V engine|split-plane]] [[crankshaft]] - 1923 [[Cadillac V8 engine]]
* [[Variable valve timing]]
** First VVT engine - 1980 [[Alfa Romeo Spider]] 2.0 L
** First electronic VVT - 1987 [[Nissan 300ZX]] ''[[Nissan VG engine#VG30DE|VG30DE]]'' [[N-VCT|NVCS]] V6
* First [[gas turbine]] car - 1950 [[Rover (car)|Rover]] JET 1 ''(Experimental only; no gas turbine car ever reached real production)''
* [[Wankel engine]]s
** First [[Wankel engine]] - 1964 [[NSU Motorenwerke AG|NSU]] Spider
** First 2-rotor [[Wankel engine]] - 1965 [[Mazda Cosmo]] ''(60 preproduction examples were produced and registered)''
*** Honorable mention - 1966 [[NSU Ro 80]]
** First front-wheel drive Wankel engine - 1966 [[NSU Ro 80]]
** First 3-rotor [[Wankel engine]] - 1991 [[Mazda Cosmo]]
*** Honorable mentions - 1969 [[Mercedes-Benz C111]] and 1970 [[Felix Wankel]]-refitted [[Mercedes-Benz 300SL]] ''(Not production cars)''
** First [[turbocharger|turbo]] Wankel engine - 1982 [[Mazda Luce]]/[[Mazda Cosmo|Cosmo]]
* First [[Miller cycle]] engine - 1996 [[Mazda Millenia]]
* First [[Atkinson cycle]] engine - 2004 [[Toyota Prius]]
* First [[Hydrogen vehicle]] - 2006 [[Mazda RX-8]] (Japan commercial leases only)
* First [[California]] [[Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|ULEV emissions]] compliant - 1995 [[Honda Accord]]
===[[Hybrid vehicle]]s===
* First gas-electric hybrid - 1899 [[Lohner Carriage|Lohner]]-[[Ferdinand Porsche|Porsche]] Mixte (''about 300 produced'')
* First modern hybrid car - 1904 [[Auto-Mixte]] ([[Belgium]])<!-- same modern system used with regenerating energy from braking and that the petrol engine kicks in when some extra oomph is needed-->
* First modern hybrid car - 1997 [[Toyota Prius]] NHW10/[[Honda Insight]] (Japan)
* First hybrid [[bus]] - 1997 [[Hino]] (Japan)
* First [[all-wheel drive]] hybrid, first hybrid [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] - 2004 [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]
* First hybrid [[luxury car]] - 2005 [[Lexus RX 400h]] (introduced January 2004)
* First hybrid [[pickup truck]] - 2005 [[Chevrolet Silverado#Hybrid|Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Hybrid]]
* First [[rear-wheel drive]] hybrid car - 2007 [[Lexus GS#GS_450h|Lexus GS450h]] (on sale March 16, 2006 in Japan)
* First three-cylinder hybrid - 1999 [[Honda Insight]]
* First four-cylinder hybrid - 1997 [[Toyota Prius]] NHW10 (Japan)
* First six-cylinder hybrid - 2005 [[Lexus RX 400h]] (introduced January 2004)
===Body===
* First motorized [[truck]] — October 1896 [[Daimler-Benz|Daimler]]
* First production closed-body car - 1910 [[Cadillac Model Thirty]]
* First [[monocoque]] - 1924 [[Lancia Lambda]]
** Honorable mentions - 1917 [[Ruler Four]] ''(few produced)'', 1934 [[Citroën Traction Avant]]
* First shatter-resistant windshield glass - 1926 [[Cadillac]]
* First [[coupé convertible]] - 1934 [[Peugeot 401]] D Eclipse
* First [[Pickup]] / [[Utility]] (Ute) - 1934 [[Ford Australia]]
* First safety [[windshield]] - 1948 [[Tucker Torpedo]] (''popout safety glass'')
* First [[fiberglass]] body - 1953 [[Chevrolet Corvette]] and [[Kaiser Darrin]]
* First [[Multi-purpose vehicle|MPV]] - 1956 [[Fiat 600|Fiat 600 Multipla]]
* First [[convertible|retractable hardtop]] - 1930s [[Lancia]]
** Honorable mention - 1957 [[Ford Skyliner]]
* First [[hatchback]] - 1953 [[Aston Martin DB2/4]]
** Honorable mentions - 1958 [[Austin A40 Farina]], 1962 [[Austin A40 Farina#Innocenti|Innocenti Combinata]], and 1965 [[Renault 16]]
* First [[fiberglass]] [[monocoque]] - 1956 [[Berkeley cars|Berkeley]] T60
** Honorable mention - 1959 [[Lotus Elite]]
* First [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] - 1942 [[Dodge Carryall]]<!-- 1935 [[Chevrolet Suburban]] Not a SUV then, but a station wagon. -->
** Honorable mention - 1957 [[Moskvitch 410]] (first [[crossover SUV]]/XUV)
* First all-[[aluminum]] body - 1961 [[Lagonda Rapide]]
** Honorable mention - 1947 [[Land Rover]] (used [[Birmabright]], an aluminum alloy)
** First all-aluminum space frame - 1990 [[Honda NSX]]
* First [[Graphite-reinforced plastic|carbon fiber]] [[monocoque]] - 1991 [[McLaren F1]]
* First [[Automotive aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] design - 1921 [[Rumpler]] Tropfenwagen
===Transmission===
* [[Manual transmission]]s
** First synchronized transmission - 1929 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]
** First [[overdrive (mechanics)|overdrive]] - 1934 [[Chrysler Airflow]]
** First modern cone synchromesh transmission - 1952 [[Porsche]] [[Porsche 356|356]]
** First 5-speed manual - 1953 [[Ferrari 212]]
** First 6-speed manual - 1986 [[Honda Civic]] Wagon 4WD
*** Honorable mention - 1986 [[Porsche 959]] (''introduced at 1985 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] but first customer deliveries were delayed until 1987'')[http://content3.us.porsche.com/prod/pag/classic.nsf/usaenglish/porschecars_959_1986_story?OpenDocument&popup]
*** Honorable mention - 1957 [[Moskvitch 410|Moskvitch 410/411]] (three forward gears with high and low selection)
** First 8-speed manual - 1960 [[Moskvitch 410|Moskvitch 410/411]]
** First 16-speed manual - 1913 [[David (car)|David]]
* [[Automatic transmission]]s
** First automatic transmission - May 1939 [[Oldsmobile]] [[Hydra-Matic]] (also the first 4-speed automatic)
*** Honorable mention - 1934 [[REO]] (a pair of self-shifting manuals)
*** Honorable mention - 1937 [[Oldsmobile]] [[Automatic Safety Transmission]]
** First [[torque converter]] automatic - 1948 [[Buick]] [[Dynaflow]]
*** Honorable mention - 1949 [[Packard]] [[Ultramatic]] (torque converter automatic)
*** Honorable mention - 1946 [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]] [[Presto-Matic]] (torque converter manual)
** First non-planetary automatic - 1968 [[Honda]] [[Hondamatic]]
** First 5-speed automatic - 1991 [[BMW]] [[BMW E34|E34]] [[BMW 5-Series|5-Series]] and [[BMW E36|E36]] [[BMW 3-Series|320i/325i]] [[ZF 5HP18 transmission|ZF 5HP18]]
** First 6-speed automatic - 2002 [[BMW]] [[BMW E65|E65]] [[BMW 7-Series|7-Series]] [[ZF 6HP26 transmission|ZF 6HP26]]
*** Honorable mention - 1999 [[Jeep Grand Cherokee]] [[Chrysler 45RFE transmission|45RFE]] had an automatic transmission with 3 planetary gearsets capable of six speeds, but only 5 were used, and the company advertised it as a 4-speed.
** First 7-speed automatic - 2003 [[Mercedes-Benz]] [[7G-TRONIC]]
** First 8-speed automatic - 2007 [[Lexus LS|Lexus LS 460]]
* First [[limited slip differential]] - 1956 [[Studebaker]]
* First [[continuously variable transmission]] - 1958 [[DAF]] 600 "A-Type"
===Layout===
* First [[FR layout]] car - 1895 [[Panhard]] et Levassor
* First [[RR layout|RR]] car - 1896 [[Hertel (automobile)|Hertel]]
* First [[front-wheel drive]] - 1924 Tracta (Gregoire-Tracta)
** Honorable mention - 1900 [[Pennington Car Company|Pennington]] and 1928 [[Alvis Cars|Alvis]] ''(did not sell more than 150 units)''
** Honorable mention - 1934 [[Citroën Traction Avant]]
** Honorable mention - 1929 [[Cord Automobile]] L-29
** Honorable mention - 1930 [[Ruxton]]
** Honorable mention - 1923 LT ''(only three made)''
* First [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[front-wheel drive]] - 1931 [[DKW]] F1{{fact}}
** Honorable mention - 1947 [[Saab 92]]
** Honorable mention - 1959 [[Mini]]
** First [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[front-wheel drive|FWD]] [[Straight-5|I5]] - 1993 [[Volvo 850]]
** First [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[front-wheel drive|FWD]] [[Straight-6|I6]] - 1970 [[Austin Kimberley]] and [[Austin Tasman]]
*** Honorable mention - 1959 [[Saab Monster]] ''(Not a production vehicle)''
** First [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[front-wheel drive|FWD]] [[V8 engine|V8]] - 1985 [[Cadillac DeVille]]
** First [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[all-wheel drive]] - 1968 [[Austin Ant]]
* First [[four-wheel drive]] vehicle - 1910 [[Caldwell Vale]] or 1911 [[four-wheel drive Auto|Four Wheel Drive]]
* First [[all-wheel drive]] car - 1966 [[Jensen FF]]
** Honorable mention - 1901 [[Lohner-Porsche]] ''(One produced)'', electric 4WD
** Honorable mention - 1902 Jacobus [[Spyker]] ''(One produced)'', first mechanical 4WD
** Honorable mention - 1932 [[Bugatti Type 53]] ''(Three produced)''
** Honorable mention - 1958 [[Citroën 2CV|Citroën 2CV Sahara]] ''(Dual-engine all wheel drive)''
* First [[FR layout|FR]] [[transaxle]] - 1950 [[Lancia Aurelia]] ''(the 1914 [[Stutz Bearcat]] featured a primitive transaxle)''
* First [[MR layout|MR]] car - 1921 [[Rumpler]] Tropfenwagen
* First [[MR layout|MR]] [[all-wheel drive|AWD]] car - 1990 [[Panther Solo|Panther Solo 2]]
** Honorable mention - [[1985]] [[Ford RS200]] (Homologation special, only 200 road cars produced for [[Group B]] regulations.)
** Honorable mention - 1985 Peugeot 205 Turbo-16 (Homologation special, only 200 road cars produced for [[Group B]] regulations.)
** Honorable mention - 1985 [[Lancia Delta S4]] (Homologation special, only 200 road cars produced for [[Group B]] regulations.)
** Honorable mention - 1985 Rover Metro 6R4 (Homologation special, only 200 road cars produced for [[Group B]] regulations.)
===Suspension===
* First [[torsion bar]] suspension - 1921 [[Leyland Motors|Leyland]]
* First front [[independent suspension]] - 1924 [[Lancia Lambda]]
* First [[hydraulic]] [[shock absorber]]s - 1933 [[Hudson (automobile)|Hudson]] ([[Monroe]])
* First [[coil spring]]/[[shock absorber]] suspension - 1934 [[Cadillac]], [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]], and [[Hudson (automobile)|Hudson]]
* First [[MacPherson strut]] suspension - 1949 [[Ford Vedette]]
* First [[Chapman strut]] suspension - 1958 [[Lotus Elite]]
* First air [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] - 1958 [[Cadillac Brougham]]
** Honorable mentions - 1909 [[Cowley]] and 1933 [[Stout-Scarab]] ([[Firestone]])
* First [[self-levelling suspension]] - 1955 [[Citroën DS]]
** Honorable mention - 1954 [[Citroën Traction Avant]] 15H[[Hydropneumatic]]
* First electronically-controlled suspension - 1985 [[Nissan Maxima]] (Japan-market model)
* First fully active suspension - 1990 [[Infiniti Q|Nissan Infiniti Q45]], 1991 [[Toyota Soarer]] [http://www.toyotaimportsforum.co.uk/soarer/z30soarer_changes.htm]
** Honorable mention - 1983 [[Lotus 92]] (''raced at the [[Long Beach Grand Prix]], began road development in 1987 but never applied to a road car[http://www.gglotus.org/ggtech/activesusp/activesuspn.htm]'')
** Honorable mention - 1991 [[Toyota Celica]] (300 experimental vehicles produced)
* First active anti-roll bars - 1994 [[Citroen Xantia Activa]] ([[Active Roll Stabilization]])
* First [[active differential]] - 1995 Nissan Skyline GT-R Vspec - Active LSD
** Honorable mention - 1986 [[Porsche 959]] ''PSK'' (''limited production of 200 vehicles'')
** Honorable mention - 1996 [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution#Evolution IV|Mitsubishi Lancer EVO IV]], [[Active yaw control|AYC]] is a factory option. Became standard in EVO V.
** Honorable mention - 2005 [[Ferrari F430]] and [[Acura RL]] feature fully-integrated electronic differentials
===Brakes===
* First [[power brake]]s - 1919 [[Hispano-Suiza]] [[Hispano-Suiza H6|H6]] (mechanically assisted)
** Honorable mention - 1921 [[Duesenberg]] Model A
* First vacuum-assist [[power brake]]s - 1928 [[Pierce-Arrow]]
* First standard [[disc brake]]s - 1955 [[Citroën DS]]
** Honorable mentions - 1956 (HRG twincam) used helicopter disc brakes [[Triumph TR3]], [[Girling (car)|Girling]] ''([[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]] pioneered disc brakes at [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans]] in 1953)''
* First [[antilock braking system]] - 1966 [[Jensen FF]] ([[Dunlop Maxaret]] system, previously used in aviation)
** First electrical [[antilock braking system]] - 1969 [[Lincoln Continental Mark III]]
*** Honorable mention - 1970 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] (rear only)
** First electronic [[antilock braking system]] - 1986 [[Lincoln Mark VII]]/[[Lincoln Continental|Continental]] and [[Chevrolet Corvette]]
* First [[emergency brake#Electric parking brake|Electric parking brake]] - 2003 [[Lincoln LS]]
* First diagonally split, dual brake circuits - 1962 [[Saab 95]]/[[Saab 96|96]]
* First [[asbestos]]-free [[brake pad]]s - 1983 [[Saab Automobile]]
* First electro-hydraulic brakes - 2003 [[Mercedes-Benz SL-Class]]
* First [[regenerative brake]]s - 1997 [[Toyota Prius]]
===Driver-aids===
* First standard rear-view mirror - 1912 [[Marmon]]
* First [[power steering]] - 1951 [[Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]]
* First [[cruise control]] - 1957 [[Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]]
** Honorable mention - [[Peerless]] had a [[centrifugal governor]] speed control system in the 1910s
* First [[traction control]] - 1987 [[Bosch]] [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]]/[[BMW 7-Series]]
* First [[drive-by-wire]] throttle - 1988 [[BMW 7-Series|BMW 750iL]]
* First [[electrochromic]] rear-view mirror - 1989 [[Lexus LS]]
* First [[dynamic stability control system]]/[[Electronic Stability Program]] - 1996 [[BMW 7-Series]]/[[Mercedes-Benz CL-Class]]
* First [[adaptive cruise control]] - 1997 [[Toyota Celsior]]
* First [[heads-up display]] - 1988 [[Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]]
* First factory [[GPS]] navigation - 1990 [[Mazda Cosmo]], 1991 [[Toyota Soarer]]
* First [[night vision]] - 2000 [[Cadillac DeVille]]
* First [[power door locks]] - 1956 [[Packard]]
* First integrated car dynamics control system: 2005 [[Toyota Crown|Toyota Crown Majesta]] (''[[Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management]]'')
===[[Passive restraint]]===
* First [[airbag]]s - 1974 [[Oldsmobile Toronado]]
* First car to come standard with dual airbags - [[1987]] [[Porsche 944 Turbo]]
* First six-airbag system - 1994 [[Audi A8]]
* First head airbags - 1998 [[BMW 7-Series]]
===Tires===
* First use of pneumatic tires - 1895 [[Peugeot]] L'Eclair ([[Michelin]])
* First standard pneumatic tires - 1896 [[Léon Bollée Automobiles|Bollée]] Voiturette
* First radial-ply tires - 1949 [[Michelin]] "X" ''(patented in 1946)
* First self-repairing tires - 1950 [[Goodyear]]
* First [[run flat tire]] - 1974 [[Mini|Mini 1275GT]] ([[Dunlop Tyres|Dunlop]] Denovo; optional)
===[[headlight|Lighting]]===
* First electrical lighting - 1898 [[Columbia (automobile)|Columbia]] electric
* First standard lights - 1904 "Prest-O-Lite" [[acetylene]]
* First standard electrical lights - 1908 [[Peerless]]
* First integrated electrical and lighting system - 1912 [[Cadillac Model Thirty|Cadillac Model 1912]] [[Delco]]
* First "dipping" headlights - 1915 [[Guide Lamp Company]]
* First dual-beam headlight - 1924 [[Bilux]]
* First retractable headlights - 1936 [[Cord Automobile|Cord]]
* First directional headlamps - 1930s [[Tatra (car)|Tatra]]
** Honorable mention - 1948 [[Tucker Torpedo]] (originally designed with swivel lights, but replaced with third "cyclops light" turned on when cornering).
* First [[fog light]]s - 1938 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]
* First auto-dimming headlights - 1952 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] ''Autronic Eye''
* First auto-on/off headlights - 1964 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] ''Twilight Sentinel''
* First [[halogen]] headlights - 1965 [[Hella (company)|Hella]]
* First headlight wipers - 1970 [[Saab Automobile]]
* First modern U.S.-market car with [[sealed beam]] headlights - 1984 [[Lincoln Mark VII]]
* First [[alternating current|AC]] [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID]] lights - 1991 [[BMW E32|BMW 7-series]]
* First [[direct current|DC]] [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID]] lights - 1997 [[Lincoln Mark VIII]]
* First [[neon]] lights - 1997 [[Lincoln Mark VIII]]
* First all-[[light-emitting diode|LED]] tail lights - 1998 [[Maserati 3200 GT]]
* First [[bi-xenon HID headlamp]]s - 2000 [[Mercedes-Benz CL-Class]]
===Electrical system===
* First electric self-starter - 1911 [[Cadillac]]
* First electric windows - 1938 [[Buick Y]]
* First combination key and ignition switch - 1949 [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]]
* First [[Alternating current|AC]] [[alternator]] - 1960 [[Plymouth Valiant|Valiant]]
* First sealed [[battery (electricity)|battery]] - 1971 [[Pontiac]] "Freedom Battery"
* First multiplexed wiring - 1987 [[Cadillac Allanté]]
* First integrated car systems control - 1990 [[Mazda Eunos Cosmo]] (''Car Control System'')
** Honorable mention - 1991 [[Toyota Soarer]] (''Electro Multi Vision'')
* First built-in 110V AC inverter - 2000 [[Toyota Avalon]]
===Climate control===
* First windshield defroster - 1928 [[Studebaker]]
* First windshield washer - 1937 [[Studebaker]]
* First [[air conditioning]] - 1938 [[Studebaker Commander]]
** Honorable mention - 1939 [[Packard]] and 1941 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]
* First rear window defogger - 1948 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]
* First heated seats - 1966 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]
** Honorable mention (first electrically heated) - 1972 [[Saab 99]]
* First automatic climate control - 1964 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]
* First digital climate control - 1975 [[Rolls-Royce Camargue]]
* First ventilated seats - 1997 [[Saab 9-5]]
===In-car electronics and entertainment===
* First original-equipment radio - 1923 [[Springfield (automobile)|Springfield]]
* First [[automotive navigation system|navigation system]] - August 1981 [[Honda Accord]] (analog, dealer-installed) {{fact}}
** First navigation system with acoustic output - 1989 [[Infiniti Q45]]
** First digital navigation system - 1990 [[Acura Legend]]
** First [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] navigation system - 1990 [[Mazda Eunos Cosmo]]
*** Honorable mention - 1991 [[Toyota Soarer]] [http://www.toyotaimportsforum.co.uk/soarer/z30soarer_changes.htm]
*** Honorable mention - 1990 [[Pioneer Electronics]]/[[Trimble]] (aftermarket)
* First active audio volume control - 1990 [[Chevrolet Corvette]] [[Bose]]/[[Delco Electronics|Delco]] Gold Series
* First [[telematics|telematics assist]] system - 1996 ''tie'' 1997-model [[Cadillac Seville]] ([[OnStar]]) and [[Lincoln Continental]] ([[Motorola]] RESCU)
* First [[Digital versatile disc|DVD]] navigation system - 1996 [[Matsushita]]/[[Pioneer Electronics]] (aftermarket)
* First in-car [[personal computer|PC]] - 1997 [[Microsoft]] [[Auto PC]] (aftermarket)
* First [[Bluetooth]]-capable audio system - 2000 [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]]
* First [[THX]]-certified stereo system - 2003 [[Lincoln LS]]
* First in-car [[karaoke]] machine - 2003 [[Geely BL]]
* First active noise cancellation - 2005 [[Acura RL]]
* First [[digital television]] reception - 2006 [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]]
===Other===
* First steering wheel - 1899 [[Packard]]
* First [[speedometer]] - 1901 [[Oldsmobile]]
* First tilt-away steering wheel - 1912 [[Peerless]]
* First dash-mounted fuel tank gauge - 1914 [[Studebaker]]
* First tilt-away steering column - 1928 [[Buick]]
* First [[turn signal]]s - 1939 [[Buick]]
* First split folding rear seats - 1961 [[Renault 4]] (''[[Fiat]] patented the system in 1978'')
* First tilt/telescope steering wheel - 1965 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]
* First [[four wheel steering]] - 1985 [[Nissan Skyline]] HICAS
** Honorable mention - 1938 Mercedes 170VL (miltitary truck only)
** Honorable mention - 1987 [[Honda Prelude]] 4WS
* First [[Fibre-reinforced plastic|composite]] wheels - 1989 [[Shelby CSX]]
* First capless fuel filler - 2005 [[Ford GT]]
===American types===
* First standardized American automobile - [[Duryea Motor Wagon]] (1896)
* First American [[electric car]] - [[Detroit Electric]] (1907)
* First American [[hybrid car|hybrid]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] - [[Ford Escape Hybrid]]
* First Chinese-made vehicle sold in America - 2006 [[Miles ZX40]]
==Pre-War==
* Best-selling pre-war vehicle - [[Ford Model-T]] ''(15,000,000 sold between 1908 and 1928)''
* Least-expensive full-featured automobile - 1927 [[Ford Model-T]] ''($300 is about $3500 in inflation-adjusted 2005 dollars)''
* Largest vehicle - [[Bugatti Royale]] - 21 ft (6.4 m) long, 180 in (4.57 m) or 170 in (4.32 m) wheelbase depending on model
* Largest pre-war [[Straight-4]] - 21.5 L (21495 cc) - 1912 Benz 82/200
* Largest pre-war [[Straight-6]] - 21.1 L (21112 cc) - 1905 [[Panhard|Panhard et Levassor]] 50 CV
* Largest pre-war [[Straight-8]] - 12.8 L (12763 cc/778 in³) - 1929 [[Bugatti Royale]]
==External link==
*[http://www.classicautoprints.com/history.html Classic Auto Prints' Automobile History Timeline]
[[Category:Automobile-related lists|Superlatives]]
[[Category:Lists of automobiles|Superlatives]]
[[Category:Lists of superlatives|Automobiles]]
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