Olduvai theory and List of railway electrification systems: Difference between pages

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Revision as of 21:36, 29 January 2007

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This a list of the voltages, etc. that are used or have been used for tramway and [[railway electrification system]]s.

{{importance}}

Note the voltages are nominal, and vary up and down depending on load and distance from the substation.

The '''Olduvai theory''' was first introduced by [[Richard C. Duncan]], Ph.D. in [[1989]]. He presented it in his paper, "The Peak of World Oil Production and the Road to the Olduvai Gorge", at the Summit 2000 Pardee Keynote Symposia of the [[Geological Society of America]], on [[November 13]], [[2000]].<ref>[http://dieoff.org/page224.htm "The Peak Of World Oil Production And The Road To The Olduvai Gorge" by Richard C. Duncan (2000)]</ref> The name is a reference to the [[Olduvai Gorge]] in Africa. The Olduvai theory provides a modern argument supporting the [[Malthusian catastrophe]].

==Conventional overhead wire or conductor rail systems==

The Olduvai theory states that the [[industrialization|industrial civilization]] (using a special definition - see below) will have a lifetime of less than or equal to 100 years.

Key:

* Volts: [[voltage]]

== Details of theory ==

* Hz:

** DC = [[direct current]]

** xx Hz = [[frequency]] in [[hertz]] ([[alternating current]] (AC))

*** AC supplies are [[single-phase electric power|single-phase]], except where marked [[three-phase electric power|three-phase]]

* Conductors:

**[[overhead lines]] or

**Electrified "conductor" rails, usually a [[third rail]] to one side of the running rails

*** Conductor rails can be:

**** top contact - oldest - least safe - affected by ice, snow and leaves

**** side contact - newer - safer - much less affected by ice, snow and leaves

**** bottom contact - newer - safer - much less affected by ice, snow and leaves

==Systems using Standard Voltages (as defined by EN&nbsp;50163 and IEC&nbsp;60850)==

The Industrial Civilization is defined in Duncan's paper as the time from when energy production per capita rises above 30% of its peak to when it falls below 30% of its peak. The 30% point is 3.32 boe/c/yr (barrels of [[crude oil|oil]] equivalent per capita per year). The peak is 11.15 boe/c/yr and occurred in [[1979]].

There are a number of voltages that are used in many different countries, and these have been designated as international standards.

===600 V, d.c.===

The part of the decline from 1979 to [[1999]] is called the Olduvai slope. The rest is predicted to occur in two stages:

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"

* the Olduvai slide ([[2000]]&ndash;[[2011]]) - 'may resemble the "Great Depression" of 1929 to 1939: unemployment, breadlines, and homelessness'

|-

* the Olduvai cliff ([[2012]]&ndash;[[2030]]) - 'I know of no precedent in human history.'

! style="width:09%" | Type

! style="width:11%" | Contact System

! style="width:25%" | Name of System

! style="width:12%" | Location

! style="width:12%" | Country

! style="width:31%" | Notes

|-

| rowspan=5 | 3rd&nbsp;Rail

| &nbsp;

| [[New York City Subway]]

| New York

| USA

| &nbsp;

|-

| Top Contact

| [[Chicago Transit Authority]]

| Chicago

| USA

| Elevated and subway lines

|-

| &nbsp;

| [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]]

| Boston

| USA

| Red Line and Orange Line subways, as well as part of the Blue Line subway

|-

| &nbsp;

| [[Glasgow Subway]]

| Glasgow

| UK

| &nbsp;

|-

| &nbsp;

| [[Toronto Subway and RT|Toronto Subway and Rapid Transit]]

| Toronto

| Canada

| &nbsp;

|-

|}

===750 V, d.c.===

In terms of [[energy]], world oil production per capita also peaked in 1979 and has since fallen faster than world energy consumption per capita. The paper does not discuss how this shortfall is met.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"

== Future civilizations ==

|-

! style="width:09%" | Type

! style="width:11%" | Contact System

! style="width:25%" | Name of System

! style="width:12%" | Location

! style="width:12%" | Country

! style="width:31%" | Notes

|-

| rowspan=4 | &nbsp;3rd Rail

| rowspan=2 |Bottom Contact

| [[Docklands Light Railway]]

| London

| UK

|-

| [[Helsinki Metro]]

| Helsinki

| Finland

| &nbsp;

|-

| &nbsp;

| [[Copenhagen Metro]]

| Copenhagen

| Denmark

| &nbsp;

|-

| &nbsp;

| [[Tren Urbano]]

| San Juan

| Puerto Rico

| &nbsp;

|-

|}

===1500 V, d.c.===

The paper contains a quote that [[Fred Hoyle]] made in [[1964]], stating that if the industrial civilization does collapse, with the fossil fuels and "high-grade" metallic ores gone, no species from Earth will ever reach the same level of technology as we now enjoy.

{| class="wikitable"

==Quote==

|-

! Voltage

! Frequency

! Type

! Contact System

! Name of System

! Location

! Country

! Notes{| class="wikitable"

|-

|rowspan=11| 1500 ||rowspan=11| DC ||rowspan=11| &nbsp; ||rowspan=11| Overhead || [[Tyne and Wear Metro]] || Newcastle || UK || &nbsp;

|-

| [[Manchester-Sheffield-Wath electric railway|Manchester-Sheffield-Wath]] || &nbsp; || UK || Operated between 1949-1981.

|-

| [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit]] || [[Dublin]] || [[Ireland]]|| &nbsp;

|-

| [[MTR|Mass Transit Railway Corporation]] || Hong Kong || China || &nbsp;

|-

| [[CityRail]] || Sydney || [[Australia]]|| &nbsp;

|-

| [[Seoul Subway]] || [[Seoul National Capital Area]] || [[South Korea]] || except Korail Line 1, Line 4, Bundang and Yongsan-Deokso Line.

|-

| [[Incheon Subway]] || [[Incheon]] || [[South Korea]] || &nbsp;

|-

| [[Daegu Subway]] || [[Daegu]] || [[South Korea]] || &nbsp;

|-

| [[Busan Subway]] || [[Busan]] || [[South Korea]] || &nbsp;

|-

| [[Daejeon Subway]] || [[Daejeon]] || [[South Korea]] || &nbsp;

|-

| [[Gwangju Subway]] || [[Gwangju]] || [[South Korea]] || &nbsp;

|-

|rowspan=6| 3000 ||rowspan=6| DC ||rowspan=6| &nbsp; ||rowspan=6| Overhead || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[National Railway Company of Belgium|Belgium National Railways (SNCB)]] || [[Belgium]] || 25&nbsp;kV&nbsp;AC used on new High Speed Lines.

|-

|colspan=2| [[České dráhy|Czech Railways (ČD)]] || [[Czech Republic]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[Ferrovie dello Stato| Italian State Railways (FS)]] || [[Italy]] || 25&nbsp;kV&nbsp;AC used on new High Speed Lines.

|-

|colspan=2| [[Polskie Koleje Państwowe|Polish State Railways (PKP)]] || [[Poland]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2|[[RENFE|Spanish National Railways (RENFE)]] || [[Spain]] || 25&nbsp;kV&nbsp;AC used on new High Speed Lines.

|-

|rowspan=5| 15000 ||rowspan=5| 16⅔&nbsp;Hz ||rowspan=5| &nbsp; ||rowspan=5| Overhead||colspan=2| [[ÖBB|ÖBB (Österreichische Bundesbahnen<br/>Austrian Federal Railways)]] || Austria || National Standard

|-

| [[Deutsche Bahn]] || &nbsp; || Germany || &nbsp;

|-

| Jernbaneverket || &nbsp; || Norway || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[SJ AB|SJ AB - Swedish State Railways]] || Sweden || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[SBB-CFF-FFS |SBB-CFF-FFS - Swiss Federal Railways]] || Switzerland || &nbsp;

|-

|rowspan=12| 25000 ||rowspan=12| 50&nbsp;Hz ||rowspan=12| &nbsp; ||rowspan=12| Overhead || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[Croatian Railways|Croatian Railways (HŽ)]] || [[Croatia]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[Bulgarian State Railways|Bulgarian State Railways BDZ]] || [[Bulgaria]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[SNCF| French National Railways (SNCF)]] || [[France]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[VR Group| Finnish Railways (VR)]] || [[Finland]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| Network&nbsp;Rail || [[Great Britain]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[Hungarian State Railways|Hungarian State Railways (MÁV)]] || [[Hungary]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[Indian Railways|Indian Railways (IR)]] || [[India]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses|Portuguese Railways (CP)]] || [[Portugal]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[Serbian Railways]] || [[Serbia]] || &nbsp;

|-

|colspan=2| [[Železnice Slovenskej republiky|Slovak Republic Railways (ŽSR)]] || [[Slovakia]] || South-Western lines only

|-

|[[Transnet]] || &nbsp; ||[[South Africa]] || &nbsp;

|-

|}

<!-- 3000V DC overhead

In justification of his reference to Olduvai Gorge, Duncan writes:

India ([[Kolkata]]) converted to 25kV AC

<blockquote>...(1) it is justly famous, (2) I've been there, (3) its long hollow sound is eerie and ominous, and (4) it is a good metaphor for the 'Stone Age way of life'.</blockquote>

[[Soviet Union|former Soviet Union]]

Brazil

Chile

North Korea

Slovakia (northern, eastern lines, and the broad gauge line between Kosice and the UA border), South Africa

-->

<!-- 25kV

==See also==

[[Soviet Union|former Soviet Union]]

*[[Future energy development]]

[[Germany]]

*[[Great Depression]]

[[Greece]]

*The [[Hubbert peak]] theory, also known as "peak oil," an influential theory concerning the long-term rate of conventional oil production and depletion.

[[Turkey]]

*[[Societal collapse]]

* [[White's lawDenmark]]

[[Australia]] (Queensland and Western Australia),

[[China]]

[[Czech Republic]] (southern lines only),

[[Iran]]

[[Italy]] (new installations)

[[Japan]] ([[Tōhoku]]-[[Jōetsu]]-[[Nagano]] [[Shinkansen]])

[[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]

[[Malaysia]] (KTM Komuter Service),

[[Montenegro]]

[[South Korea]]

[[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]]

[[Spain]] (new installations)

[[North Island Main Trunk Railway|New Zealand]]

proposed [[Botswana]] to [[Namibia]] line

[[Congo]]

[[Transport in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]

Rübelandbahn Harz (Germany)

-->

== Conductor Rail Systems (Non-Standard Voltages)==

== References ==

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"

<references />

|-

! Voltage

! Current

! Type

! Contact System

! Name of System

! Location

! Country

! Notes

|-

| 160

| DC

| 3rd&nbsp;Rail

| Top&nbsp;Contact

| [[Volk's Electric Railway]]

| Brighton

| UK

| The world's oldest operational electric railway [http://volkselectricrailway.co.uk]

|-

| 440

| DC

| 3rd&nbsp;Rail

| Top Contact

| [[Post Office Railway]]

| London

| UK

| Disused since 2003 [http://www.mailrail.co.uk]. 150&nbsp;V is used in station areas to limit train speed.

|-

| 630

| DC

| 4th Rail

| Top Contact

| [[London Underground|London&nbsp;Underground]]

| London

| [[United Kingdom]]

| Transport for London [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tube/]<br/>Clive's Underground Line Guides [http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/]

|-

| 660 || DC || &nbsp;3rd Rail || Top Contact || [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] || &nbsp; || UK || Original standard, mostly upgraded to 750&nbsp;V

|-

| 700 || DC || &nbsp;3rd Rail || Bottom Contact || [[Metro-North Railroad]] || New York || USA || Hudson & Harlem lines, southern part of New Haven line

|-

| 800 || DC || &nbsp;3rd Rail || &nbsp; || [[Berlin S-Bahn]] || Berlin || Germany || &nbsp;

|-

|rowspan=2| 825 ||rowspan=2|AC ||rowspan=2| &nbsp;3rd Rail || &nbsp; || [[Moscow Metro]] || Moscow || Russia || &nbsp;

|-

| &nbsp; ||[[Pyongyang Metro]] || Pyongyang || North Korea || &nbsp;

|-

| 1000 || DC || &nbsp;3rd Rail || &nbsp; || [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] || San Francisco || USA ||

|-

|rowspan=2| 1200 ||rowspan=2| DC ||rowspan=2| &nbsp;3rd Rail || Side Contact || Manchester-Bury || Manchester || UK || System abandonned in 1991

|-

| &nbsp; ||[[Hamburg S-Bahn]] || Hamburg || Germany || &nbsp;

|-

| 1500 || DC || &nbsp;3rd Rail || Top Contact || [[Guangzhou Metro|Guangzhou Metro (Line&nbsp;3)]] || Guangzhou Metro || China ||

|-

|}

== Overhead Line Systems (Non-Standard Voltages)==

Two of the references for the paper are other websites. The one that does not work is as follows:

:Duncan, RC (2000a). The Heuristic Oil Forecasting Method: User's Guide & Forecast #4. www.halcyon.com/duncanrc/ (Forecast #4). 30 p.

{| class="wikitable"

This site is no longer accessible. Some versions of this site, however, are available in the [[Internet Archive]] at http://web.archive.org/web/*/http%3A//www.halcyon.com/duncanrc/.

|-

! Voltage || Frequency || Contact System || Name of System || Location || Country || Notes

|-

| 250 || DC || &nbsp; || [[Chicago Tunnel Company]] || Chicago || USA || Operated between 1906-1959

|-

| 500 || DC || &nbsp; || Many tram systems || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;

|-

| 525 || DC || &nbsp; || [[Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen-Mürren]] || Lauterbrunnen || Switzerland || &nbsp;

|-

| 550 || DC || &nbsp; || [[Snaefell Mountain Railway]] || [[Isle of Man]] || UK || &nbsp;

|-

| 725 || 50&nbsp;Hz<br>three-phase || Two wire || [[Gornergratbahn]] || Zermatt || Switzerland || &nbsp;

|-

|rowspan=2| 900 ||rowspan=2| DC ||rowspan=2| &nbsp; || [[GFM|Gruyere - Fribourg - Morat]] || Fribourg || Switzerland || &nbsp;

|-

| [[Montreux-Oberland Bernois]] || Montreux || Switzerland || &nbsp;

|-

|rowspan=2| 1000 ||rowspan=2| DC ||rowspan=2| &nbsp; || Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg (SZU) || Zürich || Switzerland || &nbsp;

|-

| [[RhB|Rhätische Bahn (RhB)]] || St Moritz - Tirano || Switzerland || &nbsp;

|-

| 1125 || 50&nbsp;Hz<br>three-phase || Two wire || [[Jungfraubahn]] || Interlaken || Switzerland || &nbsp;

|-

| 2400 || DC || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Lausitzer || Germany || Work line of the [[Lausitzer Braunkohle AG|Lausitzer Brown Coal AG]] company.

|-

| 3500 || DC || &nbsp; || Bury - Holcombe Brook || Manchester || UK || Operated between 1913-1918.

|-

| 6500 || 25&nbsp;Hz || &nbsp; || [[Mariazellerbahn]] || [[Sankt Pölten]] || Austria || &nbsp;

|-

| 6600 || 25&nbsp;Hz || &nbsp; || [[Thamshavnbanen]] || Thamshavn || Norway || &nbsp;

|-

|rowspan=2| 12,500 ||rowspan=2| 60&nbsp;Hz ||rowspan=2| &nbsp; || [[Metro-North Railroad]] || [[New York City]] to [[New Haven]] || USA || &nbsp;

|-

| Amtrak NEC || &nbsp; || USA|| &nbsp;

|-

|rowspan=2| 20,000 ||rowspan=2| 50&nbsp;Hz ||rowspan=2| &nbsp; || [[Hell Valley Railway|Höllentalbahn]] || Feibourg || Germany || Operated between 1933-1960.

|-

| [[Japan Railways]]|| [[East Japan Railway Company|JR East]] || Japan || &nbsp;

|-

| 20,000

| 60 Hz

| &nbsp;

| [[Japan Railways]]

| [[West Japan Railway Company|JR West]]

| Japan

| &nbsp;

|-

|-

| rowspan=5 | 25,000

| rowspan=5 | 60 Hz

| rowspan=5 | &nbsp;

| North East Corridor ([[New Haven]] to [[Boston]])

| [[Amtrak]]

| [[United States]]

| &nbsp;

|-

| [[New Jersey Transit]]

| &nbsp;

| [[United States]]

| Newer Lines only

|-

| [[Tōkaidō]]-[[Sanyō]] ([[Shinkansen]])

| [[Japan Railways]]

| [[Japan]]

| &nbsp;

|-

| [[Deux-Montagnes Line (AMT)]]

| [[Montreal]]

| [[Canada]]

| &nbsp;

|-

| [[Korail]]

| [[Seoul]]

| [[South Korea]]

| All lines except Seoul Line 3

|-

| 50,000 || 50&nbsp;Hz || &nbsp; || [[Spoornet]] || Sishen - Saldanha || South Africa || Iron ore line

|-

| 50,000 || 60&nbsp;Hz || &nbsp; || Black Mesa and Lake Powell || Arizona || USA || Coal line

|}

{| class="wikitable"

==Further reading==

|-

* A paper "The Olduvai Theory: Energy, Population, and Industrial Civilization" is published in The Social Contract, Vol. XVI, No. 2, Winter 2005-2006, pp. 134-144. A copy is available free at http://www.thesocialcontract.com/pdf/sixteen-two/xvi-2-93.pdf

! Volts || Hz || Conductors || &nbsp;

|-

| 180 || DC ||align=center| → ||* Siemens streetcar [[Berlin-Lichterfelde]] 1881-1891, current fed through the running rails!

|-

|rowspan=3| 600 ||rowspan=3| DC || overhead ||* very common for older tram systems worldwide; still used in [[Boston]], [[Melbourne]], [[Toronto]], [[Helsinki]] and [[Tallinn]], Slovakia (Trencianske Teplice narrow gauge line)

|-

| third rail ||* Was used for trams in central [[London]] - third rail accessed via a slot between the tracks<br>* [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] (some areas up to 1939)<BR>

|-

| &nbsp; ||* Most older US subways, [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]]

|-

| 660 || DC || third-rail with fourth rail bonded to running rail ||* Euston to [[Watford DC Line]] (Compromise voltage to enable [[London Underground]] trains to operate between Queens Park and Harrow & Wealdstone).&nbsp; Similar bonding arrangements are used on the [[North London Line]] between Richmond and Gunnersbury.

|-

|rowspan=3| 750 ||rowspan=3| DC || overhead ||* most modern tram systems<br>*Albtalbahn, railway of the Upper Rhine, Rhein-Haardtbahn<br>* local lines of [[:de:Stern & Hafferl|Stern & Hafferl]]<!-- also listed as having 15000 V(? type for 1500) and 600 V lines --> in [[Austria]]<br>* [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]]/[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], [[Minnesota]] Metropolitan Transit light rail<!-- up to 900 V -->, [[Metro Light Rail|Sydney Light Rail]] Denver, Colorado (USA) Light Rail part of the Denver Regional Transpotation District [RTD]<br>* Salt Lake City UTA TRAX Light Rail, Eskişehir Tramway System in Türkiye

|-

| third rail ||* Undergrounds and metros in Russia, [[Prague Metro|Prague]], [[Berlin U-Bahn|Berlin]], [[Munich U-Bahn|Munich]],[[Merseyrail]], [[Nuremberg U-Bahn|Nuremberg]], [[Hamburg U-Bahn|Hamburg]], [[Vienna U-Bahn|Vienna]], [[Lisbon Metro|Lisbon]], [[Budapest Metro|Budapest]], [[Bucharest Metro|Bucharest]], [[Washington Metro|Washington, DC]], [[Paris Métro]] (some guide rail), [[Montreal metro|Montreal]] (guide bars)<br>* [[Amtrak]] [[Northeast Corridor]] within the Hudson and [[East River Tunnels]] in New York City<br>* [[Long Island Rail Road]] (USA) <br>* [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] (large areas including those upgraded from 650V - UK)<br>* [[SMRT Corporation|SMRT]] ([[Singapore]])

|-

| bottom contact third rail || [[Kolkata Metro|Kolkata (Calcutta), India]] - Third rail top collection

|-

|rowspan=2| 850 ||rowspan=2| DC || &nbsp; ||* Local railway [[Vienna]]

|-

| third rail ||* [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] (original route of [[Eurostar]], pre-[[Channel Tunnel Rail Link|CTRL]], upgraded from 750 V)

|-

|rowspan=2| 1200 ||rowspan=2| DC || overhead ||* to 1985 KBE, Cuba (FdeC), Spain (Sóller Railway)<br>* 900 mm gauge mining railways in the [[Lusatia|Lusatian]] brown coal district, Estonia (Elektriraudtee) 1924-1941 and 1946-1958

|-

| overhead third rail ||* [[Barcelona Metro]]

|-

| 1350 || DC || &nbsp; ||* [[FART]] (Domodossola-Locarno)

|-

| 1500 || DC || overhead ||* The Netherlands, France, Slovenia, [[Czech Republic]] (two local lines only near to Ceske Budejovice), [[S-Train|Copenhagen S-Trains]], India (Mumbai), Japan, Switzerland ([[Berner Oberland Bahn|BOB]], [[Schynige Platte Railway|SPB]], [[Wengernalpbahn|WAB]]), Spain (Catalan Railways, RENFE, Euskotren, FEVE), New Zealand ([[North Island Main Trunk Railway|Wellington]], and formerly Christchurch-Lyttelton, [[Midland Line, New Zealand|Arthur's Pass-Otira]]), Portugal (Cascais Line) <br>* [[Chicago]]: [[Metra]] [[Metra Electric (Metra)|Electric District Service]] (former [[Illinois Central]] Suburban Service) <br>* Great Eastern line from Liverpool Street [[London]] to Shenfield, 1949 to mid 1950s (converted to 6.25 kV)<br>* [[Railways in Melbourne|Melbourne Suburban Network]] in Victoria<!--both have exclusively used overhead since electrification--><br>* [[SBS Transit]] ([[North East Line]]) in [[Singapore]], Bursa LRT SYSTEM in Türkiye,<br>* Slovakia: High-Tatras electric railway

|-

| 3600 || 16 2/3 Hz<br>three-phase || overhead two wire ||* from 1912 to 1976 in upper [[Italy]]

|-

| 6000 || DC || &nbsp; ||* attempts in Russia

|-

| 6250 || 50 Hz || &nbsp; ||* Factory railway of [[:de:Rheinbraun AG|Rheinbraun AG]]<br>* Great Eastern suburban lines from Liverpool Street [[London]], 1950s to about 1980 (converted to 25 kV)

|-

| 10,000 || 25 Hz || overhead wire ||* 'Hofpleinlijn' Local railway The Hague - Rotterdam, from 1924, in 1926 converted to 1500 DC. In 2006 replaced by a 750 V DC lightrail system

|-

| 11,000 || 16 2/3 Hz || &nbsp; ||* [[RhB|Rhaetian Railway]], [[Matterhorn-Gotthard-Bahn]] (former [[Furka-Oberalp-Bahn]] and [[BVZ Zermatt-Bahn]])

|-

| 11,000 || 25 Hz || &nbsp; ||* [[Amtrak]] [[Northeast Corridor|Northeast]] (NEC) and [[Keystone Corridor|Keystone]] corridors ([[Washington, DC]] and [[Harrisburg, PA]] to [[New York City]]), [[SEPTA]], [[New Jersey Transit]], USA

|-

| 15,000 || variable<br>frequency<br>up to 50 Hz<br>three-phase || overhead three wire||* trial runs between [[Zossen]] and [[Marienfelde]], 1901 to 1904

|-

| 25,000 || 50 Hz || &nbsp; || [[Soviet Union|former Soviet Union]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Denmark]], [[Australia]] (Queensland and Western Australia), [[China]], [[Czech Republic]] (southern lines only), [[Iran]], [[Italy]] (new installations), [[Japan]] ([[Tōhoku]]-[[Jōetsu]]-[[Nagano]] [[Shinkansen]]), [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Malaysia]] (KTM Komuter Service), [[Montenegro]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Spain]] (new installations), [[North Island Main Trunk Railway|New Zealand]], proposed [[Botswana]] to [[Namibia]] line, [[Congo]], [[Transport in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], Rübelandbahn Harz (Germany)<!-- the Babel fish translated this as: Carrot land course resin ! -->

|}

{{listdev}}

==Overhead lines and conductor rails of special or unusual type==

== External links ==

===DC, plough collection from conductors in [[Conduit current collection|conduit]] below track===

*[[London_County_Council_Tramways|London County Council Tramways]], later operated by [[London Transport]]

===DC, no overhead wires, one ground-level conductor===

* [http://www.oilcrisis.com/duncan/olduvai.htm The Olduvai Theory of Industrial Civilization] (less complete than the paper referenced above but updated more recently)

*[[Tramway_de_Bordeaux|Bordeaux Tramway]], France. ([[Ground_level_power_supply#Use in Bordeaux|conductor rail]])

* [http://dieoff.org/page171.htm "The Post-Petroleum Paradigm&#8212;and Population" by Walter Youngquist (1999)]

*Wolverhampton Corporation Tramways, England. (stud contact) (1902-1921)

* [http://www.hubbertpeak.com/laherrere/Petrotech090103.pdf "Forecast of Oil and Gas Supply to 2050" by Jean Laherrere (2003)] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]] file)

===DC, two overhead wires===

[[Category:Futurology]]

*[[Chemin de fer de la mure]]

[[Category:Peak oil]]

*[[Greenwich]], England. Previously used by trams when in the vicinity of [[Greenwich Observatory]]; separate from trolley-bus supply.

===DC, two electric rails for current supply===

[[es:Teoría de Olduvai]]

*[[London Underground]]

*[[Paris Metro]] (Rubber Tyre lines only)

*[[Milan Transportation System]] (Metro)

===Three phase AC, three overhead wires===

*Test track Berlin-Lichtenhain, 1.8 km, 1898-1901

*Test track Zossen-Marienfelde, 23.4 km, 1901-1904

*[[Rack Railway Tagebau Gruhlwerk]], 0.7 km, 1927-1949

== See also ==

{{Railway electrification}}

* [[Traction current]]

* [[Streetcar]]

* [[Tram]]

* [[Light rail]]

* [[Ground level power supply]]

== External links ==

* http://volkselectricrailway.co.uk

* http://www.bahnstrom.de/bahnstromsysteme/weltweit_kopf.htm

* [http://bueker.net/trainspotting/voltage_map_europe.php Map of European voltage-systems]

* [http://www.southernelectric.org.uk/seginfohistory4.html Southern Electric], England - details of electrification

[[Category:Rail transport related lists|Electric rail traction]]

[[Category:Electric rail transport]]

[[de:Liste der Bahnstromsysteme]]

[[fr:Liste des courants utilisés en traction ferroviaire électrique]]

[[nl:Lijst van elektrificatiesystemen]]

[[sv:Lista över järnvägarnas elsystem]]