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nelson mandela the one and onlyyyy he was kille din 1340 and came back to life in 2005
mohahahahhahahahahhaha is the name of his tribe
{{Infobox_President
| name=Nelson Mandela
| smallimage=Mandela_minus_Clinton.jpg
| order=11th [[President of South Africa]]
| term_start=[[27 April]] [[1994]]
| term_end=[[1999]]
| vicepresident=[[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]<br>[[Thabo Mbeki]]
| predecessor=[[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] ([[State President of South Africa]])
| successor=[[Thabo Mbeki]]
| birth_date={{birth date and age|1918|07|18}}
| birth_place=[[Qunu]], [[Mthatha]], [[Transkei]]
| party=[[African National Congress]]}}
'''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|[roli'ɬaɬa]}})) (born [[July 18]], [[1918]]) was the first [[President of South Africa|President]] of [[South Africa]] to be elected in [[universal suffrage|fully-representative]] [[democracy|democratic]] [[election]]s.
Before his presidency, Mandela was a prominent anti-[[History of South Africa in the Apartheid Era|apartheid]] activist and leader of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), and was sentenced to life imprisonment for [[sabotage]] after he went [[underground resistance|underground]] and began the ANC's armed struggle.
Through his 27 years in prison, much of it spent in a cell on [[Robben Island]], Mandela became the most widely known figure in the struggle against apartheid. Among opponents of apartheid in South Africa and internationally, he became a cultural icon of freedom and equality comparable with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. However, the apartheid government and nations sympathetic to it condemned him and the [[African National Congress|ANC]] as communists and terrorists, and he became a figure of hatred among many South African whites, supporters of apartheid, and opponents of the ANC.
Following his release from prison in 1990, his switch to a policy of reconciliation and negotiation helped lead the transition to multi-racial democracy in South Africa. Since the end of [[apartheid]], he has been widely praised, even among white South Africans and former opponents.
Mandela has received [[List of awards and honours bestowed on Nelson Mandela|over a hundred awards]] over four decades, most notably the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993. He is currently a celebrated elder [[statesman]] who continues to voice his opinion on topical issues. In South Africa he is often known as '''Madiba''', an honorary title adopted by elders of Mandela's clan. The title has come to be synonymous with Nelson Mandela. Many South Africans also refer to him reverently as 'mkhulu' (grandfather).{{Fact|date=January 2007}}
==Early life==
===Birth and lineage===
[[Image:Young Mandela.jpg|thumb|right|180px|A young Nelson Mandela]]
Nelson Mandela belongs to a [[cadet branch]] of the [[Thembu]] dynasty which (nominally) [[reign]]s in the [[Transkei|Transkeian Territories]] of [[South Africa|the Union of South Africa]]'s [[Cape Province]]. He was born in the small village of [[Qunu]] in the district of [[Mthatha]], the Transkei capital. His great-grandfather was [[Ngubengcuka]] (died 1832), the ''Inkosi Enkhulu'' or [[King]] of the Thembu people, who were eventually subjected to [[British Empire|British colonial]] rule. One of the king's sons, named ''Mandela'', became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his [[surname]]. However, being only the ''Inkosi's'' child by a wife of the Ixhiba [[clan]] (the so-called "Left-Hand House"), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed to the Thembu throne.<ref name=ukzn>{{cite web
| url = http://www.history.und.ac.za/ebe1mhm/madiba.htm
| title = History at UKZN| accessdate = 2006-12-12| authorlink = Nelson Mandela| work = Making History: Icon| publisher = University of KwaZulu-Natal}}</ref> His father, [[Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa]] (1880-1928), was nonetheless designated [[chief]] of the village of Mvezo. Upon alienating the colonial authorities however, he was deprived of his position, and moved his family to Qunu.<ref name=ukzn /> Gadla remained, however, a member of the ''Inkosi's'' [[Privy Council]], and was instrumental in the ascension to the Thembu throne of [[Jongintaba Dalindyebo]], who would later return this favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Gadla's death. In total, Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered a total of thirteen children (four boys and nine girls). Mandela was born to Gadla's third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), [[Nosekeni Fanny]], daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, in whose ''umzi'' or [[homestead (small African settlement)|homestead]] Mandela spent much of his childhood. His [[given name]] ''Rolihlahla'' means one who brings trouble upon himself.
===
At seven years of age, Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where he was given the name "Nelson", after the British admiral [[Horatio Nelson]], by a [[Methodist]] teacher. His father died of tuberculosis when Rolihlahla was nine, and the [[Regent]], Jongintaba, became his [[Legal guardian|guardian]]. Mandela attended a [[Wesleyan]] mission school next door to the palace of the Regent. Following Thembu custom, he was [[initiation|initiated]] at age sixteen, and attended [[Clarkebury Boarding Institute]], learning about [[Western culture]]. He completed his [[Junior Certificate]] in two years, instead of the usual three.
Destined to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to [[Healdtown Comprehensive School|Healdtown]], the Wesleyan college in [[Fort Beaufort]] which most Thembu [[royal family|royalty]] attended. Aged nineteen, he took an interest in [[boxing]] and [[running]].
===
After [[matriculation|matriculating]], he started to study for a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] at the [[Fort Hare University]], where he met [[Oliver Tambo]], and the two became lifelong friends and colleagues.
At the end of his first year, he became involved in a [[boycott]] by the [[Students' Representative Council]] against the university policies, and was asked to leave [[Fort Hare]].
===
Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the Regent's own son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. Both young men were displeased by this and rather than marry, they elected to flee the comforts of the Regent's estate to go to [[Johannesburg]]. Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine. However, this was quickly terminated after the employer learned that Mandela was the Regent's runaway adopted son. He later started work as an articled [[clerk]] at a law firm thanks to connections with his friend and fellow lawyer [[Walter Sisulu]]. While working there, he completed his BA degree at the [[University of South Africa]] (UNISA) via correspondence, after which he started with his law studies at the [[University of Witwatersrand]]. During this time Mandela lived in [[Alexandra]] township, north of Johannesburg.
== Political activity ==
After the 1948 election victory of the [[Afrikaner]]-dominated [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] with its [[apartheid]] policy of [[racial segregation]], Mandela was prominent in the ANC's 1952 [[Defiance Campaign]] and the 1955 [[Congress of the People]], whose adoption of the [[Freedom Charter]] provided the fundamental program of the anti-apartheid cause. During this time, Mandela and fellow lawyer [[Oliver Tambo]] operated the law firm of [[Mandela and Tambo]], providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who would otherwise have been without legal representation.
Initially committed to [[nonviolent resistance|non-violent mass struggle]], Mandela was arrested with 150 others on [[5 December]] 1956 and charged with treason. The marathon [[Treason Trial]] of 1956-61 followed, and all were acquitted. From 1952-59 the ANC experienced disruption as a new class of Black activists (Africanists) emerged in the townships demanding more drastic steps against the National Party regime. The ANC leadership of [[Albert Luthuli]], [[Oliver Tambo]] and [[Walter Sisulu]] felt not only that events were moving too fast, but also that their leadership was challenged. They consequently bolstered their position by alliances with small White, Coloured and Indian political parties in an attempt to appear to have a wider appeal than the Africanists. The 1955 [[Freedom Charter]] Kliptown Conference was ridiculed by the Africanists for allowing the 100,000-strong ANC to be relegated to a single vote in a Congress alliance, in which four secretary-generals of the five participating parties were members of the secretly reconstituted [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP), strongly adhering to the Moscow line.
In 1959, the ANC lost its most militant support when most of the Africanists, with financial support from [[Ghana]] and significant political support from the [[Transvaal]]-based [[Basotho]], broke away to form the [[Pan Africanist Congress]] (PAC) under [[Robert Sobukwe]] and [[Potlako Leballo]].
===Guerrilla activities===
In 1961, Mandela became the leader of the [[African National Congress|ANC]]'s armed wing, [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] (translated as ''Spear of the Nation'', also abbreviated as ''MK''), which he co-founded. He co-ordinated a sabotage campaign against [[military]] and [[government]] targets, and made plans for a possible [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] if sabotage failed to end [[apartheid]]. A few decades later, MK did indeed wage a guerrilla war against the regime, especially during the 1980s, in which many [[civilians]] were killed. Mandela also raised funds for MK abroad, and arranged for [[paramilitary]] training, visiting various African governments.
Mandela explains the move to embark on armed struggle as a last resort, when increasing repression and violence from the state convinced him that many years of [[non-violence|non-violent]] protest against apartheid had achieved nothing and could not succeed.<ref name="rivonia">{{cite web|
url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1960s/rivonia.html|
title=Nelson Mandela's statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the Rivonia Trial, Pretoria Supreme Court|
date=April 20, 1964|
first=Nelson|last=Mandela}}</ref><ref name="longwalk">{{cite book|
first=Nelson|last=Mandela|
title=[[Long Walk to Freedom]]|
year=1994|
publisher=Little Brown and Company}}</ref> Mandela later admitted that the ANC, in its struggle against apartheid, also violated human rights, and has sharply criticized attempts by parts of his party to remove statements supporting this fact from the reports of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission]].<ref>''[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19981102/ai_n10463122 Mandela admits ANC violated rights, too]'' (from findarticles.com, originally published in the ''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]'', Monday 02 November 1998)</ref>
==Arrest and trial==
===Arrest===
On [[5 August]] 1962, he was arrested after living on the run for seventeen months and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort. According to [[William Blum]], a former [[U.S. State Department]] employee, the [[CIA]] tipped off the police as to Mandela's whereabouts. Three days later, the charges of leading workers to strike in 1961 and leaving the country illegally were read to him during a court appearance. On [[25 October]] 1962, Mandela was sentenced to five years in [[prison]]. Two years later on [[11 June]] [[1964]], a verdict had been reached concerning his previous engagement in the [[African National Congress]] (ANC).
===Rivonia trial===
{{see|Rivonia Trial}}
While Mandela was in prison, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on [[July 11]], [[1963]], at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, north of Johannesburg. Mandela was brought in, and at the [[Rivonia Trial]], Mandela, [[Ahmed Kathrada]], [[Walter Sisulu]], [[Govan Mbeki]], [[Andrew Mlangeni]], [[Raymond Mhlaba]], [[Elias Motsoaledi]], [[Walter Mkwayi]] (who escaped during trial), [[Arthur Goldreich]] (who escaped from prison before trial), [[Denis Goldberg]] and [[Lionel Bernstein|Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein]] were charged by [[Percy Yutar]] with the capital crimes of sabotage and crimes which were equivalent to [[treason]], but easier for the government to prove.
In his statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the trial on [[20 April]] 1964 at [[Pretoria]] Supreme Court, Mandela laid out the clarity of reasoning in the ANC's choice to use violence as a tactic. His statement revealed how the ANC had used peaceful means to resist apartheid for years until the [[Sharpeville Massacre]]. That event coupled with the referendum establishing the Republic of South Africa and the declaration of a state of emergency along with the banning of the ANC made it clear that their only choice was to resist through acts of sabotage. Doing otherwise would have been tantamount to unconditional surrender. Mandela went on to explain how they developed the Manifesto of [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]]<ref name=mk>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html |title=Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe|publisher=African National Congress|date=16 December 1961|accessdate=2006-12-30}}</ref> on [[16 December]] 1961 intent on exposing the failure of the National Party's policies after the economy would be threatened by foreigners' unwillingness to risk investing in the country. He closed his statement with these words:
{{cquote|During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.<ref name="rivonia"/>}}
[[Bram Fischer]], [[Vernon Berrange]], [[Joel Joffe]], [[Arthur Chaskalson]] and [[George Bizos]] were part of the defence team that represented the accused. [[Harold Hanson]] was brought in at the end of the case to plead mitigation. All except Rusty Bernstein were found guilty, but they escaped the gallows and were sentenced to life imprisonment on [[12 June]] 1964. Charges included involvement in planning armed action, in particular four charges of [[sabotage]], which Mandela admitted to, and a [[conspiracy (political)|conspiracy]] to help other countries invade South Africa, which Mandela denied.
==Imprisonment==
Nelson Mandela was imprisoned on [[Robben Island]] where he was destined to remain for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven years in prison. On the island, he and other performed hard labour in a lime quarry. Prison conditions were very basic. Prisoners were segregated by race, with black prisoners receiving the least rations. Political prisoners were kept separate from ordinary criminals and received fewer privileges. Mandela describes how, as a D-group prisoner (the lowest classification) he was allowed one visitor and one letter every six months. Letters, when they came, were often delayed for long periods and made unreadable by the prison censors.<ref name=longwalk/>
In March 1982, Mandela was moved from Robben Island to [[Pollsmoor Prison]], along with other senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada and Raymond Mhlaba. It was speculated that this was to remove the influence of these senior leaders on the new generation of young black activists imprisoned on Robben Island, the so-called "Mandela University". However, [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] minister [[Kobie Coetzee]] says that the move was to enable discreet contact between them and the South African government.
In February 1985, South Africa's hardline president [[P.W. Botha]] offered Mandela conditional release in return for renouncing armed struggle. Coetzee and other ministers had advised Botha against this, saying that Mandela would never commit his organisation to giving up the armed struggle in exchange for personal freedom. Mandela indeed spurned the offer, releasing a statement via his daughter Zindzi saying "What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts."<ref name=sparks/>
The first meeting between Mandela and the National Party government came in November 1985 when Kobie Coetzee met Mandela in Volks Hospital in Cape Town where Mandela was being treated for prostate surgery. Over the next four years, a series of tentative meetings took place, laying the groundwork for further contact and future negotiations, but little real progress was made.<ref name=sparks>{{cite book|
title=Tomorrow is Another Country|
first=Allister|last=Sparks|
authorlink=Allister Sparks|
year=1994|
publisher=Struik}}</ref>
Throughout Mandela's imprisonment, local and international pressure mounted on the South African government to release him, under the resounding slogan ''Free Nelson Mandela!'' In 1989, South Africa reached a crossroads when Botha suffere a stroke and was replaced as president by [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]. De Klerk announced Mandela's release in February 1990.
==Release==
On [[February 2]] [[1990]], [[State President of South Africa|State President]] Frederik de Klerk unbanned the ANC and other anti-apartheid organisations, and announced that Mandela would shortly be released from prison. Mandela was released from [[Victor Verster Prison]] in [[Paarl]] on [[February 11]] [[1990]].
On the day of his release, Mandela made a speech to the nation. He declared his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the country's white minority, but made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not yet over:
{{cquote|Our resort to the armed struggle in 1960 with the formation of the military wing of the ANC ([[Umkhonto we Sizwe]]) was a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid. The factors which necessitated the armed struggle still exist today. We have no option but to continue. We express the hope that a climate conducive to a negotiated settlement would be created soon, so that there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle.}}
He also said his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in both national and local elections.
==Negotiations==
{{Expand-section|date=January 2007}}
==
Mandela's autobiography, ''[[Long Walk to Freedom (book)|Long Walk to Freedom]]'', was published in 1994. Mandela ad begun work on it secretly while in prison. In that book Mandela did not reveal anything about the alleged complicity of [[Frederik Willem de Klerk|Frederik de Klerk]] in the violence of the eighties and nineties, or the role of his ex-wife [[Winnie Mandela]] in that bloodshed. However, he later co-operated with his friend the journalist [[Anthony Sampson]] who discussed those issues in [[Mandela: The Authorised Biography]]. Another detail that Mandela omitted was the allegedly fraudulent book, ''[[Goodbye Bafana]]''. Its author, Robben Island warder [[James Gregory]], claimed to have been Mandela's confidante in prison and published details of the prisoner's family affairs. Sampson maintained that Mandela had not known Gregory well, but that Gregory censored the letters sent to the future president and thus discovered the details of Mandela's personal life. Sampson also averred that other warders suspected Gregory of spying for the government and that Mandela considered suing Gregory. <ref name=sampson>{{cite book|title=[[Mandela: The Authorised Biography]], |first=Anthony|last=Sampson|authorlink=Anthony Sampson|pages=217|year=1999|publisher=HarperCollins}}</ref>
==Presidency of South Africa==
South Africa's first democratic elections in which full enfranchisement was granted were held on [[27 April]] 1994. The ANC won the majority in [[South African general election, 1994|the election]], and Mandela, as leader of the ANC, was inaugurated as the country's first black State President, with the National Party's de Klerk as his [[deputy president]] in the [[Government of National Unity (South Africa)|Government of National Unity]].
As President from May 1994 until June 1999, Mandela presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation.
Nelson Mandela encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated [[South African national rugby union team|''Springboks'']] (the South African national rugby team) as South Africa hosted the [[1995 Rugby World Cup]]. After the Springboks won an epic final over New Zealand, Nelson Mandela wearing a Springbok shirt presented the trophy to captain [[Francois Pienaar]], an Afrikaner. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans.
===Invasion of Lesotho===
In what was [[South African intervention in Lesotho|South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation]] Mandela ordered troops into [[Lesotho]] in September 1998 to protect the government of [[Prime Minister]] [[Pakalitha Mosisili]]. This came after a disputed election prompted fierce opposition threatening the unstable government.<ref name=lesotho>{{cite web|
url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/lsno8.html|
title=Lesotho to hold re-elections within 15 to 18 months|
publisher=Lesotho News Online|
author=Bethuel Thai|
date=October 4, 1998}}</ref>
===
Commentators and critics including [[AIDS]] activists such as [[Edwin Cameron]] have criticised Mandela for his government's ineffectiveness in stemming the [[AIDS]] crisis.<ref>{{cite web|
url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,992092,00.html|
title=Mandela at 85|
publisher=The Observer|
first=Anthony|
last=Sampson|
authorlink=Anthony Sampson|
date=July 6, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|
url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/html/040419/mandela.html|
title=The Lion In Winter|
first=Simon|
last= Robinson|
publisher=TIMEeurope Magazine|
date=April 11, 2004}}</ref>
After his [[retirement]], Mandela admitted that he may have failed his country by not paying more attention to the [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] epidemic.<ref>{{cite web|
title=Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame?|
url=http://peaceandjustice.org/article.php?story=20050109125126110&mode=print|
publisher=Peninsula Peace and Justice Center|
date=January 9, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|
title=South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85|
url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200307190001.html|
publisher=allAfrica.com|
first=Ofeibea|
last=Quist-Arcton|
date=July 19, 2003}}</ref> He has since taken many opportunities to highlight this South African and international tragedy.
===International diplomacy===
====Lockerbie trial====
[[Image:MandelaGaddafi.jpg|left|frame|Nelson Mandela negotiated with Colonel [[Muammar Gaddafi]] to help bring about the Lockerbie trial.]]
President Mandela took a particular interest in helping to resolve the long-running dispute between Libya on the one hand, and the United States and Britain on the other, over bringing to trial the two Libyans who were accused of sabotaging [[Pan Am Flight 103]] on [[21 December]] 1988 with the loss of 270 lives. In November 1994, Mandela offered South Africa as a neutral venue for the [[Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial]] but the offer was rejected by British Prime Minister [[John Major]]. A further three years elapsed until Mandela's offer was repeated to Major's successor, [[Tony Blair]], when the president visited London in July 1997. Later the same year, at the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] (CHOGM) at [[Edinburgh]] in October 1997, Mandela warned: "No one nation should be [[complainant]], [[prosecutor]] and [[judge]]." A compromise solution was then agreed for a trial to be held at [[Camp Zeist, Netherlands|Camp Zeist]] in the [[Netherlands]], governed by [[Scots law]], and President Mandela began negotiations with Colonel [[Muammar al-Qaddafi|Gaddafi]] for the handover of the two accused ([[Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi|Megrahi]] and [[Lamin Khalifah Fhimah|Fhimah]]) in April 1999.
At the end of their nine-month trial, the verdict was announced on [[31 January]] 2001. Fhimah was acquitted but Megrahi was convicted and sentenced to 27 years in a Scottish jail. Megrahi's appeal was turned down in March 2002, and former president Mandela went to visit him in Barlinnie prison on [[10 June]] 2002. "Megrahi is all alone", Mandela told a packed press conference in the prison's visitors room. "He has nobody he can talk to. It is psychological persecution that a man must stay for the length of his long sentence all alone." Mandela added: "It would be fair if he were transferred to a Muslim country — and there are Muslim countries which are trusted by the West. It will make it easier for his family to visit him if he is in a place like the kingdom of Morocco, Tunisia or Egypt." Megrahi was subsequently moved to Greenock jail and is no longer in solitary confinement. His case is currently being reviewed by the [[Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission]], which is expected to rule that Megrahi's case should be referred back to the Scottish [[High Court of Justiciary]] for a fresh appeal.
==Marriage and family==
Mandela has been married three times, has fathered six children, has twenty grandchildren, and a growing number of great-grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/southafrica/thembu.html| title = Genealogical Gleanings| accessdate = 2006-12-12| author = Henry Soszynski| work = abaThembu (Tribe)
| publisher = University of Queensland}}</ref>
===First marriage===
Mandela's first marriage was to [[Evelyn Ntoko|Evelyn Ntoko Mase]] who, like Mandela, was also from what later became the [[Transkei]] area of South Africa, although they actually met in Johannesburg. The couple had two sons, Madiba Thembekile (Thembi) (born 1946) and Makgatho (born 1950), and two daughters, both named [[Makaziwe Mandela|Makaziwe]] (known as Maki; born 1947 and 1953). Their first daughter died aged nine months, and they named their second daughter in her honour. The couple broke up in 1957 after 13 years, divorcing under the multiple strains of his constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact she was a [[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's Witness]], a religion which professes political neutrality. Thembi was killed in a car crash in 1969 at the age of 25, while Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island. All their children were educated at the [[Waterford Kamhlaba]]. Evelyn Mase died in 2004.
===Second marriage===
Mandela's second wife, [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]], also came from the Transkei area, although they, too, met in Johannesburg, where she was the city's first black social worker. They had two daughters, Zenani (Zeni), born [[4 February]] 1958, and Zindziswa (Zindzi), born 1960. Later, Winnie would be deeply torn by family discord which mirrored the country's political strife; while her husband was serving a life sentence on the Robben Island prison for terrorism and treason, her father became the agriculture minister in the Transkei. The marriage ended in separation (April 1992) and divorce (March 1996), fuelled by political estrangement.
Mandela still languished in prison when his daughter Zenani was married to Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini in 1973, elder brother of King [[Mswati III of Swaziland]]. As a member by marriage of a reigning foreign dynasty, she was able to visit her father during his South African imprisonment while other family members were denied access. The Dlamini couple live and run a business in [[Boston]]. One of their sons, Prince Ceza Dlamini (born 1976), educated in the [[United States]], has followed in his grandfather's footsteps as an international advocate for human rights and humanitarian aid. Thumbumuzi and Mswati's sister, Princess Mantfombi Dlamini, is the chief [[Queen consort|consort]] to King [[Goodwill Zwelithini]] of [[KwaZulu-Natal]], who "reigns but does not rule" over South Africa's largest [[ethnicity|ethnic]] group under the auspices of South Africa's government. One of Queen Mantfombi's sons is expected to eventually succeed Goodwill as monarch of the Zulus, whose Inkatha Party leader, [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]], was the [[rival]] of Mandela during much of his presidency.
===Third marriage===
Mandela himself was re-married in 1998, on his 80th birthday, to [[Graça Machel]] ''née'' Simbine, widow of [[Samora Machel]], the former [[Mozambique|Mozambican]] president and ANC ally killed in an air crash 12 years earlier. The wedding followed months of international negotiations to set the unprecedented bride-price remitted to her clan, which were conducted on Mandela's behalf by his traditional sovereign, King [[Buyelekhaya Zwelibanzi Dalindyebo]], born 1964. Ironically, it was this [[paramount chief]]'s grandfather, the Regent Jongintaba, whose selection of a bride for him prompted Mandela to flee to Johannesburg as a young man.
Mandela still maintains a home at Qunu in the realm of his royal nephew (second cousin thrice-removed in [[Western world|Western]] reckoning), whose university expenses he defrayed and whose privy councillor he remains.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.see.org.za/xsite/workshop_report1.htm| title = Zuidelijk Afrika| accessdate = 2006-12-12| last = de Bruyne| first = Marnix| work = Tembu King Zwelibanzi has gained respect in exile| publisher = Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa}}</ref>
==Retirement==
===Public activities===
After his retirement as President in 1999, Mandela went on to become an advocate for a variety of social and human rights organizations. Mandela has expressed his support for the international [[Make Poverty History]] movement of which the [[ONE Campaign]] is a part.
Today, Mandela remains a key figure to strong educational organisations which strongly uphold his ideals of international understanding and peace, like the [[United World Colleges]] and the [[Round Square]]. For the [[IOC]]'s Celebrate Humanity Campaign for the [[2006 Winter Olympics]], Mandela appears in a televised public service announcement.
===Iraq invasion views===
In 2003, Mandela attacked the foreign policy of the [[George W. Bush]] [[Bush administration|administration]] in a number of speeches. Criticizing the lack of [[UN]] involvement in the decision to begin the [[War in Iraq]], he said "It is a tragedy, what is happening, what Bush is doing. But Bush is now undermining the [[United Nations]]," Mandela stated he would support action against Iraq only if it is ordered by the [[UN]].<ref name="CBS30012003">CBS News: [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml Mandela Slams Bush On Iraq], January 30, 2003</ref>
Mandela also insinuated that President Bush may have been motivated by [[racism]] in not following the [[UN]] and its secretary-general [[Kofi Annan]] on the issue of the [[War in Iraq]]. "Is it because the secretary-general of the United Nations is now a black man? They never did that when secretary-generals were white", Mandela said.<ref>KDKA 2(CBS): [http://kdka.com/topstories/topstories_story_031073341.html Mandela Slams Bush], January 31, 2003</ref>
He urged the people of the [[US]] to join massive protests against Bush and called on world leaders, especially those with vetoes in the [[UN Security Council]], to oppose him. "What I am condemning is that one power, with a president who has no foresight, who cannot think properly, is now wanting to plunge the world into a holocaust." He attacked the United States for its record on human rights and for dropping [[atomic bombs]] on [[Japan]] during [[World War II]]. "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America. They don't care." <ref name="CBS30012003">{{cite web|publisher=CBS News| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml |title=Mandela Slams Bush On Iraq|date=January 30, 2003}}</ref>
The comments caused a rare moment of controversy and some criticism of Mandela, even among some supporters.
===Health and AIDS engagement===
In July 2001, Mandela was diagnosed and treated for [[prostate cancer]]. He was treated with a seven week course of radiation.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm |title=Mandela 'responding well to treatment'|date=August 15, 2001}}</ref> In June 2004, at age 85, Mandela announced that he would be retiring from public life. His health had been declining, and he wanted to enjoy more time with his family.
He has made an exception, however, for his commitment to the fight against [[AIDS]]. In July 2004, he flew to [[Bangkok]] to speak at the [[XV International AIDS Conference, 2004|XV International AIDS Conference]]. His son, [[Makgatho Mandela]], died of AIDS on 6 January 2005. In 2003, he had already lent his support to the [[46664 (concerts)|46664]] [[AIDS]] fundraising campaign, named after his prison number.
===
In 2005, Mandela was involved in legal action against his former personal lawyer, [[Ismail Ayob]], which alleged that Ayob was involved in the forging of art work produced by Mandela.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Mail and Guardian|url= http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?articleid=237663 |title=Mandela sues over forged sketches|date=May 10, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=SABC|url= http://www.sabcnews.co.za/south_africa/general/0,2172,101840,00.html |title=Mandela can still look after his own affairs : Bizos|date=April 11, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=Business Day|url= http://www.businessday.co.za/specialreports/mandela_ayob.aspx?Page=BD4P17409 |title=Mandela vs. Ayob}}</ref>.
During the run-up to the trial, it emerged that some of Mandela's children were beneficiaries of the company registered by Ayob <ref>{{cite news|publisher=Business Day|url= http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A35886 |title=Madiba artworks sold after approval withdrawn — Bizos}}</ref>, which was at the centre of the art controversy. The ''Business Day'' newspaper quoted a source close to Mandela's family who claimed that there was a split in Mandela's inner circle on "how to protect [Mandela's] interests and legacy." <ref>{{cite news|publisher=Business Day|url= http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A34535 |title=Twist in Mandela-Ayob dispute}}</ref>.
===Blood Diamond controversy===
In a ''[[The New Republic]]'' article in December 2006, Nelson Mandela was criticised for a number of positive comments he had made about the diamond industry, specifically in regard to [[Blood Diamond]]s. In a letter to [[Edward Zwick]], the director of the movie ''[[Blood Diamond (film)|Blood Diamond]]'', Mandela had noted that:
:''"...it would be deeply regrettable if the making of the film inadvertently obscured the truth, and, as a result, led the world to believe that an appropriate response might be to cease buying mined diamonds from Africa. ... We hope that the desire to tell a gripping and important real life historical story will not result in the destabilization of African diamond producing countries, and ultimately their peoples."''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20061218&s=chotiner121806 |title=Half Nelson - Mandela, diamond shill|publisher=[[The New Republic]],|date=(online) post date Friday 08 December 2006, (print) issue date Monday 18 December 2006}}</ref>
It was claimed in the article that this comment, as well as various pro-diamond-industry initiatives and statements during his life and during his time as a president of South Africa, were influenced by both his close personal association with some diamond-industry managers, as well as an outlook for 'narrow national interests' of South Africa (which is a major diamond producer).
==
===Orders and decorations===
{{main|List of awards and honours bestowed on Nelson Mandela}}
Mandela has received many South African, foreign and international honours, including the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993, the [[Order of Merit]] and the [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Order of St. John]] from [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] from [[George W. Bush]]. In July 2004, the city of [[Johannesburg]], South Africa, bestowed its highest honour on Mandela by granting him the [[freedom of the city]] at a ceremony in [[Orlando, Soweto|Orlando]], [[Soweto]].
As an example of his popular foreign acclaim, during his tour of [[Canada]] in 1998, he had speaking engagement in [[Rogers Centre|SkyDome]] in the city of [[Toronto]], where 45,000 school children greeted him with intense adulation. In 2001, he was the first living person to be made an [[Honorary Citizenship of Canada|honorary Canadian citizen]] (the only previous recipient, [[Raoul Wallenberg]], was awarded honorary citizenship posthumously). Although the government of Canada had hoped that the vote to make Mandela a citizen would be unanimous, this was not possible due to [[Canadian Alliance Party|Canadian Alliance]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Rob Anders]] who stood up in the [[Canadian House of Commons]] and claimed Mandela was a former "communist and a terrorist".<ref>CBC News (Canada): [http://www.cbc.ca/story/canada/national/2001/06/07/mandela_mp010607.html PM blasts MP for blocking Mandela honour], June 8, 2001</ref> While in Canada, he was also made an honorary Companion of the [[Order of Canada]], one of the few foreigners to receive Canada's highest honour.
In 1992 he was awarded the [[Ataturk Peace Award]] by [[Turkey]]. He refused the award citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999.<ref name=ataturk>{{cite web|
url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0412a.html|
title=Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela|
date=12 April 1992|
publisher=ANC|
acdcessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref><ref name=ataturk2>{{cite web|
url=http://www.hr-action.org/thr/BjorgoWitte.htm|
title=Double Standard: the Turkish State and Racist Violence|
url=http://www.hr-action.org/thr/BjorgoWitte.htm|
author=Yucel Yerilgoz|
accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref><ref name=ataturk3>{{cite web|
url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/01/99X01X07.HTM#%2018|
title=Mandela changes his mind|
publisher=Turkish Press Review|
date=7 January 1999|
accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>
The [[Mayor of London]], [[Ken Livingstone]], has proposed that a statue of Nelson Mandela be erected on the north terrace of [[Trafalgar Square]], although thus far he has run into opposition.
In 2006, he received [[Amnesty International]]'s [[Ambassador of Conscience Award]].
<!--
NOTE:
Rather than expanding this section, please add information about awards to [[List of awards and honours bestowed on Nelson Mandela]].
-->
===Movies and music===
*The [[Simple Minds]] recorded the song ''Mandela Day'' in 1988 to highlight the evils of apartheid in South Africa.
*[[The Specials]] recorded the song ''[[Free Nelson Mandela]]'' in 1984. The song's author, [[Jerry Dammers]], was also instrumental in organizing the 1988 [[Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute]] concert at London's [[Wembley Stadium]]
*In the final scene of the 1992 movie ''[[Malcolm X (film)|Malcolm X]]'', Mandela – recently released after 27 years of political imprisonment – appears as a schoolteacher in a [[Soweto]] classroom. He recites a portion of one of [[Malcolm X]]'s most famous speeches, including the following sentence: ''"We declare our right on this earth to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence..."'' The final phrase of that sentence is "''by any means necessary''." Mandela informed director [[Spike Lee]] that he could not utter this phrase on camera, stating that the apartheid government would somehow use it against him if he did. Lee understandingly obliged, and the final seconds of the film feature black-and-white footage of the real Malcolm X speaking the words "by any means necessary".
*A summary of Mandela's life story is featured in a recent music video by [[Nickelback]] entitled "If Everyone Cared."
*''[[Goodbye Bafana]]'', a feature film that focuses on Mandela's life, is in production. It is due to be released in 2006.
==Trivia==
*Mandela became the oldest elected [[President of South Africa]] when he took office at the age of 75.
*He speaks fluent [[Afrikaans]], a language disliked by many black people because of its roots in colonialism.
*Mandela is known for his fondness of [[Batik]] textiles. He is often seen wearing Batik shirts, known as "[[Madiba shirt]]s", even on formal occasions.
*In 2003, Mandela's death was [[List of premature obituaries|incorrectly announced]] by [[CNN]] when his pre-written obituary (along with those of several other famous figures) was inadvertently published on CNN's web site due to a fault in password protection.
*As a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]], [[Dick Cheney]] voted against a congressional resolution calling for Mandela's release from prison. Years later, Mandela would call Cheney a "dinosaur".<ref name=cheney>{{cite web|
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2251067.stm|
title=US threatens world peace, says Mandela|
publisher=BBC|
date=11 September, 2002|
accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>
*Mandela spoke in the Olympics "Celebrate Humanity" campaign with the words:
:''For seventeen days, they are roommates.
:''For seventeen days, they are soulmates.
:''And for twenty-two seconds, they are competitors.
:''Seventeen days as equals. Twenty-two seconds as adversaries.
:''What a wonderful world that would be.
:''That's the hope I see in the Olympic Games.
*According to the [[Time 100]], he is one of only four people in history to have shaped both the 20th century and the early 21st. The other three are [[Bill Gates]], [[Pope John Paul II]], and [[Oprah Winfrey]].
*The Nelson Mandela Invitational charity golf tournament, hosted by Gary Player, has raised over [[South African rand|R]] 20 million for childrens charities since its inception in 2000.
== Further reading ==
* [[Anthony Sampson]]; <cite>[[Mandela: The Authorised Biography ]]</cite>; ISBN 0-679-78178-1 (1999)
* Nelson Mandela; <cite>[[Long Walk to Freedom (book)|Long Walk to Freedom]]: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela</cite>; Little Brown & Co; ISBN 0-316-54818-9 (paperback, 1995)
* Mary Benson; ''Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement''
* Martin Meredith; ''Nelson Mandela: A Biography''
* Barry Denenberg; ''Nelson Mandela: No Easy Walk To Freedom''
* Charlene Smith; ''Mandela: In Celebration of a Great Life''
* Juckes, Tim. ''Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko.'' Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1995.
* Villa-Vicencio, Charles. ''The Spirit of Freedom.'' Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1996.
==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons|Nelson Mandela}}
{{wikisource author|Nelson Mandela}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]
* [http://www.nelsonmandela.org Nelson Mandela Foundation]
* [http://www.nelsonmandelachildrensfund.com Nelson Mandela Children's Fund]
* [http://www.mandela-children.ca Nelson Mandela Children's Fund (Canada)]
* [http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html ANC profile of Mandela]
* [http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/mandela.html Time 100 profile]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Lockerbie/Story/0,2763,740130,00.html Mandela appeals on behalf of Lockerbie bomber]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1144147.stm Analysis: Lockerbie's long road (BBC)]
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1851882 Mandela: An Audio History]
* [http://www.palmpictures.com/film/palm-world-voices-mandela.php Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation Documentary & Soundtrack]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[President of South Africa]]|before=[[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]<br>''([[State President of South Africa]])''|after=[[Thabo Mbeki]]|years=1994-1999}}
{{end box}}
{{SAPresidents}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1976-2000}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandela, Nelson}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Mandela, Nelson
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[South Africa]]n [[politician]] and anti-[[Apartheid]] fighter, [[President]] of [[South Africa]] (1994-1999)
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[18 July]] [[1918]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Transkei]], [[South Africa]]
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[[Category:Presidents of South Africa]]
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[[Category:South African humanitarians]]
[[Category:South African memoirists]]
[[Category:Pan Am Flight 103]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:Father of the Nation|Mandela,Nelson]]
[[Category:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Bharat Ratna recipients]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Freemen of the City of London]]
[[Category:Honorary citizens of Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Prince of Asturias Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sakharov Prize]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]]
[[Category:Time magazine Persons of the Year]]
[[Category:Xhosa]]
[[Category:Natives of Eastern Cape Province]]
[[Category:South African adoptees]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
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