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Il '''''logothetēs tou dromou''''' ({{lang-el|{{lang|grc|λογοθέτης τοῦ δρόμου}}}}), dal significato di '''Logoteta postale/''Dromos''''', era il capo del dipartimento delle [[cursus publicus|poste imperiali]] (in [[lingua latina]] cursus publicus, {{lang-el|δημόσιος δρόμος}}, ''dēmosios dromos'', o semplicemente {{lang|grc|ὁ δρόμος}}, ''ho dromos''), e uno dei più elevati ministri ([[logoteta]]) dell'[[impero bizantino]].
{{T|inglese|politica|gennaio 2009}}
{{Bio
|Nome = Ralph
|Cognome = Nader
|Sesso = M
|LuogoNascita = Winsted
|LuogoNascitaLink = Winsted (Connecticut)
|GiornoMeseNascita = 27 febbraio
|AnnoNascita = 1934
|LuogoMorte =
|GiornoMeseMorte =
|AnnoMorte =
|Attività = avvocato
|Attività2 = saggista
|Attività3 = attivista
|AttivitàAltre = e [[politico]]
|Nazionalità = statunitense
|Immagine = Ralph Nader.jpg
}}
==Storia e funzioni==
È stato costantemente candidato alla [[presidenza degli Stati Uniti]] dal [[Elezioni presidenziali statunitensi del 1996|1996]] al [[Elezioni presidenziali statunitensi del 2008|2008]]: fino al [[Elezioni presidenziali statunitensi del 2000|2000]] per i [[Green Party (Stati Uniti)|Verdi]] e dal [[Elezioni presidenziali statunitensi del 2004|2004]] come indipendente. Molto discusso fu in particolare il suo ruolo nelle elezioni del [[2000]]. Temi di speciale interesse sono per Nader la [[tutela del consumatore]], l'[[solidarietà|umanitarismo]], l'[[ambientalismo]] e la [[democrazia]].<ref>{{en}} {{cita web|url=http://www.providencephoenix.com/archive/features/00/06/29/GREEN.html|titolo=The Green Party gets serious|accesso=17-1-2009}}</ref> Con il suo [[attivismo politico|impegno]] di [[sinistra (politica)|sinistra]] [[sinistra radicale|radicale]], ambientalista e d'azione civica popolare di [[base (politica)|base]] si è guadagnato (e attribuito) una reputazione di ''[[populismo|populista]]'', ispirata agli omonimi movimenti statunitensi del [[XIX secolo]] e a quel [[Henry George|georgismo]] cui ha fatto riferimento in tribuna elettorale nel [[2004]].<ref>{{en}} {{cita web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20040828085138/http://www.votenader.org/issues/index.php?cid=7|titolo=Nader for President 2004|accesso=17-1-2009}}</ref>
L'ufficio del ''logothetēs tou dromou'' è ufficialmente attestato, per la prima volta, nel 762, ma vi sono tracce della sua origine nel [[cursus publicus]] della [[tarda antichità]].<ref name="kazhdan">{{cita|Kazhdan, 1991 pp. 1247–1248}}.</ref> Fino alla fine del IV secolo, l'amministrazione postale dell'[[Impero romano]] era responsabilità delle [[prefetto del pretorio|prefettura del pretorio]]. A causa dell'abuso e dei suoi privilegi da parte dei funzionari delle prefetture del pretorio, alla fine del IV secolo la supervisione sopra il servizio postale passò al ''[[magister officiorum]]'', mentre l'amministrazione giornaliera rimase nelle mani della prefettura del pretorio.<ref>{{cita|Guilland, 1971 pp. 31–32}}.</ref> Di conseguenza, un funzionario noto come il ''cursus publici curiosus'', l'ispettore delle poste pubbliche, è attestato, alla fine del IV secolo, in ''[[Notitia Dignitatum]]'' (''Pars Orientalis'', XI.50) come uno dei principali collaboratori del ''magister officiorum''.<ref name="bury">{{cita|Bury, 1911 p. 91}}.</ref><ref name="guilland">{{cita|Guilland, 1971 p. 32}}.</ref> L'amministrazione gemella delle poste pubbliche dei prefetti del pretorio e il ''magister officiorum'' proseguirono nel VI secolo e soltanto intorno al 680 il servizio postale pubblico passò completamente sotto il controllo del ''magister officiorum''.<ref>{{cita|Guilland, 1971 pp. 32–33}}.</ref>
L'ufficio del ''logothetes tou dromou'' non compare nelle fonti superstiti fino all'anno 762, ma deve essere esistito ben da prima, a seguito che i compiti, un tempo ad ampio raggio del ''magister officiorum'', vennero progressivamente rimossi e l'ufficio in sé praticamente abolito nel corso dell'VIII secolo. Tra le varie funzioni del ''magister officiorum'', il ''logothetes tou dromou'' assunse il controllo non solo non solo del servizio postale pubblico, ma anche della sicurezza interna e della politica estera dell'Impero, la raccolta di informazioni (spionaggio) sui popoli stranieri, la corrispondenza con i principi stranieri e l'accoglienza degli ambasciatori.<ref name="bury" /><ref name="kazhdan" /><ref name="guilland2">{{cita|Guilland, 1971 pp. 33–34}}.</ref> Anche se in origine era semplicemente uno dei quattro uffici fiscali più importanti o ''[[logoteta]]'' — il ''[[Kletorologion|Klētorologion]]'' di 899 posti, ''logothetēs tou dromou'' al 35º posto nella gerarchia imperiale, dopo i ''[[logothetes tou genikou|logothetēs tou genikou]]'' (33°) e ''[[logothetes tou stratiotikou|logothetēs toū stratiōtikou]]'' (34°), ma prima del ''[[logothetes ton agelon|logothetēs tōn agelōn]]'' (40°)<ref>{{cita|Guilland, 1971 p. 9}}.</ref> — andò assumendi sempre maggiore importanza, secondo lo studioso francese [[Rodolphe Guilland]], combinando le funzioni di un moderno ministro degli interni, della sicurezza e degli esteri uniti in una sola persona, anche se per gli affari esteri era riservato solo ai meno importanti.<ref name="guilland2" /> Indicativo della sua preminenza è che nelle fonti bizantine del IX e X secolo, quando si parla di "logoteta" senza ulteriori specificazioni, ci si riferisce di solito al ''logothetes tou dromou''.<ref name="bury" />
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Nader è anche un forte critico della [[politica estera]] statunitense degli ultimi decenni, che egli considera dominata dalle multinazionali, [[imperialismo|imperialista]] ed in generale contraria ai valori fondamentali della [[democrazia]] e dei [[diritti umani]].
Di conseguenza, l'operatore storico dell'ufficio spesso era il primo ministro dell'Impero, anche se questo in ultima analisi, dipendeva dal regnante imperatore - i bizantini non formalizzarono mai una tale posizione, né era collegata a un particolare ufficio, piuttosto veniva concessa ''ad hoc'' «sulla base del favore che ogni imperatore aveva verso un particolare cortigiano, a prescindere dal rango o dall'ufficio. Come sottolinea Guilland, gli alti funzionari della famiglia imperiale - '' [[praipositos |praipositoi]]'', '' [[parakoimomenos |parakoimōmenoi]]'' e '' [[protovestiario |prōtovestiarioi]]'' - avevano di gran lunga più possibilità di attrarre il favore imperiale e molto più spesso ricoprivano il ruolo di primo ministro.<ref>{{cita|Guilland, 1971 pp. 34–35}}.</ref> Importanti ''logothetai tou dromou'' che ebbero la funzione di primo ministro furono [[Stauracio (eunuco)|Stauracio]] sotto l'imperatrice [[Irene d'Atene]], [[Teoctisto]] durante le reggenza dell'imperatrice [[Teodora Armena|Teodora]], [[Stylianos Zaoutzes]] agli inizi del regno di [[Leone VI il Saggio]], [[Leone II Foca]] durante il regno di suo fratello [[Niceforo II Foca]], Giovanni sotto [[Costantino IX Monomaco]] e [[Nikephoritzes]] sotto [[Michele VII Ducas]].<ref>{{cita|Guilland, 1971 p. 35}}.</ref> I ''logothetēs tou dromou'' mantennero qwuesta preminenza tra i ministri anziani anche se nel XII secolo vennero superati dai ''[[logothetes ton sekreton|logothetēs tōn sekretōn]]''.<ref>{{cita|Kazhdan, 1991| pp. 1247–1248}}.</ref> Il ''[[De Ceremoniis]]'' di [[Costantino VII Porfirogenito]], del XII secolo, descrive i ruoli amministrativi e cerimoniali della funzione di ''logothetēs tou dromou'': veniva ricevuto in udienza dall'imperatore tutte le mattine nel [[Crisotriclinio]], presentava gli ufficiali superiori alle cerimonie di premiazione, ed aveva parte preminente nel ricevimento degli ambasciatori stranieri e nella presentazione dei prigionieri eccellenti.<ref name="bury2">{{cita|Bury, 1911 p. 92}}.</ref> Dopo la riforma dell'imperatore [[Alessio I Comneno]], intorno al 1108, i ''dromos'' cessarono di esistere come dipartimento, il ''logothetēs'' rimase, ora responsabile delle comunicazioni ufficiali e della supervisione degli stranieri residenti a Costantinopoli.<ref>{{cita|Magdalino, 2002 p. 229}}.</ref>
==Formazione e carriera iniziale==
Ralph Nader nacque in [[Connecticut]] da una famiglia di origine [[Libano|libanese]]: i genitori Nathra e [[Rose Nader|Rose]] immigrarono infatti da [[Zahle]]. Essi erano [[chiesa cristiana ortodossa|cristiani ortodossi]] di [[lingua araba|madrelingua araba]],<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.rjliban.com/communique8/ralph%20nader's%20childhood%20roots.htm|titolo=Ralph Nader's childhood roots|accesso=17-1-2009}}</ref> che Nader parla in aggiunta all'[[lingua inglese|inglese]] sin dall'infanzia. La sorella, [[Laura Nader]], è una nota [[antropologia|antropologa]]. Nathra Nader era impiegato in un'[[industria tessile]], ma in seguito si mise in proprio per gestire un [[ristorante]], con l'abitudine di coinvolgere i clienti in discussioni di [[politica]].<ref name=UnreasonableMan>{{cite video|people=Henriette Mantel|title=[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0492499/ An Unreasonable Man]|medium=DVD|publisher=[[IFC Films]]|year2=2006}}</ref>
==Subordinati==
Impegnato nei suoi studi, il giovane Ralph ottenne prima il [[bachelor|baccellierato]] all'[[Università di Princeton]] ([[1955]]) e quindi la [[laurea]] alla [[Harvard Law School|scuola di diritto]] di [[Harvard]] ([[1958]]).<ref name=CNN34>{{cite news|title=2004 Presidential Candidates - Ralph Nader|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/special/president/candidates/nader.html|work=CNN.com Specials}}</ref> Nel [[1959]] prestò [[servizio militare]] per sei mesi nell'[[United States Army|esercito degli Stati Uniti]], e dopo il congedo esercitò la professione di avvocato a [[Hartford]]. Dal [[1961]] al [[1963]] fu professore di storia e istituzioni all'[[Università di Hartford]]. Nel [[1964]] si stabilì a [[Washington (distretto di Columbia)|Washington]], dove fu collaboratore del sottosegretario al [[Dipartimento del Lavoro degli Stati Uniti|Dipartimento del Lavoro]] [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]]. In quegli anni lavorò come [[giornalista]] ''[[freelance]]'' per le testate ''[[The Nation]]'' e ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''. Nader riferì anche a una sottocommissione del [[Senato degli Stati Uniti|Senato]] sulla [[sicurezza stradale]]. Nei primi [[anni Ottanta]] guidò un forte gruppo di pressione contro la delibera della [[Food and Drug Administration]] che autorizzava la sperimentazione su larga scala degli impianti di lenti intraoculari.
I subordinati del ''logothetēs tou dromou''erano:
*I ''[[protonotarios|prōtonotarios]] tou dromou'' ({{lang|grc|πρωτονοτάριος τοῦ δρόμου}}), i suoi vice anziani.<ref name="bury2" />
Nader ha prestato servizio come membro di facoltà del [[Washington College of Law]] dell'[[American University]].
*I ''[[chartoularios|chartoularioi]] tou [oxeos] dromou'' ({{lang|grc|χαρτουλάριοι τοῦ [ὀξέος] δρόμου}}), che erano impiegati con il rango di ''[[spatharios]]'', combinati la funzione dell'impero romano ''curiosi per omnes provincias'' trovata in ''Notitia Dignitatum'' e di ufficiale dello ''scrinium barbarorum''.<ref name="bury2" /><ref name="guilland" />
*Un certo numero di ''episkeptētai'' ({{lang|grc|ἐπισκεπτῆται}}), ufficiali di diverse proprietà imperiali (''[[episkepsis|episkepseis]]'').<ref name="bury3">{{cita|Bury, 1911 p. 93}}.</ref>
==Campagna per la sicurezza delle automobili==
*Traduttori ({{lang|grc|ἑρμηνευταῖ}}, ''hermēneutai''), anche detti (''interpretes diversarum gentium'') in ''Notitia Dignitatum''.<ref name="bury3" /><ref name="guilland" />
I primi articoli in favore della sicurezza del consumatore a firma di Nader apparvero nell'''[[Harvard Law Record]]'', una pubblicazione studentesca della [[Scuola di diritto di Harvard]], ma le prime critiche aperte all'industria automobilistica risalgono al [[1959]], con un articolo scritto per ''[[The Nation]]'' e intitolato ''The Safe Car You Can't Buy'' (''La vettura sicura che non potete comprare'').<ref>{{cita libro|cognome=Z|nome=Mickey|titolo=50 American Revolutions You're Not Supposed To Know"|editore=The Disinformation Company|città=New York|anno=2005}} ISBN 1932857184</ref>
*I ''[[curator|kouratōr]] tou apokrisiareiou'' ({{lang|grc|κουράτωρ του ἀποκρισιαρείου}}), che gestivano gli ''apokrisiarieion'', palazzi di Costantinopoli che ospitavano diplomatici di secondo livello (non ambasciatori).<ref name="bury3" />
*Ispettori, ''diatrechontes'' (διατρέχοντες, gli antichi romani ''cursores'') e messaggeri (μανδάτορες, ''[[mandator]]es'').<ref name="bury3" />
Nel [[1965]] Nader pubblicò il saggio ''[[Unsafe at Any Speed]]'' (''Pericolosa a qualsiasi velocità''), denunciando la mancanza di sicurezza di molte automobili statunitensi, a cominciare dalla [[Chevrolet Corvair]] fabbricata dalla [[General Motors]]. La Corvair era stata coinvolta in numerosi incidenti con testacoda e ribaltamenti, e contro la General Motors pendevano oltre cento cause civili in relazione a sinistri in cui la popolare ''[[Vetture Compact|compact]]'' era implicata. Questi processi fornirono a Nader la prima base di indagine sulla sicurezza della vettura.<ref>{{cita libro|cognome=Kurylko|nome=Diana T.|titolo=Nader Damned Chevy's Corvair and Sparked a Safety Revolution|editore=Automotive News|anno=1996}}</ref>
L'azienda reagì tentando di screditare Nader, con investigatori privati incaricati di controllargli i telefoni e scavare nel suo passato, e prostitute ingaggiate allo scopo di sorprenderlo in situazioni compromettenti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/November-December-2005/scene_longhine_novdec05.msp |title=Ralph Nader's museum of tort law will include relics from famous lawsuits — if it ever gets built|date=dicembre 2005|work=LegalAffairs.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 maggio 2005|work=Federal Highway Administration|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/safetyep.htm |title=President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Federal Role in Highway Safety. Epilogue: The Changing Federal Role}}</ref> Ma nessuno scheletro emerse dall'armadio, e la General Motors non fu poi in grado di giustificare l'impiego di una tattica diffamatoria in luogo della difesa pubblica del proprio prodotto, cui aveva rinunciato pur godendo di notevole credito presso i media. Il senso di un simile evitamento della stampa specialistica è però chiaro, essendo ben noto ai progettisti di automobili come l'[[assale oscillante]] di [[Sospensione (meccanica)|sospensione]] delle prime Corvair ([[1960]]-[[1964]]) garantisse una misera tenuta di strada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Independent Suspensions: Swing axle suspension|url=http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/suspension/tech_suspension2.htm|year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.aol.com/herald948/cc/|title=Original Triumph Spitfire — Camber Compensator|date=21 agosto 1999}}</ref>
Apprese le mosse della General Motors, Nader citò vittoriosamente in giudizio la compagnia per violazione della ''[[privacy]]'': essa fu quindi costretta a scusarsi pubblicamente e patteggiò 284.000 dollari di risarcimento, in gran parte destinati da Nader a finanziare altre iniziative per i diritti dei consumatori. Sulla causa decise in ultima istanza la corte d'appello di [[Stato di New York|New York]], la cui pronuncia estese la disciplina dell'illecito civile fino a coprire la "sorveglianza troppo zelante".<ref>"Ralph Nader contro la General Motors Corp.", 307 N.Y.S.2d 647 (N.Y. 1970)</ref>
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Nader's advocacy of automobile safety and the publicity generated by the publication of ''Unsafe at Any Speed'', along with concern over escalating nationwide traffic fatalities, led to the unanimous passage of the 1966 [[National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act]]. The act established the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]], and marked a historic shift in responsibility for automobile safety (which shifted from the consumer to the manufacturer). The legislation mandated a series of safety features for automobiles, beginning with safety belts and stronger windshields.<ref>Brent Fisse and John Braithwaite. ''The Impact of Publicity on Corporate Offenders''. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1983.</ref><ref>Robert Barry Carson, Wade L. Thomas, Jason Hecht. ''Economic Issues Today: Alternative Approaches''.
M.E. Sharpe, 2005.</ref><ref>Stan Luger. ''Corporate Power, American Democracy, and the Automobile Industry''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.</ref>
A 1972 [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] safety commission report conducted by [[Texas A&M University]] concluded that the 1960-1963 Corvair possessed no greater potential for loss of control than its contemporaries in extreme situations.<ref>Brent Fisse and John Braithwaite, ''The Impact of Publicity on Corporate Offenders''. State University of New York Press, 1983. p.30 ISBN 0873957334</ref> A different account, however, was given in [[John DeLorean]]'s "General Motors autobiography," ''On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors'', 1979 (published under the name of his would-be [[ghostwriter]], J. Patrick Wright), in which DeLorean asserts that Nader's criticisms were valid. The ''specific'' Corvair design flaws were corrected in the second half (1965-1969) of the Corvair's production, although by then the Corvair name was irredeemably compromised.
-->
==Altre campagne==
Di tendenze progressiste, Nader presiedette e sostenne numerosi aziende [[no-profit]] e durante gli [[anni 1970|anni settanta]] ed [[anni 1980|ottanta]] fu un importante attivista politico in favore dell'[[ambientalismo|ambiente]], degli [[animalismo|animali]], degli immigrati, dei nativi americani e dei diritti delle [[PACS|coppie omosessuali]].
Fu il primo nel 2002 a rendersi conto e avviare un'indagine della truffa subita nell'Nba dai Sacramento Kings durante la serie di Western Conference Finals contro i Los Angeles Lakers, serie che l'arbitro Tim Donaghy ha confessato essere stata truccata in favore dei Lakers dall'Nba per motivi di share e economici.
Proprio i Lakers vinsero il titolo.
<!--
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Ralph Nader
| image = Ralph Nader.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| small_image =
| alma_mater = [[Princeton University]], <br />[[Harvard University]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1934|02|27}}
| birth_place = [[Winsted, Connecticut]]<br />United States
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]], [[Populist Party of Maryland]] (created to support him in 2004)
| otherparty = [[Green Party (United States)|Green]] (affiliated non-member)<br />[[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform]] (affiliated non-member)<br />[[Peace and Freedom Party|Peace & Freedom]] (affiliated non-member)<br />[[Natural Law Party (United States)|Natural Law]] (affiliated non-member)
| relations =
| spouse = none
| civil partner =
| children =
| residence =
| occupation = Attorney and Political [[activism|Activist]]
| religion = [[Maronite Church | Maronite Catholic]]
| signature =
| website = [http://www.votenader.org/ www.votenader.org]
| footnotes =
}}
== Activism ==
Hundreds of young activists, inspired by Nader's work, came to DC to help him with other projects. They came to be known as "Nader's Raiders" who, under Nader, investigated government corruption, publishing dozens of books with their results:
* ''Nader's Raiders'' (Federal Trade Commission)
* ''Vanishing Air'' (National Air Pollution Control Administration)
* ''The Chemical Feast'' (Food and Drug Administration)
* ''The Interstate Commerce Omission'' (Interstate Commerce Commission)
* ''Old Age'' (nursing homes)
* ''The Water Lords'' (water pollution)
* ''Who Runs Congress?'' (Congress)
* ''Whistle Blowing'' (punishment of whistle blowers)
* ''The Big Boys'' (corporate executives)
* ''Collision Course'' (Federal Aviation Administration)
* ''No Contest'' (corporate lawyers)
* ''Destroy the Forest'' (Destruction of ecosystems worldwide)
* ''Operation: Nuclear'' (Making of a nuclear missile)
[[Image:Ralph Nader, September 15, 2007.jpg|thumb|Nader speaks out against the [[Iraq War]] at the [[September 15, 2007 anti-war protest]].]]
In 1971, Nader founded the [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) [[Public Citizen]] as an [[umbrella organization]] for these projects. Today, Public Citizen has over 140,000 members and investigates Congressional, health, environmental, economic and other issues. Nader wrote, "The consumer must be protected at times from his own indiscretion and vanity."<ref>{{cite news |date=2004-03-03 |work=Jewish World Review |title=Nader's Glitter |first=Thomas |last=Sowell |url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell030304.asp}}</ref>
In the 1970s and 1980s Nader was a key leader in the [[anti-nuclear movement|anti-nuclear power movement]]. "By 1976, consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who later became allied with the environmental movement 'stood as the titular head of opposition to nuclear energy'"<ref>Nuclear Power in an Age of Uncertainty (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-E-216, February 1984), p. 228, citing the following article: </ref><ref>Public Opposition to Nuclear Energy: Retrospect and Prospect, Roger E. Kasperson, Gerald Berk, David Pijawka, Alan B. Sharaf, James Wood, Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 5, No. 31 (Spring, 1980), pp. 11-23</ref> He advocates the complete elimination of nuclear energy in favor of solar, tidal, wind and geothermal, citing environmental, worker safety, migrant labor, national security, disaster preparedness, foreign policy, government accountability and democratic governance issues to bolster his position.<ref>{{cite web |work=Frontline |title=Ralph Nader interview transcript |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/reaction/interviews/nader.html}}</ref>
=== Non-profit organizations ===
In 1980, Nader resigned as director of Public Citizen to work on other projects, forcefully campaigning against what he believed to be the dangers of large [[multinational corporation]]s.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} He went on to start a variety of non-profit organizations:
{| border="0" style="background:white"
|-
|
* Citizen Advocacy Center
* Citizens Utility Boards
* Congress Accountability Project
* Consumer Task Force For Automotive Issues
* Corporate Accountability Research Project
* Disability Rights Center
* Equal Justice Foundation
* Foundation for Taxpayers and Consumer Rights
* Georgia Legal Watch
* National Citizens' Coalition for Nursing Home Reform
* National Coalition for Universities in the Public Interest
* Pension Rights Center
* PROD (truck safety)
* Retired Professionals Action Group
* The Shafeek Nader Trust for the Community Interest
* 1969: Center for the Study of Responsive Law
* 1970s: [[PIRG|Public Interest Research Groups]]
* 1970: [[Center for Auto Safety]]
* 1970: [[Connecticut Citizen Action Group]]
* 1971: Aviation Consumer Action Project
* 1972: Clean Water Action Project
||
* 1972: Center for Women's Policy Studies
* 1973: Capitol Hill News Service
* 1980: ''[[Multinational Monitor]]'' (magazine covering multinational corporations)
* 1982: Trial Lawyers for Public Justice
* 1982: [[Essential Information]] (encourage citizen activism and do investigative journalism)
* 1983: Telecommunications Research and Action Center
* 1983: National Coalition for Universities in the Public Interest
* 1988: [http://tap.org/ Taxpayer Assets Project]
* 1989: [[Princeton Project 55]] (alumni public service)
* 1993: [[Appleseed Foundation]] (local change)
* 1994: Resource Consumption Alliance (conserve trees)
* 1995: Center for Insurance Research
* 1995: [[Consumer Project on Technology]]
* 1997?: Government Purchasing Project (encourage purchase of safe products)
* 1998: Center for Justice and Democracy
* 1998: Organization for Competitive Markets
* 1998: American Antitrust Institute (ensure fair competition)
* 1999?: Arizona Center for Law in the Public Interest
* 1999?: Commercial Alert (protect family, community, and democracy from corporations)
* 2000: Congressional Accountability Project (fight corruption in Congress)
* 2001: Citizen Works (promote NGO cooperation, build grassroots support, and start new groups)
* 2001: [[Democracy Rising]] (hold rallies to educate and empower citizens)
||
|}
== Presidential campaigns ==
=== Third-party votes controversy ===
In the [[United States presidential election in Florida, 2000|2000 presidential election in Florida]], [[George W. Bush]] defeated [[Al Gore]] by 537 votes. Nader received 97,421 votes, which led to claims that he was responsible for Gore's defeat. Nader, both in his book ''[[Crashing the Party]]'', and on his website, states: "In the year 2000, exit polls reported that 25% of my voters would have voted for Bush, 38% would have voted for Gore and the rest would not have voted at all."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.votenader.org/why_ralph/index.php?cid=14 |title=Dear Conservatives Upset With the Policies of the Bush Administration |work=Nader for President 2004}}</ref> When asked about claims of being a spoiler, Nader typically points to the [[Bush v. Gore|controversial Supreme Court ruling]] that halted a Florida recount, Gore's loss in his home state of Tennessee, and the "quarter million Democrats who voted for Bush in Florida."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB121218925042534249.html |work=Wall Street Journal |title=Interview: Ralph Nader}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Grist |title=Nader on the Record |url=http://www.grist.org/feature/2008/03/19/nader/ |date=2008-03-19}}</ref> A study in 2002 by the [[Progressive Review]] found no correlation between votes for Nader and votes for Gore (i.e., more votes for Nader did not correlate to fewer votes for Gore and vice versa).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prorev.com/green2000.htm |title=Poll Analysis: Nader not responsible for Gore's loss}}</ref> An analysis conducted by Harvard Professor B.C. Burden in 2005 showed Nader did affect Gore's chances, but that
<blockquote>"Contrary to Democrats’ complaints, Nader was not intentionally trying to throw the election. A spoiler strategy would have caused him to focus disproportionately on the most competitive states and markets with the hopes of being a keyplayer in the outcome. There is no evidence that his appearances responded to closeness. He did, apparently, pursue voter support, however, in a quest to receive 5% of the popular vote."<ref>{{Citation
| last = Burden
| first = B. C.
| author-link = B. C. Burden
| title = Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy
| journal = American Politics Research
| volume =
| issue =
| pages = 673-699
| date = September 2005
| url = https://mywebspace.wisc.edu/bcburden/web/burden2005.pdf|format=PDF}}
</ref> </blockquote>
When asked by MSNBC's [[Tim Russert]] about the possibility of preventing a Democratic victory in 2008, Nader responded, "Not a chance. If the Democrats can’t landslide the Republicans this year, they ought to just wrap up, close down, and emerge in a different form."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/nader-to-run-again/ |title=Nader to Run Again |work=The Caucus - New York Times Blog |date=2008-02-24}}</ref>
===Presidential campaign history===
====1972====
Ralph Nader's name appeared in the press as a potential candidate for president for the first time in 1971, when he was offered the opportunity to run as the presidential candidate for the [[New Party (USA)|New Party]], a progressive split-off from the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in 1972. Chief among his advocates was author [[Gore Vidal]], who touted a 1972 Nader presidential campaign in a front-page article in ''[[Esquire]]'' magazine in 1971. Nader declined the offer to run that year; the New Party ultimately joined with the [[People's Party (United States, 1970s)|People's Party]] in running [[Benjamin Spock]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1972|1972 Presidential election]].<ref>Gore Vidal. "The Best Man /'72: Ralph Nader Can Be President of the US." ''Esquire'', June, 1971.</ref><ref>Peter Barnes. "Toward '72 and Beyond: Starting a Fourth Party". ''The New Republic'', July24-31, 1971:9-21</ref><ref>Justin Martin. "Nader: Crusader, Spoiler, Icon". Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2002. ISBN 073820563X.</ref> That year, Nader also received one vote in the Vice Presidential Nomination at the [[1972_Democratic_National_Convention#Delegate_Vote_for_Vice-Presidential_Nomination|1972 Democratic National Convention]].
====1990====
Nader considered launching a [[Third party (United States)|third party]] around issues of citizen empowerment and consumer rights. He suggested a serious third party could address needs such as campaign-finance reform, worker and [[whistle-blower]] rights, government-sanctioned watchdog groups to oversee banks and insurance agencies, and class-action lawsuit reforms.{{Fact|date=December 2008}}
====1992====
Nader stood in as a [[write-in candidate|write-in]] for "none of the above" in both the 1992 [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Democratic and Republican Primaries]]<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1DD1F39F93BA25751C0A964958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/N/Nader,%20Ralph THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Write-In; In Nader's Campaign, White House Isn't the Goal] February 18, 1992</ref> and received 3,054 of the 170,333 Democratic votes and 3,258 of the 177,970 Republican votes cast.<ref>[http://www.sos.nh.gov/presprim1992/index.htm 1992 PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY]</ref> He was also a candidate in the 1992 Massachusetts Democratic Primary, where he appeared at the top of the ballot.
(in some areas, he appeared on the ballot as an [[Independent (politician)|independent]]).
====1996====
Nader was [[draft (politics)|drafted]] as a candidate for [[President of the United States]] on the [[Green Party (United States)|Green Party]] ticket during the [[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996 presidential election]]. He was not formally nominated by the [[Greens/Green Party USA|Green Party USA]], which was, at the time, the largest national Green group; instead he was nominated independently by various state Green parties (in some states, he appeared on the ballot as an independent). However, many activists in the Green Party USA worked actively to campaign for Nader that year. Nader qualified for ballot status in 22 states,<ref>http://www.politics1.com/nader04.htm</ref> garnering 685,297 votes 0.71% of the popular vote,<ref>http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1996</ref> although the effort did make significant organizational gains for the party. He refused to raise or spend more than $5,000 on his campaign, presumably to avoid meeting the threshold for [[Federal Elections Commission]] reporting requirements; the unofficial Draft Nader committee could (and did) spend more than that, but the committee was legally prevented from coordinating in any way with Nader himself.
Nader received some criticism from progressives and [[gay rights]] supporters for calling gay rights "gonad politics" and stating that he was not interested in dealing with such matters.<ref>http://www.leftbusinessobserver.com/Nader.html</ref>
His running mates included: Anne Goeke (nine states), Deborah Howes (Oregon), Muriel Tillinghast (New York), Krista Paradise (Colorado), Madelyn Hoffman (New Jersey), [[Bill Boteler]] (Washington, D.C.), and Winona LaDuke (California and Texas).<ref>''Ecological Politics: Ecofeminists and the Greens'' By Greta Gaard, page 240.</ref>
====2000====
{{Mainarticle|Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2000}}
In the 2006 documentary ''[[An Unreasonable Man]]'', Nader describes how, during the second [[Clinton Administration]], he found that he was unable to get the views of his public interest groups heard in Washington, even by then President Clinton's administration. Nader cites this as one of the primary reasons that he decided again to actively run in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]] election as candidate of the [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]], which had been formed in the wake of his 1996 campaign.
In October 2000, at the largest Super Rally of his campaign,<ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/100200-02.htm Nader 'Super Rally' Draws 12,000 To Boston's FleetCenter]</ref> held in [[New York City]]'s [[Madison Square Garden]], 15,000 people paid $20 each<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/10/14/nader.ap/index.html CNN.com - Loyal Nader fans pack Madison Square Garden - October 14, 2000]</ref> to hear Mr. Nader speak. Nader's campaign rejected both parties as institutions dominated by corporate interests, stating that [[Al Gore]] and [[George W. Bush]] were "[[Tweedledee and Tweedledum]]." The campaign also had some prominent union help: The [[California Nurses Association]] and the [[United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America|United Electrical Workers]] endorsed his candidacy and campaigned for him.<ref>[http://www.socialistworker.org/2008-1/659/659_07_Nader.shtml Nader, the Greens and 2008]</ref>
In 2000, Nader received 2,883,105 votes, for 2.74 percent of the popular vote,<ref>[http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=2000 2000 Presidential Election Results]</ref> missing the 5 percent needed to qualify the Green Party for federally distributed public funding in the next election, yet qualifying the Greens for ballot status in many new states.
Nader's votes in [[New Hampshire]] and [[Florida]] vastly exceeded the difference in votes between Gore and Bush, as did the votes of all alternative candidates.<ref>[http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm 2000 Official Presidential General Election Results]</ref> Exit polls showed the state staying close, and within the margin of error without Nader<ref>[http://www.msnbc.com/m/d2k/g/polls.asp?office=P&state=NH Decision 2000]</ref> as national exit polls showed Nader's supporters choose Gore over Bush by a large margin<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E4D6173CF937A15751C0A9629C8B63 THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE INDEPENDENT; Relax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise - New York Times]</ref> well outside the margin of error. Winning either state would have given Gore the presidency, and while critics claim this shows Nader tipped the election to Bush, Nader has called that claim "a mantra — an assumption without data."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61902-2004Feb22.html Democrats Upset at 'Spoiler' in 2000 Race]</ref> [[Michael Moore]] at first argued that Florida was so close that votes for any of seven other candidates could also have switched the results,<ref>[http://www.michaelmoore.com/words/message/index.php?messageDate=2000-11-17 Michael Moore message]</ref> but in 2004 joined the view that Nader had helped make Bush president.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E5DD133DF93BA15754C0A9629C8B63 THE CONSTITUENCIES: LIBERALS; From Chicago '68 to Boston, The Left Comes Full Circle - New York Times]</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E4D71F3DF931A3575BC0A9629C8B63 Convictions Intact, Nader Soldiers On - New York Times]</ref> Other Nader supporters argued that Gore was primarily responsible for his own loss.<ref>[http://www.greens.org/s-r/25/25-03.html S/R 25: Gore's Defeat: Don't Blame Nader (Marable)]</ref> But [[Eric Alterman]], perhaps Nader's most persistent critic, has regarded such arguments as beside the point: "One person in the world could have prevented Bush's election with his own words on the Election Day 2000."<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-alterman/ralph-nader-on-jon-stewar_b_40758.html?view=screen Ralph Nader on Jon Stewart]</ref> ''Nation'' columnist Alexander Cockburn cited Gore's failure to win over progressive voters in Florida who chose Nader, and congratulated those voters: "Who would have thought the Sunshine State had that many progressives in it, with steel in their spine and the spunk to throw Eric Alterman's columns into the trash can?"<ref>Alexander Cockburn. [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20001127/cockburn "The Best of All Possible Worlds."] ''The Nation.''November 9, 2000.</ref> Nader's actual influence on the 2000 election is the subject of considerable discussion, and there is no consensus on Nader's impact on the outcome.<ref>[http://ppq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/5/623 abstract of THE ROOTS OF THIRD PARTY VOTING The 2000 Nader Campaign in Historical Perspective. By: Allen, Neal; Brox, Brian J.. Party Politics, Sep2005, Vol. 11 Issue 5, p623-637, 15p, 3 charts]</ref><ref>[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content?content=10.1080/07393140600680015 abstract of If it Weren't for Those ?*!&*@!* Nader Voters we Wouldn't Be in This Mess: The Social Determinants of the Nader Vote and the Constraints on Political Choice. By: Simmons, Solon J.; Simmons, James R.. New Political Science, Jun2006, Vol. 28 Issue 2, p229-244, 16p, 5 charts, 1 graph]</ref><ref>[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/lewis/pdf/greenreform9.pdf Did Ralph Nader Spoil a Gore Presidency? A Ballot-Level Study of Green and Reform Party Voters in the 2000 Presidential Election]</ref><ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/comsite5/bin/comsite5.pl?page=library&item_id=0286-31809917 The Dynamics of Voter Decision Making Among Minor Party Supporters: The 2000 U.S. Presidential Election, British Journal of Political Science (2007), 37: 225-244]</ref><ref>[http://64.233.179.104/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:By3Sm_Zu8hEJ:psweb.sbs.ohio-state.edu/faculty/hweisberg/conference/burdosu.pdf+barry+burden+ Minor Parties in the 2000 Presidential Election]</ref> Still others argued that even if Nader's constituents could have made the swing difference between Gore and Bush, the votes Nader garnered were not from the Democrats, but from Democrats, Republicans, and discouraged voters who would not have voted otherwise. {{Fact|date=September 2008}}
====2004====
{{Main|Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2004}}
Nader announced on December 24, 2003 that he would not seek the Green Party's nomination for president in 2004; however, he did not rule out running as an [[Independent (politician)|independent candidate]].
=====Meeting with John Kerry=====
Ralph Nader and Democratic candidate [[John Kerry]] held a widely publicized meeting early in the 2004 Presidential campaign, which Nader described in ''An Unreasonable Man''. Nader said that John Kerry wanted to work to win Nader's support and the support of Nader's voters. Nader then provided more than 20 pages of issues that he felt were important and he "put them on the table" for John Kerry. According to Nader the issues covered topics ranging from environmental, labor, healthcare, tax reform, corporate crime, campaign finance reform and various consumer protection issues.
Nader reported that he asked John Kerry to choose any three of the issues and highlight them in his campaign and if Kerry would do this, he would refrain from the race. Several days passed and Kerry failed to adopt any of Nader's issues as benchmarks of his campaign, so on February 22, 2004, Nader announced on NBC that he would indeed run for president as an independent, saying, "There's too much power and wealth in too few hands."
=====The campaign=====
Nader's 2004 campaign ran on a platform consistent with the Green Party's positions on major issues, such as opposition to the [[Iraq war|war in Iraq]]. Due to concerns about a possible [[spoiler effect]] as in 2000, many Democrats urged Nader to abandon his 2004 candidacy. The Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, [[Terry McAuliffe]], stated that Nader had a "distinguished career, fighting for working families," and that McAuliffe "would hate to see part of his legacy being that he got us eight years of George Bush." Nader received 463,653 votes, for 0.38% of the popular vote.<ref>[http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=2004 2004 Presidential Election Results]</ref> Nader replied to this, in filmed interviews for ''An Unreasonable Man'', by arguing that, "Voting for a candidate of one's choice is a Constitutional right, and the Democrats who are asking me not to run are, without question, seeking to deny the Constitutional rights of voters who are, by law, otherwise free to choose to vote for me."
In the 2004 campaign, Democrats such as [[Howard Dean]] and [[Terry McAuliffe]] asked that Nader return money donated to his campaign by Republicans who were well-known Bush supporters, such as billionaire [[Richard Egan (businessman)|Richard Egan]].<ref name="SFGOPmoney">{{cite news | url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/07/10/MNG9J7JMDK1.DTL | title= Nader defends GOP Cash | date= July 10, 2004 | accessdate= 2008-07-06 | work= Carla Marinucci | publisher= [[San Francisco Chronicle]] }}</ref><ref name="AMNader Republicans">{{cite news | url= http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/littlefield2 | title= Nader Republicans | date= September 2004 | accessdate= 2008-07-06 | work= Nathan Littlefield | publisher= [[Atlantic Monthly]] }}</ref> Nader's reaction to the request was to refuse to return any donations and he charged that the Democrats were attempting to smear him.<ref name="SFGOPmoney" /> Nader's vice-presidential running mate, [[Peter Camejo]], supported the return of the money if it could be proved that "the aim of the wealthy GOP donors was to peel votes from Kerry."<ref name="SFGOPmoney" /> According to the [[San Francisco Chronicle]], Nader defended his keeping of the donations by saying that wealthy contributors "are human beings too."<ref name="SFGOPmoney" />
====2008====
{{Main|Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2008}}
[[Image:Ralph Nader in Waterbury 1, October 4, 2008.jpg|thumb|left|Nader campaigning in October 2008]]
{{wikinewspar2|Ralph Nader enters US presidential race as independent|Ralph Nader calls out Democrats for financial bailout}}
In February 2007, Nader criticized Democratic front-runner [[Hillary Clinton]] as "a panderer and a flatterer."<ref name="USAToday">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2007/02/nader_in_08_sta.html|title=Nader in '08? Stay tuned|last=Winter|first=Michael|date=February 05, 2007|work=USA Today (Online)|accessdate=2008-12-31}}</ref> Asked on ''[[Cable News Network|CNN Late Edition]]'' news program if he would run in 2008, Nader replied, "It's really too early to say...."<ref name="NewsMax">[http://newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/2/4/172804.shtml Nader Leaves '08 Door Open, Slams Hillary] [[Reuters]], February 5, 2007.</ref> Asked during a radio appearance to describe the former First Lady, Nader said, "Flatters, panders, coasting, front-runner, looking for a coronation ... She has no political fortitude."<ref>[http://newsmax.com/archives/ic/2007/2/16/111721.shtml?s=ic Ralph Nader: Hillary's Just a 'Bad Version of Bill Clinton'] Feb. 16, 2007</ref> Some Greens started a campaign to draft Nader as their party's 2008 presidential candidate.<ref>[http://www.draftnader.org/ DraftNader.org]</ref>
After some consideration, Nader announced on Februrary 24, 2008, that he would run for President as an independent. His vice-presidential candidate was [[Matt Gonzalez]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/world/usvotes/story/2008/02/28/nader-ticket.html |title= Nader names running mate in presidential bid |accessdate=2008-10-30 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= [[2008-02-28]] |work= |publisher= [[CBC News]]}}</ref>
According to CBS, as of November 11, 2008, he received 698,798 votes, placing him in third place overall.<ref name= "cbstally">{{cite web |url=http://election.cbsnews.com/election2008/president.shtml |title= Presidential Race |accessdate=2008-11-06 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= [[2008-11-04]] |work= |publisher= [[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref name=FoxTally>{{cite news |url=http://elections.foxnews.com/states_map/index.html |title=America's Decision |work=FOXNews.com |publisher=FOX News |accessdate=2008-11-06}}</ref>
== Personal finances ==
According to the mandatory fiscal disclosure report that he filed with the [[Federal Election Commission]] in 2000, he then owned more than $3 million worth of stocks and mutual fund shares; his single largest holding was more than $1 million worth of stock in [[Cisco Systems, Inc.]] He also held more than $2 million in two money market funds. Nader owned no car or real estate in 2000, and said he lived on [[US Dollar|US$]]25,000 a year, giving most of his stock earnings to many of the over four dozen non-profit organizations he had founded.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502E3DC1531F93AA25755C0A9669C8B63 Nader Reports Big Portfolio In Technology]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/candlook.php?txtName=nader |title= Ralph Nader: Personal Finances |accessdate=2008-10-28 |work= |publisher= [[Center for Responsive Politics]] |date= }}</ref>
== Recognition ==
In 1999, an NYU panel of eminent journalists ranked Nader's book ''[[Unsafe At Any Speed]]'' 38th among the top 100 pieces of journalism of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E3D6123CF932A35750C0A96F958260|title=MEDIA; Journalism's Greatest Hits: Two Lists of a Century's Top Stories|work=NY Times|date=1999-03-01|pages=2|first=Felicity|last=Barringer}}</ref> In 1990, Life Magazine named Nader one of the 100 most influential Americans of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6DD1431F932A1575AC0A966958260|title=Washington at Work; Eclipsed in the Reagan Decade, Ralph Nader Again Feels Glare of the Public|work=NY Times|date=1990-09-21|first=Jason|last=Deparle}}</ref> The December 2006 issue of [[The Atlantic Monthly]] named Ralph Nader among the "100 most influential Americans" in history, in which its ten invited historians voted Nader 96th, ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'' stated: "He made the cars we drive safer; thirty years later, he made George W. Bush the president."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200612/influentials|title=The Top 100: The Most Influential Figures in American History|work=Atlantic Monthly|month=December|year=2006|pages=62}}</ref>
== Television appearances ==
In 1988, Ralph Nader appeared on [[Sesame Street]] as "a person in your neighborhood." The song began "A consumer advocate is a person in your neighborhood." This was somewhat tongue-in-cheek, as his profession as a consumer advocate was largely self-defined, and he was perhaps the only professional full-time consumer advocate at that time. This song compares him to a postman or a policeman, members of professions whom you may run into on a daily basis. Nader's on Sesame Street was particularly memorable because it was the only time that the grammar of the last line of the song "A person who you meet each day" was questioned and corrected in the show. Ralph Nader refused to sing the grammatically incorrect line, and so a compromise was reached, resulting in Ralph Nader singing the last line as a solo with the modified words: "A person ''whom'' you meet each day."<ref>David Borgenicht, Sesame Street Unpaved: Scripts, Stories, Secrets, and Songs, 1998 and 2002 reprint, ISBN 1-4028-9327-2</ref> As a consumer advocate on the show, he destroys Bob's sweater as he shows how faultily it was made.
He also hosted an episode of [[NBC]]'s ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' in 1977.
During his 2008 presidential campaign, Nader appeared on [[CNBC]] with [[John Harwood]], [[CNN]] with [[Rick Sanchez]], [[PBS]]'s ''[[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]]'', and [[Fox News Channel]] with [[Shepard Smith]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Nader on CNN, FOX, CNBC and PBS NewsHour Tuesday | url = http://www.votenader.org/blog/2008/10/13/nader-on-cnn-fox/ | publisher = Nader for President 2008 | date = 2008-10-13 | accessdate = 2008-10-23 }}</ref> He also appeared on comedy programs, including ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]'', interviewed by [[Triumph the Insult Comic Dog]] in 2008. Nader also appeared on [[Real Time with Bill Maher]] on September 26, 2008.
Nader is a member of the union [[American Federation of Television and Radio Artists]] and receives a union pension.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}
== Works ==
{{main|Bibliography of Ralph Nader}}
== See also ==
*[[Shafeek Nader]]
== Notes ==
*[http://www.anunreasonableman.com/ '''An Unreasonable Man'''] (2006). ''[[An Unreasonable Man]]'' is a documentary film about Ralph Nader that appeared at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival.
* Burden, Barry C. (2005). [http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/5/672 Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election] 2005, ''American Politics Research'' 33:672-99.
* [http://www.customflix.com/205780 '''Ralph Nader: Up Close'''] This film blends archival footage and scenes of Nader and his staff at work in Washington with interviews with Nader's family, friends and adversaries, as well as Nader himself. Written, directed and produced by Mark Litwak and Tiiu Lukk, 1990, color, 72 mins. Narration by Studs Terkel. Broadcast on [[PBS]]. Winner, Sinking Creek Film Festival; Best of Festival, Baltimore Int'l Film Festival; Silver Plaque, Chicago Int'l Film Festival, Silver Apple, National Educational Film & Video Festival.
* Bear, Greg, "[[Eon (novel)|Eon]]" — the novel includes a depiction of a future group called the "Naderites" who follow Ralph Nader's humanistic teachings.
* Martin, Justin. ''Nader: Crusader, Spoiler, Icon.'' Perseus Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7382-0563-X
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Further reading ==
*''What Was Ralph Nader Thinking?'' by [[Jurgen Vsych]], Wroughten Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-9749879-2-7
* ''Citizen Nader'' by Charles McCarry Saturday Review Press, 1972 ISBN 0-8415-0163-7
* ''The Investigation of Ralph Nader'' by Thomas Whiteside 1972.
== External links ==
{{Toomanylinks}}
{{commons|Category:Ralph Nader|Ralph Nader}}
*[http://www.votenader.org/ Nader for President 2008]
*[http://www.nader.org/ The Nader Page] (not campaign-related)
*[http://www.draftnader.org/ Greens for Nader 2008] (a 2008 presidential draft site)
*[http://www.pr.com/article/1100 Ralph Nader Goes to Washington... Again - The PR.com Interview]
*[http://www.votenader.org/issues/ Nader's positions on the Issues - Official Site]
*[http://glassbooth.org/explore/index/ralph-nader/18/ Nader's positions on the issues]
*[http://ballot-access.org/ Ballot access details]
*[http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=178532&page=1 2004 Vote Profile: Ralph Nader]
*[http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=390 Digital History Ralph Nader]
*[http://prok.princeton.edu/1-3/interview Interview with Ralph Nader] for [[Princeton Report on Knowledge]] about the spin of information. April 26, 2007
*[http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/videos.html?id=748702698 Ralph Nader on The Hour] July 14, 2007
*[http://n0rthernjudy.spaces.live.com/ Flagstaff Progressive:An ongoing blog about Ralph Nader's candidacy and progressive issues in northern Arizona]
*[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070323/23naderfacts.htm 10 Things You Didn't Know About Ralph Nader] March 23, 2007
*[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1209357142307&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout Nader, Rare Among Candidates] May 5, 2008
*[http://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/pfd1999/N00000086_99.pdf Personal Financial Disclosure for Ralph Nader 1999 (filed in 2000)]
*[http://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/pfd2003/N00000086_2003.pdf Personal Financial Disclosure for Ralph Nader 2003 (filed in 2004)]
*{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-67178}}
=== Video and audio links ===
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3075069510252607038&hl=en VIDEO: Ralph Nader - We, the People, Will Decide: The Meaning of Freedom in the United States Today], presentation at Benson High School in Portland, Oregon, May 13, 2008.
*[http://www.hotpotatomash.com/2008/05/video-exclusi-1.html VIDEO: L.A. Press Conference where Nader discusses election integrity issues] May 10, 2008
*[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/02/05/1532248&mode=thread&tid=25 Audio/Video Interview on Democracy Now! with Amy Goodman: Ralph Nader on Why He Might Run In 2008, the Iraq War & the New Documentary "An Unreasonable Man." He also looks back at his childhood and his new book "Seventeen Traditions." Film director Henriette Mantel joins us to talk about "An Unreasonable Man." February 5, 2007]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyfSN7B4lYI Youtube excerpt (possibly from above) in which Nader discusses Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1917492183995255561&hl=en Video: Ralph Nader - The Seventeen Traditions] (February 13, 2007), presentation from Mr. Nader's 2007 book tour.
*[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06/11/08/1457249&mode=thread&tid=25 Audio/Video Interview on Democracy Now! with Amy Goodman: Ralph Nader on Conservative Democrats, Corporate Power and the Middle East. Wednesday, November 8, 2006]
*[http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=20101 Ubben Lecture at DePauw University, September 27, 2007]
* [http://www.cerium.ca/article1210.html A Call to Civic Engagement, online video of speech given on August 18, 2005 in Montreal.]
*[http://www.c-span.org/search/basic.asp?ResultStart=1&ResultCount=10&BasicQueryText=Nader,+Reform+Party+Convention&image1.x=21&image1.y=9&image1=Submit Ralph Nader speaks at the Reform Party Convention, 2004] — Provided by C-SPAN in
*[http://www.archive.org/details/dn2004-1103 Archived Audio of Ralph Nader Statement at the End of 2004 Campaign, from Democracy Now! November 3, 2004]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/NaderDean Archived Video of Ralph Nader — Howard Dean Debate on C-SPAN, July 9, 2004]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/Nader Archived Video of Nader / Camejo 2004 campaign kickoff rally in San Francisco, July 16, 2004]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/Nader Archived Audio of Nader / Camejo 2004 campaign kickoff rally in San Francisco, July 16, 2004]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/Nader_interview John Bachir Film: Ralph Nader Interview, 2004]
*[http://fora.tv/fora/showthread.php?t=688 Ralph Nader speaks at the Commonwealth Club] video RealVideo format.
*[http://www.c-span.org/search.aspx?For=nader VIDEO: Ralph Nader appearances on [[C-SPAN]] in [[RealVideo]] — Retrieved August 2, 2008]
*[http://webcast.berkeley.edu/events/replay.html?event_id=1 On Corporate & Government Responsibility] Talk at [[UC Berkeley]] April 26, 2002
*[http://media.cbc.ca:8080/ramgen/newsworld/clips/rm-newsworld/gates_nader030322.rm Nader on Iraq] [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] Broadcast three days into the invasion of Iraq.
*[http://realaudio.service.emory.edu/ramgen/ETHICS/nader1.rm Nader on Ethics of Public Participation] at Center for Ethics, Emory College
*[http://www.comedycentral.com/motherload/index.jhtml?ml_video=81926 Ralph Nader on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart]
*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3262027 Ralph Nader and Howard Dean debate the role of third political parties in America]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/sglGreatSpeechesandInterviews_HowtheTeamsterswontheUPSstrikeandRalphNader News Conference on injured workers includes mp3] from Aug. 1, 2008, Sacramento, CA
{{start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|party}}
{{s-ttl| title=Green Party [[President of the United States|Presidential]] candidate| years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996]] (4th), [[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]] (3rd)}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Cobb]]}}
{{s-bef| before=[[Pat Buchanan]]}}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]] [[President of the United States|Presidential]] candidate| years=[[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004]] <sup>(1)</sup> (3rd)}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ted Weill]]}}
{{s-bef| before=[[Leonard Peltier]]}}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Peace and Freedom Party]] [[President of the United States|Presidential]] candidate| years=[[U.S. presidential election, 2008|2008]]}}
{{end}}
{{Ralph Nader}}
{{United States presidential election candidates, 2000}}
{{United States presidential election candidates, 2004}}
{{United States presidential election, 2008 navigation}}
{{GreenPresidentialNominees}}
{{ReformPresidentialNominees}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Nader, Ralph
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=American attorney and political [[activism|activist]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=February 27, 1934
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Winsted, Connecticut]], United States
|DATE OF DEATH=living
|PLACE OF DEATH=}}
{{Lifetime|1934|LIVING|Nader, Ralph}}
[[Category:American anti-nuclear power activists]]
[[Category:American democracy activists]]
[[Category:American environmentalists]]
[[Category:American Maronites]]
[[Category:American non-fiction environmental writers]]
[[Category:Lebanese Americans]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American University faculty and staff]]
[[Category:Anti-corporate activists]]
[[Category:Connecticut lawyers]]
[[Category:Consumer rights activists]]
[[Category:Green Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Social Progressives]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1992]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1996]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 2000]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 2004]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 2008]]
[[ar:رالف نادر]]
[[bg:Ралф Нейдър]]
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[[ko:랠프 네이더]]
[[hr:Ralph Nader]]
[[id:Ralph Nader]]
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[[he:ראלף ניידר]]
[[nl:Ralph Nader]]
[[ja:ラルフ・ネーダー]]
[[no:Ralph Nader]]
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[[simple:Ralph Nader]]
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[[sr:Ралф Нејдер]]
[[fi:Ralph Nader]]
[[sv:Ralph Nader]]
[[tr:Ralph Nader]]
[[zh:拉尔夫·纳德]]
-->
== Politica ==
Si è ripetutamente candidato alla [[Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America|Presidenza degli Stati Uniti]]:
* nel [[Elezioni Presidenziali degli Stati Uniti del 1996|1996]] si presentò come candidato dei [[Verdi USA|Verdi]], raccogliendo poco meno dell'1% dei voti;
* nel [[Elezioni Presidenziali degli Stati Uniti del 2000|2000]] si presentò ancora come candidato dei Verdi, raccogliendo circa 2,9 milioni di voti (2,74%)
* nel [[Elezioni Presidenziali degli Stati Uniti del 2004|2004]] si candidò come candidato del [[Reform Party]] ma raccolse solo 459.000 voti (poco meno dello 0,4%).
* nel [[Elezioni presidenziali statunitensi del 2008|2008]], candidato come indipendente, ha raccolto 657.389 voti (0,54 %).
Già nel [[1972]], secondo un sondaggio, egli era considerato un buon candidato alla presidenza degli USA da molti cittadini ma in quell'occasione preferì non partecipare alle [[elezioni primarie]]. Nel [[1992]] aveva partecipato, non di sua volontà, alle primarie del [[Partito Democratico (Stati Uniti)|Partito Democratico Statunitense]] ma ottenne solo 6.300 voti, venendo di conseguenza sconfitto da [[Paul E. Tsongas]] e [[Bill Clinton]].
===Le [[Elezioni Presidenziali degli Stati Uniti del 2000|elezioni presidenziali del 2000]]===
[[Immagine:Nader at O17.jpg|thumb|Campagna elettorale del 2000.]]
La presenza di Nader fu particolarmente importante nelle elezioni del 2000, quando il candidato [[Partito Democratico (Stati Uniti)|democratico]] [[Al Gore]] perse la presidenza (a favore del [[Partito Repubblicano (Stati Uniti)|repubblicano]] [[George W. Bush]]) anche a causa dei voti da lui raccolti.
Infatti Nader, che sosteneva che non vi era sostanziale differenza fra i programmi di Gore e quelli di Bush, correva su una piattaforma decisamente a sinistra di quella di Gore (proponendo fra l'altro l'istituzione di un sistema sanitario nazionale, l'estensione al livello [[Università|universitario]] del sistema di educazione pubblica gratuita, l'espansione dei diritti [[sindacati|sindacali]], la riduzione delle tasse sul reddito delle persone fisiche ed il loro inasprimento sui profitti delle multinazionali e su quelli [[finanza|finanziari]]) e {{citazione necessaria|probabilmente sottrasse molti più voti a Gore che non a Bush.}} In particolare, nel decisivo stato della [[Florida]] Bush vinse con un margine "ufficiale" di 537 voti (0.01%), un numero molto più piccolo dei 97.488 voti raccolti da Nader. Anche nel [[New Hampshire]] la differenza fra Bush e Gore era di poco più di 7.000 voti, contro i circa 22.000 raccolti da Nader.
{{P|la storia con i "se". Il testo procede per presunzioni nel dare per scontata l'ipotetica vittoria di Gore nel caso, ovviamente non verificabile, di assenza di Nader dalla competizione elettorale. Da un punto di vista neutrale non si capisce perché l'analisi di quest'ultimo dovrebbe essere una "difesa", né in che senso - a parte il dato concreto ma semplicistico del Tennessee - la campagna elettorale di Gore fu "cattiva".|politica|ottobre 2008|sezione=
Anche prendendo per buone le statistiche citate dallo stesso Nader (secondo il quale se egli non si fosse presentato il 38% dei suoi elettori avrebbe votato per Gore, il 25% avrebbe votato per Bush ed il rimanente 37% non avrebbe votato), è evidente che in sua assenza almeno uno di questi due stati sarebbe andato a Gore, e con esso la presidenza. La sua "difesa" appare più credibile quando indica che egli è stato al massimo una delle concause della sconfitta di Gore, che aveva condotto una cattiva [[campagna elettorale]] (che, caso rarissimo, condusse alla sua sconfitta anche nel suo stato d'origine, il [[Tennessee]]) e {{citazione necessaria|che commise madornali errori legali in occasione dei ri-conteggi dei voti in Florida}} {{citazione necessaria|(che molti credono avrebbero potuto ribaltare l'esito del voto).}}
}}
Il disegnatore [[Matt Groening]] ironizzò su questi avvenimenti e in una puntata della serie ''[[I Simpsons]]'' fece comparire un Ralph Nader elogiato e ringraziato dai membri del [[Partito Repubblicano]] Statunitese per "''l'ottimo lavoro''" fatto nel 2000. Ma già precedentemente, nel suo romanzo "Natura morta con picchio" (" Stll Life with Woodpecker", 1980), Tom Robbins lo sceglie come simbolo dei "furori ambientalisti" che agitano la società "nell'ultimo quarto del secolo ventesimo", facendone l'uomo ideale, e idolatrato dalla protagonista.
== Pubblicazioni ==
Nader ha scritto molti libri, per lo più autobiografici. Nessuno di essi però è stato mai tradotto in italiano.
* ''Action for a Change'' (con Donald Ross, Brett English, e Joseph Highland)
* ''Canada Firsts''
* ''Civic Arousal''
* ''Collision Course'' (con Wesley Smith)
* ''Corporate Power in America'' (con Mark Green)
* ''Crashing the Party: Taking on the Corporate Government in an Age of Surrender''
* ''Cutting Corporate Welfare''
* ''In Pursuit of Justice''
* ''Nader on Australia''
* ''No Contest: Corporate Lawyers and Perversion of Justice in America'' (con Wesley Smith).
* ''Ralph Nader Congress Project''
* ''Ralph Nader Presents: A Citizen's Guide to Lobbying''
* ''Taming the Giant Corporation'' (con Mark Green e Joel Seligman)
* ''The Big Boys'' (con William Taylor)
* ''The Consumer and Corporate Accountability''
* ''The Frugal Shopper'' (con Wesley Smith)
* ''The Good Fight: Declare Your Independence and Close the Democracy Gap''
* ''The Lemon Book''
* ''The Menace of Atomic Energy'' (con John Abbotts)
* ''The Ralph Nader Reader''
* ''Unsafe at Any Speed''
* ''Verdicts on Lawyers''
* ''Whistle-Blowing'' (con Peter J. Petkas e Kate Blackwell)
* ''Who's Poisoning America'' (con Ronald Brownstein e John Richard)
* ''Winning the Insurance Game'' (con Wesley Smith e J. Robert Hunter)
* ''You and Your Pension'' (con Kate Blackwell)
==Note==
<references/>
==Altri progettiBibliografia==
* {{Cita libro|cognome=Bury |nome=John Bagnell |wkautore=J. B. Bury |titolo=The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century - With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos |anno=1911 |città=London |editore=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialadminist00buryrich |cid=harv}}
{{Interprogetto|commons=Category:Ralph Nader}}
* {{Cita libro|cognome=Guilland |nome=Rodolphe |wkautore=Rodolphe Guilland |titolo=Les Logothètes: Études sur l'histoire administrative de l'Empire byzantin |rivista=Revue des études byzantines |volume=29 |anno=1971 |pp=5–115 | doi=10.3406/rebyz.1971.1441 |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_1971_num_29_1_1441 |lingua=fr |cid=harv}}
* {{Cita libro|curatore-cognome=Kazhdan |curatore-nome=Alexander |wkcuratore=Alexander Kazhdan |titolo=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] |città=New York and Oxford |editore=Oxford University Press |anno=1991 | isbn=978-0-19-504652-6 |cid=harv}}
== Collegamenti esterni ==
* {{Cita libro|cognome=Magdalino |nome=Paul |titolo=The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180 |città=Cambridge |editore=Cambridge University Press |anno=2002 |annooriginale=1993 | isbn=0-521-52653-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cWZvqp7q18C |cid=harv}}
* [http://www.nader.org/ Sito ufficiale]
* {{Cita pubblicazione|nome=Marie-Thérèse |cognome=Le Léannec-Bavavéas |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_2002_num_60_1_2264 |titolo=Jean, logothète du drome au 11e siècle |lingua=fr |rivista=Revue des études byzantines |volume=60 |anno=2002 |pp=215–220 |accesso=28 aprile 2013 | doi=10.3406/rebyz.2002.2264}}
* {{Cita pubblicazione|nome=D. A. |cognome=Miller |titolo=The Logothete of the Drome in the Middle Byzantine Period |rivista=Byzantion |volume=36 |anno=1966 |pp=438–470}}
[[Categoria:Politici statunitensi|Nader, Ralph]]
{{Titoli, onorificenze e cariche dell'Impero Bizantino}}
[[Categoria:Cariche bizantine]]
[[ar:رالف نادر]]
[[bg:Ралф Нейдър]]
[[ca:Ralph Nader]]
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[[eo:Ralph Nader]]
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[[fa:رالف نیدر]]
[[fi:Ralph Nader]]
[[fr:Ralph Nader]]
[[he:ראלף ניידר]]
[[hr:Ralph Nader]]
[[id:Ralph Nader]]
[[ja:ラルフ・ネーダー]]
[[ko:랠프 네이더]]
[[nl:Ralph Nader]]
[[no:Ralph Nader]]
[[pl:Ralph Nader]]
[[pt:Ralph Nader]]
[[ru:Нейдер, Ральф]]
[[simple:Ralph Nader]]
[[sk:Ralph Nader]]
[[sr:Ралф Нејдер]]
[[sv:Ralph Nader]]
[[tr:Ralph Nader]]
[[zh:拉尔夫·纳德]]
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