ExxonMobil e Hebron (New Hampshire): differenze tra le pagine

Versione delle 01:05, 2 ago 2006

Versione delle 21:25, 20 giu 2019

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{{S|centri abitati del New Hampshire}}

{{T|lingua=inglese|argomento=|data=febbraio 2006}}

{{Divisione amministrativa

{{Infobox_Company |

|Nome = Hebron

company_name = Exxon Mobil Corporation |

|Nome ufficiale =

company_logo = [[Image:ExxonMobil logo.png|222px|center|]] |

|Panorama =

company_type = [[Società per azioni]] ([[NYSE]]: [http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=XOM XOM])|

|Didascalia =

company_slogan = "Taking on the world's toughest energy challenges" |

|Bandiera =

foundation = 1882 (nel 1999, la società ha assunto il nome odierno) |

|Stemma =

___location = [[Irving (Texas)|Irving]], [[Texas]] ([[USA]]) |

|Stato = USA

key_people = [[Rex W. Tillerson]] Presidente ed Amministratore delegato|

|Grado amministrativo = 3

num_employees = 88.300 |

|Tipo =

industry = [[Petrolio]] |

|Divisione amm grado 1 = New Hampshire

products = [[Carburante]] |

|Divisione amm grado 2 = Grafton

revenue = [[Image:green up.png]]$371 miliardi [[USD]] ([[2005]]) |

|Amministratore locale =

homepage = [http://www.exxonmobil.com/ www.exxonmobil.com]

|Partito =

|Data elezione =

|Data istituzione =

|Data soppressione =

|Latitudine decimale =

|Longitudine decimale =

|Latitudine gradi = 43

|Latitudine minuti = 41

|Latitudine secondi = 38

|Latitudine NS = N

|Longitudine gradi = 71

|Longitudine minuti = 48

|Longitudine secondi = 20

|Longitudine EW = W

|Altitudine = 207

|Superficie = 49.21

|Note superficie = {{cita web|url=http://www.nh.gov/nhes/elmi/htmlprofiles/hebron.html|lingua=en|titolo=Scheda sul sito del New Hampshire|accesso=31-07-2010}}

|Abitanti = 499

|Note abitanti = {{cita web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=Search&geo_id=06000US3300933860&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US33%7C05000US33009%7C06000US3300933860&_street=&_county=Hebron&_cityTown=Hebron&_state=04000US33&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=060&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=|lingua=en|titolo=Stima al 1 luglio 2009 dell'U.S. Census Bureau|accesso=31-07-2010}}

|Aggiornamento abitanti = 1º luglio 2009

|Sottodivisioni =

|Divisioni confinanti =

|Lingue =

|Codice postale =

|Prefisso =

|Fuso orario = -5

|Codice statistico =

|Codice catastale =

|Targa =

|Nome abitanti =

|Patrono =

|Festivo =

|Mappa = Grafton-Hebron-NH.png

|Didascalia mappa =

}}

La '''Exxon Mobil Corporation''' o '''ExxonMobil''' è la più importante compagnia petrolifera del mondo. È il risultato della fusione tra Exxon e [[Mobil]], effettuata il [[30 novembre]] del [[1999]]. Nel [[2005]] ha avuto profitti per 36.13 miliardi di dollari (un primato per una società quotata), poco meno del [[PIL]] dell'[[Azerbaijan]], mentre il suo fatturato supera per 30.5 miliardi di dollari il PIL dell'[[Arabia Saudita]]. Il suo quartier generale è ad [[Irving (Texas)|Irving]], un sobborgo di [[Dallas]]. La fusione tra Exxon e Mobil assume un significato particolare nella storia americana, perché ha riunito le due principali compagnie (la Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, progenitrice della Exxon e Standard Oil Company of New York, da cui è nata la Mobil) che formavano il trust [[Standard Oil]] di [[John Davison Rockefeller]].

'''Hebron''' è un comune degli [[Stati Uniti d'America]] facente parte della [[contea di Grafton]] nello [[Stato federato degli USA|stato]] del [[New Hampshire]].

La ExxonMobil, in quanto società madre delle varie Exxon, Mobil, [[Esso]] che si trovano in tutto il mondo, sopravanza le altre tre ''big four'' del mercato petrolifero ([[Royal Dutch Shell]], [[BP]] e [[Total S.A.|Total]]), riguardo a fatturato, profitti e capitalizzazione di borsa.

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==Il nome==

[[Image:Exxon logo.jpg|thunmb|240px|right|Exxon logo]]

[[Image:Exxongasstation.jpg|240px|thumb|Exxon-branded gas station in California (actually operated by Valero)]]

''Exxon'' rimpiazzò formalmente i marchi ''Esso'', ''Enco'', e ''Humble'', negli USA, il [[1 gennaio]] [[1973]]. Il nome ''Esso'', che in inglese suona come la pronuncia delle lettere ''S''-''O'', attrasse le proteste delle altre aziende scorporate dalla [[Standard Oil]], a causa della similarità con il nome dell'azienda originaria. All'azienda venne quindi impedito di usare il nome ''Esso'' negli USA, ad eccezione degli stati che le erano stati attribuiti in seguito all'accordo antitrust del 1911 sulla Standard Oil. Negli stati in cui il marchio Esso venne vietato, la società vendette la sua benzina con i marchi Humble o Enco. <!--The Humble brand was used at Texas stations for decades as those operations were under the direction of Jersey Standard affiliate, [[Humble Oil]], and in the mid-to-late 1950s expanded to other Southwestern states including New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma.

== Note ==

In 1960, Jersey Standard gained full control of Humble Oil and Refining Co., and through a reorganization of the company, restructured Humble into Jersey's domestic marketing and refining division to sell and market gasoline nationwide under the Esso, Enco and Humble brands. The Enco brand was introduced by Humble in 1960 at stations in Ohio but was soon blackballed after Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio) protested that Enco (Humble's acronym for "ENergy COmpany) sounded and looked too much like Esso as it shared the same oval logo with blue border and red letters with the two middle letters the only difference. At that point, the stations in Ohio would be rebranded Humble until the name change to Exxon in 1972.

<references/>

== Altri progetti ==

After the Enco brand was discontinued in Ohio, it was moved to other non-Esso states. In 1961, Humble stations in Oklahoma, New Mexico and Arizona were rebranded as Enco and the Enco brand appeared on gasoline and lubricant products at Humble stations in Texas that same year with service stations there changed to Enco in 1962. By that time, Jersey had expanded the Enco brand to stations in the Midwest and Northwest that had been operated by various subsidaries such as Carter, Pate and Oklahoma among others.

{{interprogetto}}

== Collegamenti esterni ==

In 1963, Humble was approached by Tidewater Oil Company - a major gasoline marketer along the eastern and western seaboards - to purchase the firm's refining and marketing operations on the west coast, a move that would have given Humble a large number of existing stations and a refinery in California - which was then the fastest growing gasoline market. However, the Justice Department objected to Humble's plan to purchase Tidewater's west coast operations, which were later sold to Phillips Petroleum in 1966. Meanwhile, Humble gradually built up new and rebranded service stations in California and other western states under the Enco brand and purchased a large number of stations from Signal Oil Company in 1967, followed by the opening of a new refinery Benicia, Calif. in 1969.

* {{Collegamenti esterni}}

{{Controllo di autorità}}

In 1966, the Justice Department ordered Humble to "cease and desist" from using the Esso brand at stations in several Southeastern states following protests from Standard Oil of Kentucky (a Standard Oil of California subsidiary by that time). By 1967, stations in each of those states were rebranded as Enco.

{{Portale|Stati Uniti d'America}}

[[Categoria:Comuni del New Hampshire]]

Despite the success of the "Put A Tiger In Your Tank" advertising campaign introduced by Humble in 1964 to promote its Enco/Esso Extra gasolines, the similar logotypes, use of the Humble name in all Esso/Enco ads and the uniformity in design and products of Humble stations nationwide, the company still had difficulties promoting itself as a nationwide gasoline marketer competing against truly national brands such as Texaco - then a 50-state marketer and the only company selling products under one brand name in each state. Humble officials realized by the late 1960s that the time had come to swallow its pride by developing a new brand name that could be used nationwide throughout the U.S. At first, consideration was given to simply rebranding all stations as "Enco" but that was shelved when it was learned that "Enco" is a Japanese abbreviation of "engine failure." (エンジン故障, ''enjinkoshou'')

In order to create a unified brand, the company changed its corporate name from ''Jersey Standard'' to ''Exxon'', rebranding all its U.S. stations under the latter title in the summer and fall of 1972 following the successful test marketing of the Exxon brand and logo in late 1971 and early 1972 at rebranded Enco/Esso stations in certain U.S. cities. However, the unrestricted international use of the popular brand ''Esso'' prompted the company to continue using ''Esso'' outside of the USA. ''Esso'' is the only widely used Standard Oil brand left in existence. Other Standard Oil descendants, such as [[BP]] and [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], do however maintain a few stations with the ''Standard Oil'' brand in specific states in order to retain their trademarks and prevent others from using them.

The rectangular ''Exxon'' logo with the blue strip at the bottom and red lettering with the two "X's" interlinked together was designed by noted industrial stylist [[Raymond Loewy]]. The interlinked "X's" are incorporated in the modern-day ExxonMobil logo.

==History==

Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of the old [[John D. Rockefeller]] monopoly, Standard Oil. In 1911, after a [[United States Supreme Court]] ruling which upheld a federal court order to dissolve it, the [[Standard Oil Trust]] was split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were [[Standard Oil of New Jersey|Jersey Standard]], which eventually became Exxon, and [[Socony]] ("Standard Oil Company of New York"), which eventually became Mobil.

In the same year, the nation's [[kerosene]] output was eclipsed for the first time by [[gasoline]]. The growing [[automobile|automotive]] market inspired the product [[trademark]] Mobiloil, registered by Socony in 1920.

Over the next decade, both companies grew significantly. Jersey Standard acquired a 50 percent interest in [http://www.humble-inc.com/humblehistory.htm Humble Oil & Refining Co.], a [[Texas]] oil producer. Socony purchased a 45 percent interest in [[Magnolia Petroleum Co.]], a major refiner, marketer and pipeline transporter. In 1931, Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Co., an industry pioneer dating back to 1866 and a growing Standard Oil spin-off in its own right.

In the [[Asia]]-[[Pacific]] region, Jersey Standard had oil production and refineries in [[Indonesia]] but no marketing network. Socony-Vacuum had Asian marketing outlets supplied remotely from California. In 1933, Jersey Standard and Socony-Vacuum merged their interests in the region into a 50-50 joint venture. Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., or "Stanvac," operated in 50 countries, from [[East Africa]] to [[New Zealand]], before it was dissolved in 1962.

Mobil Chemical Company was established in 1960. As of 1999 its principal products included basic [[olefin]]s and [[aromatic]]s, [[ethylene glycol]] and [[polyethylene]]. The company produced synthetic lubricant base stocks as well as lubricant additives, [[propylene]] packaging films and [[catalysis|catalysts]]. Exxon Chemical Company became a worldwide organization in 1965 and in 1999 was a major producer and marketer of olefins, aromatics, polyethylene and [[polypropylene]] along with specialty lines such as [[elastomer]]s, [[plasticizer]]s, [[solvent]]s, process fluids, [[oxo alcohol]]s and [[adhesive]] [[resin]]s. The company was an industry leader in [[metallocene catalyst]] technology to make unique polymers with improved performance.

In 1955 Socony-Vacuum became Socony Mobil Oil Co. and in 1966 simply Mobil Oil Corp. A decade later, the newly incorporated Mobil Corporation absorbed Mobil Oil as a wholly owned subsidiary. Jersey Standard changed its name to Exxon Corporation in 1972 and established Exxon as a trademark throughout the [[United States]]. In other parts of the world, Exxon and its affiliated companies continued to use its Esso trademark.

On [[March 24]] [[1989]], shortly after midnight, the oil tanker [[Exxon Valdez]] struck [[Bligh Reef]] in [[Prince William Sound]], [[Alaska]], [[Exxon Valdez oil spill|spilling more than 11 million gallons (42,000 m&sup3;) of crude oil]]. The spill was the largest in U.S. history, and in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] passed the [[Oil Pollution Act of 1990]]. At the time of the spill, Exxon paid $300 million immediately and voluntarily to more than 11,000 Alaskans and businesses affected by the Valdez spill. In addition, the company paid $2.2 billion on the cleanup of Prince William Sound, staying with the cleanup from 1989 to 1992, when the State of Alaska and the U.S. Coast Guard declared the cleanup complete. Exxon also has paid $1 billion in settlements with the state and federal governments. Virtually all Valdez compensatory damages were paid in full within one year of the accident, and the trial court commended Exxon for coming forward "with its people and its pocketbook and doing what had to be done under difficult circumstances." However, Exxon has yet to pay up for the largest punitive ruling against it, which is currently set at $4.5 billion, as the assessment is under appeal. The punitive damages were set by a Federal court judge in Anchorage,and have twice been vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals as excessive.

In 1998, Exxon and Mobil signed a US$73.7 billion definitive agreement to merge and form a new company called Exxon Mobil Corporation, the largest company on the planet. After [[shareholder]] and regulatory approvals, the merger was completed [[November 30]], [[1999]] (the deal was announced the next day).

In 2000, ExxonMobil sold the Benicia, California refinery and 340 Exxon-branded stations to [[Valero Energy Corporation]], as part of an FTC-mandated divestiture of California assets. ExxonMobil continues to supply petroleum product to over 700 Mobil-branded retail outlets in the state.

In 2005, its stock price surged in parallel with rising oil prices, surpassing [[General Electric]] as the largest corporation in the world in terms of market capitalization. At the end of 2005 ExxonMobil reported record profits, reporting U.S$36 billion in annual income, up 42% from last year. The company and the [[American Petroleum Institute]], the Oil and Chemical industry's lobbying apparatus, however tried to downplay its success in order to avoid criticism from consumers by putting up page long ads in major newspapers across the U.S such as [[The New York Times]], [[The Washington Post]], etc... comparing Oil Industry profits to that of other large industries such as Pharmaceuticals and Banks. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/business/31exxon.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4662474.stm]

Exxon's long-time mascot is a [[Tiger]]; Mobil's mascot is a [[Pegasus]] which dates back to the late 19th century and is one of the oldest marketing symbols still in use.

ExxonMobil now has the most assets in the world, and generated 246.7 billion dollars in total revenue for 2003.

==Accuse contro la ExxonMobil==

ExxonMobil's activities in the [[Indonesia]]n territory of [[Aceh]], where the company extracts and exports [[natural gas]], have attracted scrutiny. In June 2001, ExxonMobil became the target of a lawsuit in the Federal District Court of the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], under the [[Alien Tort Claims Act]]. The suit alleged that the company knowingly assisted human rights violations, including [[torture]], [[murder]] and [[rape]], by employing and providing material support to Indonesian military forces, who committed the alleged offenses in [[Aceh]]. Human rights complaints involving ExxonMobil's relationship with the Indonesian military first arose in 1992; numerous inquiries have found evidence of human rights violations on ExxonMobil property and/or committed by Indonesian troops guarding ExxonMobil facilities. The company denies these accusations and filed a motion to dismiss the suit, which is still pending [[as of 2005]]. The [[U.S. State Department]] filed an opinion in the case in July 2002, requesting that the suit, brought by the [[International Labor Rights Fund]], be dismissed on national security grounds. [http://www.amnestyusa.org/justearth/indonesia.html]

ExxonMobil controls concessions covering 11 million acres (44,500 km&sup2;) off the coast of [[Angola]] that hold an estimated 7.5 billion barrels (1.2 km&sup3;) of crude. [http://www2.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/Newsroom/Newsreleases/Corp_xom_nr_071201.asp] Questions have been raised about ExxonMobil's actions in securing these concessions&mdash;[[Forbes Magazine]] alleging that "ExxonMobil handed hundreds of millions of dollars to the corrupt regime of President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] in the late 1990s". [http://www.forbes.com/forbes/free_forbes/2003/0428/084.html]

In 2003, the [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] reported that ExxonMobil engaged in illegal trade with [[Sudan]] and along with dozens of other companies had to settle with the United States government for US$50,000 [http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/04/14/enemy.trading/index.html].

[[Image:Parody-of-esso-logo.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Parody of Esso logo produced for the Stop E$$O campaign]]

ExxonMobil is regarded by many [[environmentalism|environmental activists]] as an example of utter corporate irresponsibility and disregard for environmental concerns by US-based corporations. The company has been a target for a number of political campaigns, including the [[Stop Esso campaign]], held by [[Greenpeace]], [[Friends of the Earth]] and [[People and Planet]], and aimed at [[boycott]]ing Esso. These organisations commonly parody the company's brandname as "E$$O", an example of [[alternative political spellings|alternative political spelling]], to indicate their belief that the company is only interested in short-term profit, and is willing to use its financial power to buy influence. A new environmental movement in the form of [[Exxpose Exxon]] has emerged to highlight ExxonMobil's stances on global warming, alternative energies, as well as lack of reparations yet awarded to the native americans affected by the [[Exxon Valdez]] oil spill in Alaska. Unlike other major oil companies such as Royal Dutch Shell and BP, Exxon is one of the few that has actively fought the [[Kyoto Protocol]] and disputed scientific opinion on global [[climate change]]. [[Exxon-Mobil]] is highly criticized for funding climate change research, such as the work of the Oregon Institute for Science and Medicine and grand sounding institutions having only a handful of employees and volunteers [http://www.oism.org/]. ExxonMobil has also been a leading campaigner in the yet-unsuccessful bid to open the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]] to oil drilling, a move that environmentalists say will destroy the region's fragile ecology.

Greenpeace has been campaigning against Esso for many years and its main reasons for doing so include ExxonMobil's position on the issue of climate change. Greenpeace claims that ExxonMobil has flatly refused to believe that the burning of fossil fuels has any negative effect on the environment or climate change as a whole, despite these theories being accepted by most of the scientific community.

[[Kellogg Company|Kelloggs]] sued Exxon based on a claim that the Tiger mascot looked like [[Tony the Tiger]].

==Diversity==

ExxonMobil received a 14% rating from the [[Human Rights Campaign]]'s Corporate Equality Index in 2004. The company had previously lost points because after the merger it failed to adopt some of the [[LGBT]]-friendly policies previously put into place at Mobil. Moreover, sexual orientation was taken off the list of protected classes in the ExxonMobil non-discrimination policy following Mobil's merger with Exxon, and when shareholders were asked to put the issue to a vote, a vast supermajority of shareholders (over 70%) rejected proposals for special treatment based on sexual orientation.

Domestic partner benefits were ended following Mobil's merger with Exxon. Mobil employees who already had DP benefits were allowed to keep them, but other employees could not add their DPs to the benefit plans after the merger. ExxonMobil does offer DP benefits in countries where [[same-sex marriage]] is legal.

==Corporate governance==

The current Chairman of the Board and CEO of Exxon Mobil Corporation is [[Rex Tillerson]]. Tillerson assumed the top position on [[January 1]], [[2006]] on the retirement of long-time chairman and CEO, [[Lee Raymond]].

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===Consiglio di amministrazione===

Gli attuali membri del [[consiglio di amministrazione]] della ExxonMobil sono:

*[[Michael Boskin]]

*[[William W. George]]

*[[James R. Houghton]]

*[[William R. Howell]]

*[[Reatha King]]

*[[Philip Lippincott]]

*[[Henry McKinnell, Jr.]]

*[[Marilyn Nelson]]

*[[Walter Shipley]]

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==External links==

===General information===

*[http://www.exxonmobil.com/ ExxonMobil corporate website]

**[http://www.exxon.com Exxon USA website]

**[http://www.mobil.com Mobil global website]

**[http://www.esso.com Esso global website]

*[http://www.us-highways.com/sohist.htm History of Standard Oil spinoffs and their brands]

* [http://www.knowmore.org/index.php/Exxonmobil Exxonmobil] entry at [http://www.knowmore.org Knowmore.org]

===ExxonMobil responses to issues===

*[http://www.exxonmobil.com/Global-English/HR/Operations/HR_GL_Proud_ethics.asp ExxonMobil Web Page on Business Ethics & Standards]

*[http://www.exxonmobil.com/Europe-English/Citizen/Eu_VP_climate.asp ExxonMobil Web Page on Climate Change]

*[http://www.exxonmobileurope.com/Corporate/Newsroom/Newsreleases/xom_nr_071003.asp ExxonMobil Web Page on Domestic Partner Policies]

*[http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/Newsroom/NewsReleases/Corp_NR_Valdez.asp ExxonMobil Web Page on Valdez Oil Spill]

===Funding given by ExxonMobil===

*[http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/files/corporate/giving_report.pdf Exxon's list of funded organizations].

*[http://www.buyblue.org/node/869/view/summary ExxonMobil's Corporate political contributions]

*[[Greenpeace]]'s [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/listorganizations.php list of organizations] that have received funds from Exxon, with evidence of that funding.

*''[[Mother Jones]]''' overview, May 2005, [http://www.motherjones.com/news/featurex/2005/05/exxon_chart.html "Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank"]

===Anti ExxonMobil Websites===

*[http://www.stopesso.org Stop Esso]

*[http://www.exxposeexxon.com ExxposeExxon]

*[http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/climate/climatecriminals/esso/index.cfm Greenpeace UK's page on Esso]

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