Anne Frank House and 2G: Difference between pages

Revision as of 14:00, 31 January 2007

Revision as of 20:51, 6 February 2007

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[[Image:AnneFrankHouseAmsterdam.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The canal-side [[façade]] of the former Opekta building on the [[Prinsengracht]] canal in 2002. The hiding place (the ''Achterhuis'') was at the rear.]]

[[Image:Anne-frank-haus.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The (reconstructed) bookshelf that covered the entrance to the ''Achterhuis'']]

[[Image:Anne_Frank_House.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The rear of the building, photographed from the enclosed courtyard behind the house.]]

The '''Anne Frank House''' on the [[Prinsengracht]] in [[Amsterdam]], [[The Netherlands]], is a [[museum]] dedicated to [[Judaism|Jewish]] wartime diarist [[Anne Frank]], who hid from [[Nazism|Nazi]] persecution with her family and four other people in hidden rooms at the rear of the building. As well as the preservation of the hiding place — known as the ''Achterhuis'' — and an exhibition on the life and times of Anne Frank, the museum acts as an exhibition space to highlight all forms of persecution and [[discrimination]].

{{Table Mobile phone standards}}

It opened on [[May 3]], [[1960]] with the aid of public subscription, three years after a foundation was established to protect the property from developers who wanted to demolish the block.

'''2G''' (or 2-G) is short for second-generation [[wireless]] [[telephone]] [[technology]].

The main differentiator to previous mobile telephone systems, retrospectively dubbed [[1G]], is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are [[Analog signal|analog]], while 2G networks are [[digital]]. Note that both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.

==History of the house==

The house — and the one next door at number 265, which was later purchased by the museum — were built by Dirk van Delft in [[1635]]. The canal-side facade dates from a renovation of [[1739]] when the rear annex was demolished and the taller one which now stands built in its place. It was originally a private residence, then a warehouse, and in the [[19th century|nineteenth century]], the front warehouse with its wide stable-like doors was used to house horses. At the start of the [[20th century]] a manufacturer of household appliances occupied the building, succeeded in [[1930]] by a producer of piano rolls, who vacated the property by [[1939]]. On [[December 1]] [[1940]] Anne's father [[Otto Frank]] moved the offices of the spice and gelling companies he worked for, [[Opekta]] and Pectacon, from an address on the [[Singel (Amsterdam)|Singel]] canal to Prinsengracht 263.

== Flavours of 2G ==

The ground floor consisted of three sections; the front was the goods and despatch entrance, behind it in the middle section were the spice mills, and at the rear, which was the ground floor of the annexe, was the warehouse where the goods were packed for distribution. On the first floor above were the offices of Frank's employees; [[Miep Gies]], [[Bep Voskuijl]] and [[Johannes Kleiman]] in the front office; [[Victor Kugler]] in the middle; with Otto Frank in the rear office above the warehouse and below the floors which would later hide him and his family for two years until their betrayal to the Nazi authorities.

2G technologies can be divided into [[Time division multiple access|TDMA]]-based and [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]]-based standards depending on the type of [[multiplexing]] used. The main 2G standards are:

The ''Achterhuis'' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]] for "back house") or Secret Annex — as it was called in ''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]'', an English translation of the diary — is the rear extension of the building. It was concealed from view by houses on all four sides of a quadrangle. Its secluded position made it an ideal hiding place for [[Otto Frank]], his wife [[Edith Frank-Holländer|Edith]], two daughters (of whom Anne was the youngest), and four other Jewish people seeking refuge from Nazi persecution. Though the total amount of floor space in the habitated rooms came to only about 500 square feet, Anne Frank wrote in her diary that it was relatively luxurious compared to other hiding places they had heard about. They remained hidden here for two years and one month until they were anonymously betrayed to the Nazi authorities, arrested, and deported to their deaths in concentration camps. Of the hidden group only Otto Frank survived the war.

* [[GSM]] (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used worldwide (Time Division Multiple Access)

After those in hiding were arrested the hiding place was cleared by order of the arresting officers and all the remaining contents (clothes, furniture, and personal belongings) of the Frank family and their friends were seized as Government property and distributed to bombed-out families in [[Germany]]. Before the building was cleared Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl, who had helped hide the families, returned to the hiding place against the orders of the Dutch police and rescued some personal effects. Amongst the items they retrieved was the diary of Anne Frank.

* [[iDEN]] (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by [[Nextel]] in the [[United States]] and [[Telus Mobility]] in [[Canada]]

* [[IS-136]] ''aka'' [[D-AMPS]], (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply [[Time division multiple access|TDMA]] in the US), used in the Americas

* [[IS-95]] ''aka'' [[IS-95|cdmaOne]], (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply [[CDMA]] in the US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia

* [[Personal Digital Cellular|PDC]] (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan

2G services are frequently referred as [[Personal Communications Service]], or '''PCS''', in the US.

After Otto Frank returned to Amsterdam he was given Anne's diaries and papers, and subsequently compiled selections into a book published in Dutch in [[1947]] under the title ''Het Achterhuis'', which Anne had chosen as the name of a future memoir or novel based on her experiences in hiding. Achterhuis is a Dutch architectural term referring to a Back-house (used comparatively with Voorhuis meaning Front-house), however when the English translation began production it was realised that many English speaking readers might not be familiar with the term and it was decided that a more evocative term (the 'Secret Annexe') would better convey the building's hidden position.

[[2.5G]] services enable high-speed data transfer over upgraded existing 2G networks. Beyond 2G, there's [[3G]], with higher data speeds, and [[4G]], with even higher data speeds, to enable new services for subscribers, such as picture messaging and video telephony.

Visitors who wanted to see the secret rooms started coming to the house shortly after the book was published and many were informally shown around by the employees who had hidden the families. But by [[1955]] the company had moved to new premises and the entire block to which the building belonged was sold to a single estate agent who served a demolition order with the intention of building a factory on the space. A campaign to save the building and have it listed as a protected property was started by the Dutch paper ''Het Vrije Volk'' on [[November 23]] [[1955]]. Campaigners staged a protest outside the building on the day of demolition and the property received a stay of execution. The Anne Frank Foundation was set up by Otto Frank and Johannes Kleiman on [[May 3]] [[1957]] with the primary aim of collecting enough funds to purchase and restore the building. In October of that year the company who owned it donated the building to the Foundation as a goodwill gesture. The collected funds were then used to purchase the house next door, Number 265, shortly before the remaining buildings on the block were pulled down as planned and the building was opened to the public in [[1960]].

== Capacities, Advantages, Disadvantages ==

==Restoration and expansion==

=== Capacity ===

From the outset the former hiding place of Anne Frank attracted a huge amount of interest, especially as translations and dramatisations of the Diary had made her a figure known throughout the world. Over 9,000 visitors came in its first year. In a decade there were twice as many. Over the years the building has had to be renovated to protect it from such large visitor numbers, and as a result it closed temporarily in [[1970]] and in [[1999]].

Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases [[system capacity]] in two key ways:

On [[September 28]] [[1999]] [[Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands]] reopened the museum, which now incorporated the entire building between exhibition spaces, a bookshop, and a cafe, and featured the offices in the front house reconstructed to their state in the [[1940s]]. In [[2004]] nearly a million people came through the museum.

* Digital voice data can be compressed and [[Multiplexing|multiplexed]] much more effectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various [[CODEC]]s, allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio [[bandwidth]].

* The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This meant that [[Cellular network|cell]]s could be smaller, so more cells could be placed in the same amount of space. This was also made possible by [[cell tower]]s and related equipment getting less expensive.

=== See alsoAdvantages ===

Digital systems were embraced by consumers for several reasons.

* [[Anne Frank]]

* The lower powered radio signals require less battery power, so phones last much longer between charges, and batteries can be smaller.

* [[People associated with Anne Frank]]

* The digital voice encoding allowed digital [[ECC|error checking]] which could increase sound quality by reducing [[dynamic]] and lowering the [[noise floor]].

* [[Anne Frank Tree]]

* The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.

* [[List of tourist attractions in Amsterdam]]

* Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as [[Short message service|SMS]] and [[email]].

TIMMONS WANTS TO ROLL AROUND IN MRS DURANS POOP AND SMOKE ASHES!!!

A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are much harder to [[eavesdrop]] on by use of [[radio scanner]]s. While the [[security algorithm]]s used have proved to not be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than 1G phones, which have no protection whatsoever against eavesdropping.

==External link==

* [http://www.annefrank.org/content.asp?pid=3&lid=2/ Museum website]

=== Disadvantages ===

[[Category:Anne Frank]]

The downsides of 2G systems, not often well publicized, are:

[[Category:Museums in Amsterdam]]

* In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal will not be sufficient to reach a cell tower.

[[Category:Holocaust museums]]

* Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional [[dropouts]]. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.

[[Category:People museums in the Netherlands]]

* Despite the coverage maps provided by major phone companies, as of 2006 digital coverage in many areas is spotty at best.

* With analog systems it was possible to have two or more [[Clone (cellphone)|"cloned"]] handsets that had the same phone number. This was widely abused for [[Fraud|fraudulent purposes]]. It was, however, of great advantage in many legitimate situations. One could have a backup handset in case of damage or loss, a permanently installed handset in a car or remote workshop, and so on. With digital systems, this is no longer possible.

* While digital calls tend to be free of [[static]] and [[background noise]], the [[lossy compression]] used by the CODECs takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced. You'll hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking on a digital cellphone, but you will hear it more clearly.

[[Category:mobile telephony standards]]

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