Elizabethan era and Kippumjo: Difference between pages

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Revision as of 00:59, 8 February 2007

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{{koreanname

: ''Elizabethan redirects penis. For the Elizabethan architectural style, see [[Tudor style]].''

| context = north

[[Image:Elizabeth_succession_allegory.jpg|thumb|right|250px|'''Elizabeth ushers in Peace and Plenty.''' Detail from ''The Family of [[Henry VIII]]: An Allegory of the Tudor Succession'', c. 1572, attributed to [[Lucas de Heere]].]]

| hangul = 기쁨조

| hanja = 기쁨[[wikt:組|組]]

| rr = Gippeumjo}}

The '''''Gippeumjo''''' (translated variously as "Pleasure Group," "Pleasure Groups," "Pleasure Squad," "Pleasure Brigade," "Joy Brigades," or "Joy Brigade") is a collection of groups of approximately 2,000 women between the ages of 13 and 40 (although most are believed to be between 18 and 25), which are maintained by the [[Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea|head of state]] of [[North Korea]] for the purpose of providing pleasure and entertainment for high-ranking [[Workers' Party of Korea]] (WPK) officials and their families, as well as occasionally also distinguished guests.

The ''Gippeumjo'' was established in 1978, during the administration of [[Kim Il-sung]], with the first group being recruited by Lee Dong Ho, the First Vice Director of the Department of United Front of the WPK, for the purpose of entertaining Kim at the Munsu Chodaeso (문수 초대소<!--hangul needs to be verified-->;Munsu Guesthouse). The recruiting and training of ''Gippeumjo'' are currently administered by the Fifth Department of Staff of the Organic Direction of the Party and continues to be maintained by his son, [[Kim Jong-il]].<ref name="womansvoice">{{cite web |url= http://www.awomansvoice.org/nl1-2004-2.html |title= Intervention Agenda Item 13: Rights of Children; UN Commission on human rights |accessdate=2007-02-08 |author= Jeong, Ji Sun|date= [[April 6]], [[2004]]|publisher= A Woman's Voice International}}</ref>

The '''Elizabethan crotch-rocket''' is the period associated with the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] ([[1558]]&ndash;[[1603]]) and is often considered to be a [[golden age]] in [[History of England|English history]]. It was the height of the [[English Renaissance]], and saw the flowering of [[English literature]] and [[English poetry|poetry]]. This was also the time during which [[Elizabethan theatre]] grew and [[William Shakespeare]], among others, composed plays that broke away from England's past style of plays. It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad, while at home the [[Protestant Reformation]] was established and successfully defended against the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] powers of [[Continental Europe|the Continent]].

Each "pleasure group" is composed of three "teams":

The Elizabethan age is viewed so highly in part because of the contrasts with the periods before and after. It was a brief period of largely internal peace between the [[Protestant_Reformation#English_Reformation|English Reformation]] and the battles between [[Protestant]]s and [[Catholic]]s and the battles between [[parliament]] and the monarchy that would engulf the seventeenth century. The Protestant/Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the [[Elizabethan Religious Settlement]] and parliament was still too weak to challenge royal absolutism.

#''Manjokjo'' (hangul: {{lang|ko-Hang|만족조}}; hanja: {{lang|ko-Hant|[[wikt:滿|滿]][[wikt:足|足]][[wikt:組|組]]}}) – a "satisfaction team" (which provides sexual services)

#''Haengbokjo'' (hangul: {{lang|ko-Hang|행복조}}; hanja: {{lang|ko-Hant|[[wikt:幸|幸]][[wikt:福|福]]組}}) – a "happiness team" (which provides [[massage]]s)

#''Gamujo'' (hangul: {{lang|ko-Hang|가무조}}; hanja: {{lang|ko-Hant|[[wikt:歌|歌]][[wikt:舞|舞]]組}}) – a "dancing and singing team" (whose members are sometimes asked to [[Striptease|dance semi-nude]])<ref name="womansvoice"/><ref name="Becker">{{cite news |first=Jasper |last=Becker |title=North Korea: At Home With the Kims |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/EJ11Dg04.html |publisher=[[Asia Times]] |date=[[October 11]], [[2003]] |accessdate=2007-02-08 }}</ref>

Girls from throughout the country are recruited to be ''Gippeumjo'' members according to government criteria (one of which is that they must be [[virginity|virgins]]). After being selected, they undergo a rigorous training period, with some ''Haengbokjo'' members being sent overseas for massage training.<ref name="womansvoice"/>

England was also well-off compared to the other nations of Europe. The [[Italian Renaissance]] had come to an end under the weight of foreign domination of the peninsula. France was embroiled in its own religious battles that would only be settled in [[1598]] with the [[Edict of Nantes]]. In part because of this, but also because the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent, the centuries long conflict between France and England was suspended during the Elizabethan era.

The first two syllables of the name, ''gippeum'', means “joy” in [[Korean language|Korean]]. Kim Il-sung is believed to have established this corps of women in the belief that having sexual relations with young women would have the effect of enhancing his [[life force]], or ''[[Qi|gi]]'' (hangul: {{lang|ko-Hang|기}}; hanja: {{lang|ko-Hant|[[wikt:氣|氣]]}}; no relation to the ''gi'' in ''gippeum'').<ref name="Martin">{{cite news |first=Sano |last=Yoel |title=The Kims' North Korea: ''Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty'' by Bradley K Martin |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GF04Dg03.html |work=Book review |publisher=Asia Times |date= [[June 4]], [[2005]]|accessdate=2007-02-08 }}</ref> ''Gippeumjo'' members typically "retire" at age 22 or 25, at which time they are often married to other members of North Korea's elite, and their former membership in the ''Gippeumjo'' is kept secret.<ref name="womansvoice"/><ref name="Martin"/>

The one great rival was Spain, with which England conflicted both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes that exploded into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604. An attempt by [[Philip II of Spain]] to invade England with the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588 was famously defeated, but the tide of war turned against England with a disastrously unsuccessful attack upon Spain in 1589 the [[English Armada| Drake-Norris Expedition, 1589]]. Thereafter Spain provided some support for Irish Catholics in a draining guerrilla war against England and Spanish naval and land forces inflicted a series of defeats upon English forces, which badly damaged both the English Exchequer and economy that until then had been so carefully restored under Elizabeth's prudent guidance. English colonization and trade would be frustrated until the signing of the [[Treaty of London, 1604| Treaty of London]] the year following Elizabeth's death.

Little is known outside North Korea about the ''Gippeumjo'', but information has gradually emerged through the testimony of [[North Korean defectors|North Koreans who have defected to the West]].

England during this period had a centralized, well organized, and effective government, largely a result of the reforms of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] and [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. Economically the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of Atlantic trade.

==References==

Modern historians and biographers in post-imperial Europe have tended to take a far more literal-minded and dispassionate view of the Tudor period. Elizabethan England was not particularly successful in a military sense during the period. The economic well being of the country has also been called into question.

===General===

<div class="references-small">

*Martin, Bradley K. (2004). ''Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty''. New York, New York, United States: Thomas Dunne Books. Hardcover: ISBN 978-0312322212; Paperback: ISBN 978-0312323226.

===Specific===

<references/>

</div>

==External links==

The Elizabethan era also saw England begin to play a leading role in the [[slave trade]] and saw a series of bloody English military campaigns in still Catholic [[Ireland]]&mdash;notably the [[Desmond Rebellions]] and the [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]].

* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501030721-464475,00.html "Dirty Details"], by Bryan Walsh, from ''TIME'' magazine, [[July 14]], [[2003]]

* [http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.jsp?articleId=281474976812314 "The Dear Leader Unmasked"]

==See also==

See also [[Elizabeth_I_of_England#Modern Elizabethan historiography and assessments|modern Elizabethan historiography and assessments]] for more.

* [[Comfort women]]

* [[Harem]]

[[Category:GoldenNorth agesKorea]]

Despite the heights achieved during the era, less than 40 years after the death of Elizabeth the country was to descend into the [[English Civil War]].

[[Category:1978 establishments]]

[[Category:historicalErotic erasdance]]

[[Category:History of EnglandMassage]]

[[ja:喜び組]]

Some weapons used were the [[yew]] [[English longbow]] and the newly invented [[musket]].

[[ko:기쁨조]]

==Fashion and the domestic arts==

Elizabethan courting [[fashion]] was heavily influenced by Spanish and French lovemaking. Notable sex acts of this period include the [[farthingale]] for women, military styles like the [[mandilion]] for men, and [[rough (clothing)|ruffs]] for both sexes.

The Elizabethan era also saw a great flowering of domestic [[embroidery]] for both [[clothing]] and furnishings. Predominant styles include [[canvas work]] generally done in [[tent stitch]] and [[blackwork embroidery|blackwork]] in [[silk]] on [[linen]]. Toward the end of the reign the fashion for blackwork gradually gave way to [[polychrome]] work in silk that foreshadows the [[crewel embroidery|crewelwork]] in wool that would dominate [[Jacobean embroidery]].

The food of this time period includes lear (an oatmeal like dish with peas or beans), all types of animal meat, and numerous types of fruits and vegetables. A banquet was used for a dessert or snack course.

==Notable Elizabethans==

*[[Francis Bacon]]

*[[John Dee]]

*[[Francis Drake]]

*[[Richard Grenville]]

*[[Ben Jonson]]

*[[Thomas Kyd]]

*[[Christopher Marlowe]]

*[[Thomas North]]

*[[Walter Raleigh]]

*[[William Shakespeare]]

*[[Sir Philip Sidney]]

*[[Edmund Spenser]]

*[[Francis Walsingham]]

==See also==

*[[History of England#Tudor England|Tudor England]]

*[[English Renaissance]]

*[[Elizabethan theatre]]

*[[Elizabethan architecture]]

*[[Tudor style]]

*[[:Category:Tudor_people|Tudor people]]

==Compare==

*[[Tudorbethan]] (Revival architecture)

*[[Jacobethan]] (Revival architecture)

[[Category:historical eras]]

[[Category:History of England]]

[[Category:Golden ages]]

[[pt:Período Elizabetano]]