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m aggiungo nr. tracce x il formato 12"
 
Riga 1:
{{s|singoli pop|singoli rock}}
[[File:Boston latin school exterior front wide.jpg|300 px|right|thumb|L'attuale sede della scuola, in Avenue Louis Pasteur]]
{{Album
La '''Boston Latin School''' è una scuola superiore di [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. Fondata nel 1635, è la più antica scuola scuola superiore degli [[Stati Uniti d'America]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.org/cfml/l3tmpl_history.cfm|title=History of Boston Latin School—oldest public school in America|publisher=Boston Latin School|accessdate=2007-06-01|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070502223937/http://www.bls.org/cfml/l3tmpl_history.cfm |archivedate=2 maggio 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015836/Boston-Latin-School|title=Boston Latin School|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online
|titolo = Broken Land
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/freedomtrail/firstpublic.asp|title=First Public School Site and Ben Franklin Statue|publisher=City of Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Boston Latin School|url=http://www.nndb.com/edu/712/000068508/
|titoloalfa =
|publisher=NNDB}}</ref>.
|artista = The Adventures
La ''Public Latin School'' è stata un caposaldo dell'educazione dei figli dell<nowiki>'</nowiki>''élite'' di Boston e del [[New England]] (i cosiddetti ''Boston Brahmins''). Il corso di studi segue il modello delle ''latin schools'' del Settecento, per il quale le materie classiche (latino e greco) costituiscono la base dell'educazione. Quattro di latino sono tuttora obbligatori per gli allievi che iniziano la frequenza dalla settima classe (circa a dodici anni), mentre sono obbligatori solo tre anni di latino per chi frequenta la scuola dalla nona classe (circa a quattordici anni).
|voce artista =
|featuring =
|tipo album = Singolo
|giornomese = aprile
|anno = 1988
|postdata =
|etichetta = [[Elektra Records]]
|produttore =
|durata = 5:00 (LP)/4:07 (singolo)
|genere = Pop
|genere2 = Rock
|genere3 = Pop rock
|genere4 = Synth pop
|genere5 =
|genere6 =
|genere7 =
|album di provenienza = [[The Sea of Love]]
|registrato = 1988
|formati = 7", 12"
|numero di dischi = 1
|numero di tracce = 2/3
|numero dischi di platino =
|numero dischi d'oro =
|note =
|precedente = Two Rivers
|anno precedente = 1985
|successivo = [[Drowning in the Sea of Love (The Adventures) |Drowning in the Sea of Love]]
|anno successivo = 1988
}}
'''''Broken Land''''' è un [[singolo discografico|singolo]] del [[gruppo musicale]] nordirlandese [[The Adventures]], pubblicato nell'aprile 1988 come primo estratto dal loro secondo album ''[[The Sea of Love]]''<ref name=kutner> {{cita web|lingua=en|url= https://www.jonkutner.com/broken-land-the-adventures/|titolo= Broken Land (The Adventures) |sito = Jon Kutner|accesso=30 luglio 2019}}</ref><ref name=hpch1> {{cita web|lingua=de|url= https://hitparade.ch/song/The-Adventures/Broken-Land-14156|titolo=The Adventures - Broken Land |sito = Hit Parade.ch|accesso=30 luglio 2019}}</ref><ref name=shs> {{cita web|lingua=en|url= https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/96523 |titolo=The Adventures - Broken Land |sito = [[Second Hand Songs]]|accesso=30 luglio 2019}}</ref><ref name=discogs1> {{cita web|lingua=en|url=https://www.discogs.com/The-Adventures-Broken-Land/master/80736 |titolo=The Adventures - Broken Land|sito = [[Discogs]]|accesso=30 luglio 2019}}</ref><ref name=oc> {{cita web|lingua=en|url= https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/21916/adventures/|titolo=The Adventures - Singles|sito = Official Charts|accesso=30 luglio 2019}}</ref>. Autore del brano ''Broken Land'' è il componente del gruppo [[Pat Gribben]]<ref name=kutner/><ref name=hpch1/><ref name=shs/><ref name=discogs1/>; il singolo fu prodotto da [[Garry Bell]]<ref name=hpch1/> e pubblicato su etichetta [[Elektra Records]]<ref name=hpch1/><ref name=discogs1/><ref name=discogs2> {{cita web|lingua=en|url=https://www.discogs.com/The-Adventures-Broken-Land/release/4510066 |titolo=The Adventures - Broken Land (12", Europe)|sito = [[Discogs]]|accesso=30 luglio 2019}}</ref>.
 
''Broken Land'' fu il brano andato in onda più volte nella radio della [[BBC]] del 1988<ref name=kutner/>.
==Storia==
[[File:Boston Latin School original.jpg|200 px|right|thumb|La prima sede della scuola, nel 1635]]
[[File:BLS SECOND SCHOOL HOUSE ON SOUTH SIDE OF SCHOOL STREET.jpg|200px|right|thumb|La seconda sede, in School Street, che ha ospitato la scuola dal 1812 al 1844]]
[[File:BLS Bedford Street School House.jpg|200px|right|thumb|La terza sede, quella di Bedford Street, attiva dal 1844 al 1881]]
[[File:BLS HALL OF THE BEDFORD STREET SCHOOL HOUSE.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Aula nella sede di Bedford Street]]
[[File:1920 English High School Boston 2589540239.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Quarta sede della ''Boston Latin School'', condivisa con la ''English High School'', in Warren Avenue: aperta dal 1881 al 1922]]
I [[Puritani]] davano molta importanza all'educazione, a qualunque età, cominciando a casa, con lo scopo principale di poter leggere la [[Bibbia]], che era usata per l'educazione morale e spirituale. Gli stessi capi puritani erano abituati ad un alto livello culturale, dal momento che molti ministri erano laureati a [[Università di Oxford|Oxford]] o [[Università di Cambridge|Cambridge]] in [[Inghilterra]].
 
== Descrizione ==
Perciò fondarono presto la ''Boston Latin School'' come prima scuola della colonia e la modellarono sulle ''Latin Schools'' europee, che si concentravano sullo studio della religione, del latino e della letteratura classica<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jeynes|first1=William H.|title=American educational history : school, society, and the common good|date=2007|publisher=SAGE Publications|___location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.]|isbn=978-1412914215|pages=4, 6, 12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7hK-7CC7fMC&dq=boston+latin+was+founded+in+order+for&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=6 marzo 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Simon|first1=Christopher A.|title=To run a school : administrative organization and learning|date=2001|publisher=Praeger|___location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0275968342|page=8}}<!--|accessdate=6 marzo 2016--></ref>.
Il singolo rimase per 12 settimane nella classifica del [[Regno Unito]]<ref name=oc/>, dove raggiunse come posizione massima il 20° posto<ref name=oc/>.
Inizialmente la scuola era finanziata attraverso lo stato, ma grazie a donazioni e rendite terriere<ref name=vie>{{cite news | url = http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/11/27/schools_vie_for_honor_of_being_the_oldest/ | title = Schools vie for honor of being the oldest | first = Maria | last = Sacchetti | newspaper = The Boston Globe | date = 27 novembre 2005 | accessdate = 14 giugno 2016 }}</ref>.
 
== Tracce ==
English was not the dominant language of the world at that time, and the ability to read and speak more than one language was considered important for those who would excel. Therefore, the learning of Latin (considered to be the mother of [[Romance languages]]) was also a priority, as it was with grammar schools in England. Seventeenth-century schoolboys throughout Europe, Catholic or Protestant, learned Latin, which explains the "Latin" in "Boston Latin".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Howe|first1=Françoise Waquet. Translated by John|title=Latin or the empire of a sign : from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries|date=2002|publisher=Verso|___location=London|isbn=978-1859844021|page=22|edition=Paperback ed. 1. publ. by Verso.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgeV5UEKWggC&dq=boston+latin++was+called+latin+because+the+need+to+learn+latin+++language&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=6 March 2016}}</ref> The ability to read at least [[Cicero]] and [[Virgil]] was a requirement of all colonial colleges, and to write and speak such Latin in verse and prose was the first of the Harvard laws of 1642 (followed by Christian conversion).<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Harvard |url=http://www.allabouthistory.org/history-of-harvard.htm |website=AllAboutHistory.org |accessdate=6 March 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316155425/http://www.allabouthistory.org/history-of-harvard.htm |archivedate=16 March 2016 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Morison|first1=Samuel Eliot|title=The founding of the Harvard College|date=1968|publisher=Harvard University Press|___location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0674314504|page=333|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&dq=harvard+laws+1642+Laws+and+Statutes+for+Students+of+Harvard+College&q=make+and+speake+true+Latin+in+verse+and+prose#v=snippet&q=make%20and%20speake%20true%20Latin%20in%20verse%20and%20prose&f=false|accessdate=6 March 2016}}</ref> Boston Latin prepared many students for admission to Harvard, founded the year after BLS,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meckler|first1=ed. by Michael|title=Classical antiquity and the politics of America : from George Washington to George W. Bush|date=2006|publisher=Baylor Univ. Press|___location=Waco, Tex.|isbn=978-1932792324|page=18|edition=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yRGz_EeslQC&pg=PA18&dq=the+need+to+learn+latin+in+colonial+america+boston+latin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi79KCHqqzLAhUrkYMKHZUqAYwQ6AEISjAF#v=onepage&q=the%20need%20to%20learn%20latin%20in%20colonial%20america%20boston%20latin&f=false|accessdate=6 March 2016}}</ref> with a total of seven years (on long wooden benches) being devoted to the classics, and providing almost one seventh (29) of Harvard members during just one period (1771 through 1774).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=Conrad Edick|title=Revolutionary generation : Harvard men and the consequences of independence|date=2005|publisher=Univ. of Massachusetts Press|___location=Amherst [u.a.]|isbn=978-1558494848|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zltYMYvMvS0C&pg=PA26&dq=boston+latin+was+founded+in+order+for&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsuvOs5KzLAhUEr4MKHUX1AHQQ6AEIeDAO|accessdate=7 March 2016}}</ref> However, most graduates of Boston Latin did not go on to college since business and professions did not require collegiate training, which more basic learning provided for.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reese|first1=William J.|title=The origins of the American high school.|date=1999|publisher=Yale University Press|___location=New Haven|isbn=978-0300079432|page=3}}<!--|accessdate=6 March 2016--></ref>
; 7''<ref name=hpch1/><ref name=discogs1/>:
{{Tracce
|Titolo1 = Broken Land
|Autore testo e musica1 = [[Pat Gribben]]
|Durata1 = 4:07
|Titolo2 = Don't Stand on Me
|Durata2 = 4:45
}}
 
; 12" (Europa)<ref name=discogs2/>:
The School originally began as the South Grammar School,<ref>{{cite book|title=Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Volume 27|date=1932|publisher=Colonial Society of Massachusetts|isbn=|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iL0MAAAAYAAJ&q=The+North+Grammar+School+was+discontinued,+and+the+South+Grammar+School+became+known+as+the+%22Boston+Latin%22&dq=The+North+Grammar+School+was+discontinued,+and+the+South+Grammar+School+became+known+as+the+%22Boston+Latin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE6Pzes7fLAhUil4MKHUC9BggQ6AEIITAB|accessdate=11 March 2016}}</ref> and was specifically modeled after the [[Boston Grammar School]] in [[Lincolnshire]], [[England]], from where many of Boston's original settlers derived. Boston Latin has been a top feeder school for Harvard, and has consistently sent large numbers of its graduates to Harvard.
{{Tracce
|Titolo1 = Broken Land
|Autore testo e musica1 = Pat Gribben
|Note1 = LP Version
|Durata1 = 5:00
|Titolo2 = Don't Stand on Me
|Durata2 = 4:45
|Titolo3 = Broken Land
|Autore testo e musica3 = Pat Gribben
|Note3 = Acustic Version
|Durata3 = 5:20
}}
 
== Classifiche ==
During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] a cadet corps was founded. It was disbanded in the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://libertyyes.homestead.com/hankbrandli-14.html |title=Boston School Cadets |author1=Hank Brandli |date=September 30, 2004 |work=The Bulletin | accessdate=January 8, 2018}}</ref>
{|class= "wikitable "
! Classifica
! Posizione<br>massima
! Nr. di settimane
|-
| [[Australia]]
| align= "center "|45<ref name=oc/>
| align= "center "| 1<ref name=oc/>
|-
| [[Nuova Zelanda]]
| align= "center "|67<ref name=hpch1/>
| align= "center "| 6<ref name=hpch1/>
|-
| [[Regno Unito]]
| align= "center "|20<ref name=hpch1/>
| align= "center "|12<ref name=hpch1/>
|}
 
== Cover ==
The Latin School admitted only male students and hired only male teachers from its founding in 1635. The School's first female student was admitted in the 19th century. [[Helen Magill White]] was the school's first female graduate and first American woman to earn a [[doctorate]]. However, soon after White's graduation in 1877, the [[Boston Latin Academy|Girls' Latin School]] (later the co-ed Boston Latin Academy), was founded. For nearly a century, all qualified female students would attend that all-girls institution. It was not until 1972 that Boston Latin would admit its first [[co-educational]] class, 104 girls into a school with more than 2000 teenaged boys. It was a change vociferously objected to by the school's headmaster, Wilfred L. O'Leary and many of the schools alumni. It only happened due to the Massachusetts Legislature passed a bill forbidding sex discrimination in public education.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/10/archives/girls-admitted-by-boston-latin-allboys-school-drops-its-bar-after.html</ref>
I seguenti artisti hanno inciso una cover del brano ''Broken Land''<ref name=shs/>:
 
* [[Massive Ego]]
==Academics==
* [[Rhydian]]
Boston Latin's motto is ''Sumus Primi'', Latin for ''we are first''. This is a [[double entendre]], referring both to the school's date of founding and its academic stature. Boston Latin has a history of pursuing the same standards as elite [[New England]] [[University-preparatory school|prep schools]] while adopting the egalitarian attitude of a [[Public school (government funded)|public school]]. Academically, the school regularly outperforms public schools in affluent Boston suburbs, particularly as measured by the yearly [[Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System|MCAS]] assessment required of all [[Massachusetts]] [[Public school (government funded)|public schools]]. In 2006, [[Brooklyn Latin School]] was founded in New York City, explicitly modeled on Boston Latin, borrowing much from its traditions and curriculum.<ref>{{cite news|first=Tracy|last=Jan|title=Growing a Boston Latin in Brooklyn|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/03/04/growing_a_boston_latin_in_brooklyn/|work=Boston Globe|date=March 4, 2006|accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref>
 
=== Adattamenti in altre lingue ===
===Curriculum===
* Il testo è stato adattato in italiano da [[Roberto Casini]] e nel 1997 il brano è stato inciso da [[Paola Turci]] in questa versione, con il titolo ''Oltre le nuvole'', inclusa nell'[[Oltre le nuvole|omonimo album]] dell'artista<ref name=hpch1/><ref name=shs/><ref> {{cita web|lingua=en|url= https://hitparade.ch/song/Paola-Turci/Oltre-le-nuvole-336784| titolo=Paola Turci - Oltre le nuvole |sito = Hit Parade.ch|accesso=30 luglio 2019}}</ref>.
[[Declamation]] is the most time-honored of the school's traditions. Pupils in the 7th to 10th grade are required to give an oration, known as 'Declamation', in their English class three times during the year. There is also Public Declamation, where pupils from all grades, or classes, are welcomed to try out for the chance to declaim a memorized piece in front of an assembly. During Public Declamation, declaimers are scored on aspects such as "Memorization" "Presentation", and "Voice and Delivery", and those who score well in three of the first four public declamations are given the chance to declaim in front of alumni judges for awards in "Prize Declamation".
 
== Note ==
In addition to the well-known and time-honored tradition of declamation in English classes, recently the Modern Languages department instituted an annual "World Language Declamation" competition. Once a year, during National Foreign Language Week (usually the first week of March),<ref>Kate Stevenson (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903084941/http://www.jc.edu/users/stevenso/FLAND/flwk.html National Foreign Language Week]</ref> students from grades 8 through 12 perform orations in languages other than English. Most students choose to declaim in the modern language they are studying, though some choose Latin, Greek, or their native tongue. Judges are brought in from various institutions around the city, and mark the students in similar categories to those used in Public Declamation. Entrants are categorized by level, rather than language, such that all students declaiming at the first-year level of various languages are competing against each other, all students at the second-year level compete against each other, and so on. Students who regularly perform exceptionally well at World Language Declamation are honored at Prize Night with the Celia Gordon Malkiel Prize.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080414065452/http://www.bls.org/doc_content/PrizeSchol.pdf Prizes and Scholarships], ''BLS Web Site''</ref>
 
In a move that was controversial among some alumni, the school decided in 2001 to decrease the requirement for students' Latin instruction by one year, starting with the class of 2006.<ref>{{cite news |first=Anand |last=Vaishnav |title=Boston Latin Eases Language Requirement |url=http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/103/metro/Boston_Latin_eases_language_requirement+.shtml |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2001-04-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010416232616/http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/103/metro/Boston_Latin_eases_language_requirement%2B.shtml |archivedate=April 16, 2001 |accessdate=2007-12-31 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The mandatory minimum period of Latin instruction was decreased for students admitted for 7th grade from five years to four years, and for students admitted for 9th grade from four years to three years. This decision was made by the head of the school's Latin department, in recognition of the fact that the requirement was hampering students' ability to take enough courses in important modern subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science and modern languages. However, students can still take Latin courses after their fourth year, in [[AP Latin]] and Latin 5, the latter if there is demand. Greek is additionally an option.
 
In a 1789 [[Codicil (will)|codicil]] to his will, Benjamin Franklin established a legacy to fund the Franklin Medals, which are awarded to the school's top-ranking pupils at graduation. The second most prestigious awards, the Dixwell Prizes, are given to pupils excelling in Latin or Greek.
 
==Publications==
There are currently three main publications of the Boston Latin School: ''The Register'' is the school's literary magazine, ''The Argo'' the school newspaper, and ''Catapulta'' is the school science magazine. [[George Santayana]] founded ''The Register'' in 1881 to serve as the school newspaper. Over the years, however, it evolved into a purely literary magazine, publishing prose and poetry written by members of the student body, as well as artwork. There are generally three editors-in-chief, and it is published twice per year. ''The Argo'', the school's newspaper, is far younger, having been founded in 1970 after it was clear that the ''Register'' had become a purely literary magazine. As of the 2006–2007 school year, it is published seven times a year. ''Catapulta'', the science magazine, highlights popular and recent science and technology and is generally published four times a year. The ''Register'', the ''Argo'', and ''Catapulta'' are entirely student-produced, and the "Argo" and the "Register" have won awards from the New England Scholastic Press Association, while ''Catapulta'' has won awards from the American Scholastic Press Association.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Publications—Argo
|url=http://bls.org/library/cfml/l3tmpl_archive.cfm?ArchiveID=36
|work=BLS Web Site
|accessdate=2007-06-01
|archiveurl = https://archive.is/20070927034400/http://bls.org/library/cfml/l3tmpl_archive.cfm?ArchiveID=36 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-27}} Includes scans of first ''Argo'' edition, 1969.
</ref>
 
Another Boston Latin publication is "BLSA Bulletin," published by the Boston Latin School Association, whose president is Peter G. Kelly, '83.<ref name="blsabulletin">{{cite news|date=Fall 2008 |title=BLSA Bulletin| publisher=Boston Latin School Association}}</ref>
 
==Alumni==
Boston Latin has graduated notable Americans in the fields of politics (both local and national), religion, science, journalism, philosophy, and music. Of the 56 men who signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], five were educated at Latin: [[Samuel Adams]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[John Hancock]], [[William Hooper]] e [[Robert Treat Paine]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Ronaldo |last=Rauseo-Ricupero |title=Bush Comes To Boston After Education Victory |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=161263 |work=[[Harvard Crimson]] |date=2002-01-09 |accessdate=2007-12-31 }}</ref> Graduates and students fought in the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], [[American Civil War]], [[World War I]], [[World War II]], [[Korean War]], and the [[Vietnam War]], and plaques and statues in the school building honor those who died.
 
It has produced four [[Harvard University|Harvard]] presidents, four Massachusetts governors, and five signers of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]. [[Benjamin Franklin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Franklin |url=http://www.exodusbooks.com/Author.asp?aut=F&author=Franklin%2C+Benjamin&authorID=781&count=0&list=6 |work=Exodus Provisions }}</ref> and [[Louis Farrakhan]]<ref>{{cite web |author=John B. Judis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/18/books/maximum-leader.html |title=Maximum Leader |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 18, 1996 |accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> are among its well-known [[High school dropouts|dropouts]].
 
[[Leonard Bernstein]]
* [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]
* [[Joseph Kennedy]]
* [[George Santayana]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==External links==
{{commons category|Boston Latin School}}
* {{Official website|http://bls.org/ }}
* [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03429528 Catalogue of the Boston Public Latin School, Established in 1635: With an Historical Sketch], Henry Fitch Jenks (1886)
 
 
[[Categoría:Architetture di Madrid]]
[[Categoría:Scuole in Spagna|San Isidro]]
[[Categoría:Istruzione a Madrid|San Isidro]]
 
 
==Note==
<references/>
 
== BibliografiaCollegamenti esterni ==
*{{Collegamenti esterni}}
* Michaela Heinz, ''Les Locutions figurées dans le « Petit Robert »'' : Description critique de leur traitement et propositions de normalisation, Max Niemeyer Verlag, [[Tübingen]], 1993, {{ISBN|3-484-30949-0}}.
 
==Collegamenti esterni==
* [http://www.lerobert.com/ sito ufficiale]
 
[[Catégorie:Dizionari di francese]]
 
 
 
==Altri progetti==
{{Commonscat-inline|City Archives Cologne}}
 
==Collegamenti esterni==
*[https://www.monetizzando.com/concessionarie-di-pubblicita-italiana-per-la-stampa-la-televisione-e-il-web/ concessionarie]
 
===Commercio estero===
Durante l'epoca [[dinastia Ming|Ming]] (1368-1644), in conseguenza del trauma della dominazione mongola, erano stati emessi una serie di bandi sul commercio marittimo (''haijin'') che limitavano il commercio estero cinese e per qualche periodo cercarono di proibirlo del tutto.
 
Finzione delle ambascerie
 
Nel 1684 l'imperatore [[Kangxi]] permise agli stranieri di commerciare con la Cina nei quattro porti di [[Canton]], [[Xiamen|Amoy]], [[Songjiang]] e [[Ningbo|Ningpo]]<ref name=Gong>{{cita pubblicazione|cognome=Gong |nome=Yibing |authormask=Gong Yibing |titolo=The Circulation of Foreign Silver Coins in Southern Coastal Provinces of China 1790-1890 |data=agosto 2006 |editore=University of Hong Kong |città=Hong Kong }}</ref>. A Canton i rapporti commerciali dovevano avvenire attraverso la mediazione dei mercanti cinesi appartenenti alla gilda detta ''[[Cohong]]''.
 
Trattamenti particolari erano concessi ai membri di tre nazioni: i [[Joseon|coreani]] e i [[shogunato Tokugawa|giapponesi]] commerciavano a [[Zhapu]];
 
====Giappone====
Lo [[shogunato Tokugawa]] autorizzava i Cinesi (oltre che gli Olandesi) a commerciare nel porto di [[Deshima]]<ref>Voce ''national seclusion'' su ''Japan. An illustrated encyclopedia'', Tokyo, Kodansha, 1993</ref>, tuttavia la Cina rifiutava di avere relazioni diplomatiche e commerciali con il Giappone<ref name=Ryukyu>Voce ''Ryūkyū trade'' su ''Japan. An illustrated encyclopedia'', Tokyo, Kodansha, 1993</ref>. Perciò poche navi cinesi attraccavano a Deshima<ref>Voce ''China and Japan'' su ''Japan. An illustrated encyclopedia'', Tokyo, Kodansha, 1993</ref>.
 
Il governo imperiale cinese era in realtà interessato a procurarsi la seta giapponese, che era di buona qualità. A tal fine incoraggiava il [[regno delle Ryūkyū]] ad acquistare seta giapponese da inviare in Cina.
La triangolazione attraverso le Ryūkyū sfruttava il fatto che queste isole fossero tributarie dell'Impero Cinese dalla fine del Trecento e perciò inviassro missioni tributarie in Cina. E però dal 1609 fossero anche diventate vassalle del feudo giapponese di Satsuma (famiglia Shimazu). Questo doppio vassallaggio, almeno formale,
====Corea====
 
====Russia====
Invece i rapporti con l'[[Impero Russo]] erano regolati dal [[Trattato di Nerčinsk]]. In base a tale accordo la carovana cinese e quella russa si incontravano annualmente nella città di [[Kjachta]].
 
[http://brixiasacra.it/PDF_Brixia_Sacra/Anno%201952_MemorieStoriche/XIX%20(1952)_monografie_37_fasc4.pdf Brixiasacra]
 
==Note==
<references/>
 
== Bibliografia ==
 
==Collegamenti esterni==
*[http://www.idrotecnicaitaliana.it/EXTRA/n.%206-2011%20Ruggeri%20et%20al.%20br.pdf storia dell'Italia idroelettrica]
*[http://www.vergaracaffarelli.it/styled-11/files/1895-elenco-provvisorio-delle-famiglie-nobili-e-titolate-della-regione-romana.pdf ''Elenco provvisorio delle famiglie nobili e tiolate della regione romana'', Roma, Civelli, 1895]
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5"
! width="10%" | Gegründet
! width="15%" | Universität
! width="65%" class="unsortable" | Geschichte
|-
|1500
|[[Università di Valencia|Valencia]]
|Gründung durch Papst [[Alexander VI.]] und König [[Ferdinand II. (Aragón)|Ferdinand II.]]; Vorgängereinrichtung 1416–1498
|-
|1502
|[[Leucorea|Wittenberg]]
|gegründet durch Kurfürst [[Friedrich III. (Sachsen)|Friedrich III. den Weisen]] von [[Sachsen]]; durch die Lehrtätigkeit [[Martin Luther]]s (1508 berufen) wichtigste Lehrstätte der [[Reformation]]; 1813 geschlossen, 1817 mit der [[Universität Halle]] zusammengelegt
|-
|1505
|[[Università di Siviglia|Sevilla]]
|päpstliche Bulle durch Papst [[Julius II.]]
|-
|1521
|[[Università di Toledo|Toledo]]
|
|-
|1526
|[[Università di Santiago de Compostela|Santiago de Compostela]]
|päpstliche Bulle durch [[Clemens VII. (Papst)|Clemens VII.]]; seit 1495 akademische Schule; 1504 Anerkennung durch Julius II.
|-
|1527
|[[Università di Marburgo|Marburg]]
|von Landgraf [[Philipp I. (Hessen)|Philipp dem Großmütigen]] als [[Protestantismus|protestantische]] Hochschule gegründet; 1541 Universitätsprivileg von [[Karl V. (HRR)|Kaiser Karl V.]]
|-
|1531
|[[Università di Granada|Granada]]
|gegründet auf Initiative Kaiser [[Karl V. (HRR)|Karls V.]] mit päpstlicher Bulle von [[Clemens VIII. (Papst)|Clemens VIII.]]; Fortführung der arabischen Universität ''La Madraza''
|-
|1534
|[[Università di Sahagún|Sahagún]]
|
|-
|1538
|[[Università di Santo Tomás de Aquino|Santo Domingo]]
|erste Universität auf dem [[Amerika|amerikanischen Kontinent]]; seit 1518 ''Studium Generale'' des Dominikanerordens, 1538 ''Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino'' durch päpstliche Bulle [[Paul III.|Pauls III.]], 1558 Bestätigung durch kaiserliches Dekret [[Karl V. (HRR)|Karls V.]], 1823 geschlossen
|-
|1539
|[[Università di Nîmes|Nîmes]]
|[[Hugenotten|hugenottische]] Universitätsgründung
|-
|1540
|[[Università di Macerata|Macerata]]
|päpstliche Bulle durch Papst Paul III.
|-
|1540
|[[Università di von Oñati|Oñati]]
|in [[Hernani (Spanien)|Hernani]] gegründet, 1548 nach [[Oñati]] verlegt, 1901 geschlossen
|-
|1542
|[[Università di Baeza|Baeza]]
|
|-
|1542
|[[Università di Tournon|Tournon]]
|
|-
|1544
|[[Albertus-Universität Königsberg|Königsberg]]
|von Herzog [[Albrecht (Preußen)|Albrecht I. von Brandenburg-Ansbach]] als lutherische Universität gegründet; als erste Universität hatte die Königsberger Universität weder ein Privileg des Kaisers noch eines des Papstes, erhielt aber 1560 ein polnisches Privileg
|-
|1547
|[[Università di Gandía|Gandía]]
|1772 im Zuge der Auflösung des Jesuitenordens geschlossen
|-
|1548
|[[Università di Reims|Reims]]
|auf Anraten des Kardinals von [[Lothringen]] von Papst [[Paul III.]] zur Universität erhoben; 1793 aufgelöst; Neugründung 1971
|-
|1548
|[[Università di Messina|Messina]]
|Rechtsschule seit dem 13. Jahrhundert
|-
|1548/49
|[[Università di Osuna|Osuna]]
|
|-
|1550
|[[Università di Almagro|Almagro]]
|
|-
|1551
|[[Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos|Lima]]
|älteste Universität [[Peru]]s
|-
|1551
|[[Università di Tortosa|Tortosa]]
|
|-
|1552
|[[Università di Orihuela|Orihuela]]
|
|-
|1553
|[[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México|Mexiko-Stadt]]
|älteste Universität [[Mexiko]]s; 1865 aufgelöst, 1910 neu gegründet
|-
|1553
|[[Università di Dillingen|Dillingen]]
|1549 als „Collegium S. Hieronymi“ durch Kardinal [[Otto von Waldburg|Otto Truchsess von Waldburg]] gegründet und 1551 durch Papst [[Julius III.]] zur Universität erhoben, Privileg Kaiser [[Karl V. (HRR)|Karls V.]] 1553
|-
|1555
|[[Università di Burgo de Osma|Burgo de Osma]]
|
|-
|1555
|[[Università di Évora|Évora]]
|gegründet von Kardinal [[Heinrich I. (Portugal)|Heinrich I.]], päpstliche Bulle von Papst [[Paul IV.]]; getragen von der [[Jesuiten|Gesellschaft Jesu]]
|-
|1556
|[[Universität Mailand|Mailand]]
|Neugründung 1923
|-
|1558
|[[Università di Jena|Jena]]
|1547 Gründung als Hohe Schule durch Kurfürst [[Johann Friedrich I. (Sachsen)|Johann Friedrich von Sachsen]]; kaiserliches Universitätsprivileg durch [[Ferdinand I. (HRR)|Ferdinand I.]]
|-
|1559
|[[Università di Nizza|Nizza]]
|
|-
|1559/60
|[[Università di Douai|Douai]]
|gegründet durch [[Philipp II. (Spanien)|Philipp II. von Spanien]], päpstliche Bulle von [[Paul IV.]], 1560 von [[Pius IV.]] bestätigt
|-
|1559
|[[Università di Genf|Genf]]
|von [[Johannes Calvin]] als Akademie gegründet; Universitätsrang seit 1873
|-
|1560
|[Università di Mondoví|Mondoví]]
|
|-
|1562
|[[Università di Ancona|Ancona]]
|
|-
|1565
|[[Università di Estella|Estella]]
|
|-
|1568
|[[Lyceum Hosianum|Braunsberg]]
|
|-
|1572
|[[Università di Pont-à-Mousson|Pont-à-Mousson]]
|
|-
|1573
|[[Università di Olmütz|Olmütz]]
|1566 als Jesuiten-Seminar gegründet
|-
|1574
|[[Università di Oviedo|Oviedo]]
|
|-
|1575/76
|[[Università di Helmstedt|Helmstedt]]
|erste Neugründung einer protestantischen Universität in Norddeutschland; von Herzog [[Julius (Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel)|Julius von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel]] gegründet; 1810 geschlossen
|-
|1575
|[[Università di Leiden|Leiden]]
|älteste Universität der [[Niederlande]], von [[Wilhelm I. (Oranien)|Wilhelm I. von Nassau-Oranien]] gegründet
|-
|1576
|[[Università di Ávila|Ávila]]
|
|-
|1578
|[[Università di Palermo|Palermo]]
|Medizin- und Rechtsschule seit 1498; 1767 aufgelöst, 1806 wiedergegründet
|-
|1578/79
|[[Università di Vilnius|Vilnius]]
|älteste [[Baltikum|baltische]] Universität; 1832–1919 und 1943–44 geschlossen
|-
|1580
|[[Università di Santo Tomás|Santo Tomás]]
|älteste [[Kolumbien|kolumbianische]] Universität;
|-
|1582/83
|[[Università di Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]
|von [[Jakob I. (England)|Jakob VI.]] ohne päpstliche Bulle gegründet
|-
|1583
|[[Università di Orthez|Orthez]]
|
|-
|1585
|[[Università di Fermo|Fermo]]
|
|-
|1585
|[[Università di Franeker|Franeker]]
| als zweitälteste Universität der Niederlande gegründet von der [[Provinz Friesland]], 1811 von den Franzosen aufgehoben.
|-
|1585/86
|[[Università di Graz|Graz]]
|durch Erzherzog [[Karl II. (Innerösterreich)|Karl II. von Innerösterreich]] gegründet und an die [[Jesuiten|Societas Jesu]] übergeben
|-
|1587
|[[Universität El Escorial|El Escorial]]
|
|-
|1592
|[[Università di Dublin|Dublin]]
|Gründung des [[Trinity College (Dublin)|Trinity College]]
|-
|1592
|[[Università di Malta|Malta]]
|Gründung des Collegium Millitense der [[Jesuiten]]; seit 1769 staatliche Universität
|-
|1594
|[[Università di Zamość|Zamość]]
|
|-
|1595
|[[Università di San Carlos|Cebu-Stadt]]
|älteste Universität der [[Philippinen]]
|-
|1596/1604
|[[Università di Saumur|Saumur]]
|
|-
|1599/1602
|[[Università di Sedan|Sedan]]
|
|-
|1598
|[[Università di Montauban|Montauban]]
|
|-
|1599
|[[Università di Vich|Vich]]
|
|-
|1601
|[[Università di Die|Die]]
|
|-
|1606
|[[Università di Cagliari|Cagliari]]
|
|-
|1607
|[[Università di Gießen|Gießen]]
|von [[Graf#Landgraf|Landgraf]] [[Ludwig V. (Hessen-Darmstadt)|Ludwig V.]] von [[Landgrafschaft Hessen-Darmstadt|Hessen-Darmstadt]] als lutherische Universität gegründet, da die benachbarte [[Philipps-Universität Marburg|Marburger Universität]] mit der Teilung des Landes Hessen 1605 [[Calvinismus|calvinistisch]] geworden war; kaiserliches Patent durch [[Rudolf II. (HRR)|Rudolf II.]]
|-
|1611
|[[UUniversità di Santo Tomas|Manila]]
|auf die Universität von [[Cebu]] zurückgehend; vom [[Dominikaner]]orden getragen; durch Papst [[Innozenz X.]] zur Universität ernannt
|-
|1612/14
|[[Università di Groningen|Groningen]]
|gegründet von [[Ubbo Emmius]]
|-
|1614
|[[Università di Paderborn|Paderborn]]
|gegründet durch [[Dietrich von Fürstenberg|Dietrich IV. von Fürstenberg]]; 1972 Neugründung
|-
|1614
|[[Università di Solsona|Solsona]]
|
|-
|1617
|[[Università di Molsheim|Molsheim]]
|
|-
|1617
|[[Università di Sassari|Sassari]]
|durch den Kaufmann [[Alessio Fontana]] gegründet und finanziert und anfangs von einem [[Jesuiten]]kolleg geleitet
|-
|1619
|[[Università di Córdoba|Córdoba]]
|älteste Universität [[Argentinien]]s
|-
|1619
|[[Università di Pamplona|Pamplona]]
|
|-
|1620
|[[Università di Rinteln|Rinteln]]
|erste lutherische Volluniversitätsgründung in Nordwestdeutschland
|-
|1621/85
|[[Università di Straßburg|Straßburg]]
|aus dem protestantischen Gymnasium hervorgegangen, das [[Johannes Sturm]] 1538 gründete; 1556 wurde das Gymnasium in den Rang einer Akademie erhoben, 1621 in eine Universität
|-
|1622
|[[Universidad de Chile|Santiago de Chile]]
|älteste Universität [[Chile]]s
|-
|1620/25
|[[UUniversità di Salzburg|Salzburg]]
|vom Salzburger Fürsterzbischof [[Paris von Lodron|Paris Lodron]] gegründet; 1810 aufgelöst und in ein [[Lyzeum (Hochschule)|Lyzeum]] umgewandelt; seit 1850 Universitätsfakultät; 1962 als Universität neu gegründet
|-
|1623
|[[Universität Altdorf|Altdorf]]
|seit 1575 Akademie; 1809 aufgelöst
|-
|1624
|[[Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca|Sucre]]
|
|-
|1629
|[[Universität Osnabrück|Osnabrück]]
|bereits 1633 wieder geschlossen; 1974 neu gegründet
|-
|1632
|[[Universität Tartu|Dorpat (Tartu)]]
|gegründet von König [[Gustav II. Adolf (Schweden)|Gustav II. Adolf von Schweden]]; 1710 geschlossen; 1802 durch den russischen Zaren [[Alexander I. (Russland)|Alexander I.]] als deutschsprachige Universität neu gegründet, seit den 1880er Jahren russischsprachig, seit 1919 im neu entstandenen Staat Estland estnischsprachige Nationaluniversität.
|-
|1632
|[[Nationale Universität Kiew-Mohyla-Akademie|Kiew]]
|die älteste Universität in der [[Ukraine]]; 1817 geschlossen; 1992 als moderne Universität wiedergegründet
|-
|1633
|[[Universität Kassel|Kassel]]
|1653 nach Marburg verlegt; 1970 als erste [[Gesamthochschule]] Deutschlands neu gegründet
|-
|1635
|[[Universität Trnava|Trnava (Tyrnau)]]
|1777 nach [[Buda]] verlegt; heute [[Lorand-Eötvös-Wissenschaftsuniversität]] in [[Budapest]]
|-
|1636
|[[Universität Utrecht|Utrecht]]
|
|-
|1636
|[[Harvard University|Harvard]]
|älteste Universität der [[USA]]
|-
|1640
|[[Akademie zu Turku|Turku]]
|1827 nach [[Helsinki]]
|-
|1640
|[[Universität Harderwijk|Harderwijk]]
|1811 geschlossen
|-
|1647
|[[Universität Bamberg|Bamberg]]
|1803 im Zuge der Säkularisation aufgehoben; Wiedergründung 1972
|-
|1653
|[[Universidad Nuestra Señora del Rosario|Rosario]]
| gegründet in [[Bogotá]], [[Kolumbien]]
|-
|1654
|[[Alte Universität Duisburg|Duisburg]]
|von Kurfürst [[Friedrich Wilhelm (Brandenburg)|Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg]] gegründet; 1818 aufgelöst; 1972 als Gesamthochschule neu gegründet
|-
|1655
|[[Universität Nijmegen|Nijmegen]]
|1923 Neugründung einer katholischen Universität
|-
|1657
|[[Universität Košice|Košice (Kaschau)]]
|von Kaiser [[Leopold I. (HRR)|Leopold I.]] gegründet
|-
|1661
|[[Universität Lemberg|Lemberg]]
| die älteste kontinuierlich funktionierende Universität in der [[Ukraine]]
|-
|1663
|[[Université Laval|Laval]]
|älteste Universität [[Kanada]]s
|-
|1665
|[[Universität Kiel|Kiel]]
|von Herzog [[Christian Albrecht (Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)|Christian-Albrecht von Holstein-Gottorf]] gegründet
|-
|1666/68
|[[Universität Lund|Lund]]
|seit 1425 studium generale
|-
|1668
|[[Universität Innsbruck|Innsbruck]]
|von [[Leopold I. (HRR)|Kaiser Leopold I.]] gegründet
|-
|1669
|[[Universität Zagreb|Zagreb]]
|älteste Universität [[Kroatien]]s
|-
|1671
|[[Universität Montbéliard|Montbéliard]]
|
|-
|1671
|[[Universität Urbino|Urbino]]
|
|-
|1674
|[[Johannes-Kepler-Universität Linz|Linz]]
|1966 Neugründung als Hochschule, 1975 Umwandlung in eine Universität
|-
|1676
|[[Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala|Guatemala-Stadt]]
|älteste Universität [[Zentralamerika]]s: Gründung durch den Dominikanerorden; bereits seit 1562 gab es ein Studienkolleg (Colegio Universitario de Santo Tomás) mit den Studiengängen Philosophie, Jura und Theologie
|-
|1691
|[[Universität Besançon|Besançon]]
|
|-
|1693
|[[Universität Halle|Halle]]
|gegründet von [[Friedrich I. (Preußen)|Friedrich III. von Brandenburg]]
|-
|1693
|[[College of William and Mary|Williamsburg (Virginia)]]
|College of William and Mary
|-
|1701
|[[Yale University|Yale]]
|Gründung als Collegiate School
|-
|1701
|[[Universität La Laguna|La Laguna]]
|Gründung des [[Augustinerorden]]s
|-
|1702
|[[Universität Breslau|Breslau]]
|auf Betreiben der Jesuiten von Kaiser [[Leopold I. (HRR)|Leopold I.]] gegründet; 1811 mit der Universität [[Viadrina]] vereinigt; erste deutsche Universität mit einer katholischen und einer protestantischen Fakultät
|-
|1721
|[[Zentrale Universität von Venezuela|Caracas]]
|älteste Universität [[Venezuela]]s
|-
|1722
|[[Universität Dijon|Dijon]]
|gegründet durch [[Ludwig XV.]]
|-
|1722
|[[Universität Pau|Pau]]
|
|-
|1714/17
|[[Universität Cervera|Cervera]]
|1717–1842 Verlegung der [[Universität Barcelona]] nach [[Cervera]]
|-
|1724
|[[Staatliche Universität Sankt Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]
|gegründet von Zar [[Peter I. (Russland)|Peter I.]] nach Plänen von [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]; 1803 bis 1819 existierte die Universität lediglich als Pädagogisches Institut, da die an die Universität gekoppelte Akademie der Wissenschaften sich aufgelöst hatte
|-
|1727
|[[Universität Camerino|Camerino]]
|bereits 1336 gegründet; 1727 offizielle Anerkennung durch Papst [[Benedikt XIII. (Papst)|Benedikt XIII.]]
|-
|1728
|[[Universidad de La Habana|Havanna]]
|älteste Universität [[Kuba]]s
|-
|1732/34
|[[Universität Fulda|Fulda]]
|durch [[Adolph von Dalberg]] gegründet; 1805 geschlossen
|-
|1733
|[[Universität Rennes 2|Rennes]]
|durch Wechsel der Rechtsfakultät der [[Universität Nantes]] nach [[Rennes]]; 1793 aufgelöst; 1806/09 Neugründung einzelner Fakultäten; seit 1896 Universitätsstatus
|-
|1737
|[[Georg-August-Universität Göttingen|Göttingen]]
|von Georg August, Kurfürst von Hannover, Herzog zu [[Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg|Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] und als [[Georg II. (Großbritannien)|Georg II.]] zugleich König von Großbritannien, gegründet; kaiserliches Privileg durch [[Karl VI. (HRR)|Karl VI.]]
|-
|1742/43
|[[Universität Erlangen|Erlangen]]
|zunächst durch Markgraf [[Friedrich III. (Brandenburg-Bayreuth)|Friedrich von Brandenburg-Bayreuth]] in [[Bayreuth]] gegründet, 1743 nach Erlangen verlegt
|-
|1746
|[[Princeton University|Princeton]]
|als ''College of New Jersey'' in [[Elizabeth (New Jersey)|Elizabeth]] gegründet, 1756 nach [[Princeton (New Jersey)|Princeton]] verlegt
|-
|1748
|[[Universität Altamura|Altamura]]
|gegründet durch [[Karl III. (Spanien)|Karl III. von Spanien]]
|-
|1754
|[[Columbia University|New York]]
|Columbia University; Gründung als King's College
|-
|1755
|[[University of Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]
|von [[Benjamin Franklin]] als ''College of Philadelphia'' gegründet; seit 1765 erste medizinische Fakultät in Nordamerika
|-
|1755
|[[Lomonossow-Universität|Moskau]]
|von [[Elisabeth (Russland)|Elisabeth I.]] auf Anregung [[Michail Wassiljewitsch Lomonossow|Michail Lomonossows]] gegründet
|-
|1760
|[[Universität Bützow|Bützow]]
|durch Herzog [[Friedrich (Mecklenburg)|Friedrich von Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] auf Grund einer Auseinandersetzung um die Besetzung eines theologischen Lehrstuhls der [[Universität Rostock]] in Konkurrenz und unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zu dieser gegründet; 1789 wieder aufgelöst
|-
|1764
|[[Brown University|Providence]]
|Brown University; Gründung als College of Rhode Island
|-
|1765
|[[Universität Corte|Corte]]
|Neugründung 1980
|-
|1766
|[[Rutgers University|New Brunswick (New Jersey)]]
|Rutgers University; Gründung als Queen's College
|-
|1768
|[[Universität Nancy|Nancy]]
|von den [[Lothringen|Herzogen von Lothringen]] in [[Pont-à-Mousson]] gegründet, 1769 nach [[Nancy]] verlegt
|-
|1770
|[[Dartmouth College|Hanover (New Hampshire)]]
|Dartmouth College
|-
|1772/73
|[[Universität Modena|Modena]]
|eine Vorgängereinrichtung existierte 1175–1338
|-
|1773
|[[Technische Universität Istanbul|Istanbul]]
|Technische Universität als Ingenieursschule gegründet; erst 1928 als Universität anerkannt
|-
|1780
|[[Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität|Münster]]
|1631 von Papst [[Urban VIII.]] und Kaiser [[Ferdinand II. (HRR)|Ferdinand II.]] Gründungsprivilegien für eine Universität nicht umgesetzt; erneutes Privileg 1773 durch Papst [[Clemens XIV.]] und Kaiser [[Joseph II. (HRR)|Joseph II.]]
|-
|1781
|[[Universität Stuttgart|Stuttgart]]
|1770 als [[Hohe Karlsschule]] durch Herzog Carl-Eugen von Württemberg gegründet. 1781 von Kaiser [[Joseph II. (HRR)|Joseph II.]] zur Universität erhoben. Geschlossen 1794. 1829 Gründung der Vereinigten Real- und Gewerbeschule, die seit 1876 technische Hochschule war und 1967 zur Universität ausgebaut wurde
|-
|1783
|[[Universität Murcia|Murcia]]
|
|-
|1784
|[[Universität Bonn|Bonn]]
|1777 als ''Kurkölnische [[Akademie]] Bonn''; 1784 Universitätsprivileg von [[Joseph II. (HRR)|Joseph II.]]; 1798 aufgehoben; 1818 von [[Friedrich Wilhelm III. (Preußen)|Friedrich Wilhelm III.]] als preußische Universität wiedergegründet
|-
|1785
|[[University of New Brunswick|Fredericton]]
|älteste englischsprachige Universität [[Kanada]]s
|-
|1789
|[[Georgetown University|Washington]]
|durch den Jesuitenpater [[John Carroll (Bischof)|John Carroll]] gegründet; 1814 offizielle Anerkennung durch den [[Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten|Kongress]]
|}
 
{{portale|rock}}
== Bibliografia ==
* [[Walter Rüegg]] (Hrsg.): ''[[Geschichte der Universität in Europa]].'' 3 Bände, Beck Verlag, München 1993, ISBN 3-406-36956-1 (Band 2, S. 98 f. enthält eine alphabetische Liste der ältesten europäischen Universitäten)
* ''Die Universitäten in Europa bis zum Anfang des 16. Jh.'' und ''Die Universitäten in Mitteleuropa vom Beginn des 16. Jh. bis zum Beginn des 19. Jh.'' In: ''Atlas zur Geschichte.'' 1. Band, Hermann Haack Geographisch-Kartographische Anstalt Gotha/Leipzig 1973, S. 44, 53.
Estratto da "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utente:Lele_giannoni/Sandbox_4"