|
'''Łambinowice''' ({{lang-de|Lamsdorf}}) is a village in western Poland, in the [[Opole Voivodship|voivodeship of Opole]], close to the town of [[Nysa]]. It is notable as a place housing some of the largest prisoner of war camps between mid-19th century and mid-20th century.
During the [[1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], the second largest Yugoslav city of [[Novi Sad]] was one of the cities that bore the brunt of the bombing. According to NATO press releases {{ref|NATO}}, the bombing targetted oil refinaries, roads, bridges, and telecommunications relay stations, in addition to the more traditional military targets. The bombing, along with agreements regarding Kosovo's independence, and diplomatic talks between NATO and Russia, resulted in the removal of Yugoslav troops from Kosovo. However, it is argued that the bombing of Novi Sad had a more deleterious effect on the city's residents than on the Yugoslav army, with implications for health, ecology and provision of utilities over a given time period. The main objective of this article is to capture that impact.
First mentioned under the name of Lambinowicz in [[1273]], the town shared the fate of the [[Lower Silesia]] and the land of Opole throughout the ages. Much damaged by the wars of 17th century, most notably the [[Thirty Years' War]], it lost much of its meaning as a centre of commerce and was reduced to but a small village.
==Chronology of the bombing==
In [[1864]] a large military training ground was established around the village. During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] a [[prisoner of war]] camp for French soldiers was located on the grounds of the training camp. In it more than 3000 men were incarcerated, 53 of them perished and are buried at the local cemetery. The camp was reactivated during [[World War I]], when the Germans set up one of the largest camps for prisoners of war, housing roughly 90,000 internees, mostly from the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy and Serbia. Due to poor housing conditions roughly 7000 men died in captivity.
*March 24: NATO bombed a storehouse of the police center in the industrial zone, as well as the "Motins" factory.
Closed down after the [[Treaty of Versailles]], the camp was yet again reopened on [[September 3]], [[1939]], immediately after the outbreak of the [[Polish September Campaign|Polish Defensive War]]. The infamous [[Stalag VIII-B]] camp housed roughly 100,000 Polish prisoners. After the outbreak of the Soviet-German conflict some of the Poles were transferred to other places of detention while thousands of Soviet prisoners were amassed in tragic conditions in a separate camp named [[Stalag VIII-F]]. Altogether, throughout the World War II more than 300,000 Allied and Soviet prisoners have passed through the gates of the camp at Lamsdorf, between 40,000 and 100,000 of them died. Most of those who perished are buried in mass graves in the nearby village of [[Klucznik]] and at the local cemetery.
*April 1: The old Varadin Bridge on the [[Danube]] was destroyed by NATO bombs.
In October [[1944]] soldiers and officers were brought here from the [[Warsaw Rising]], including over 1,000 women. Later, most of them were transferred to other camps
*April 3: [[Liberty Bridge (Novi Sad)|Liberty Bridge]] on the Danube was destroyed by NATO bombs. Seven civilians were injured. After the bridge was destroyed, the institute for cardio-vascular diseases in [[Sremska Kamenica]] lost its water supply.
After the Soviet takeover of the area, on [[March 17]], [[1945]] the [[Red Army]] took the camp over and continued to operate it, this time the institution housed German prisoners of war. A transit camp, run by the [[Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego|Ministry of Internal Security]] and commanded by [[Czesław Gęborski]] (later put on trial for crimes against humanity for his actions in the camp), was also created nearby, serving as an internment camp for German [[Silesia]]ns, as well as former veterans of the [[Władysław Anders|Anders']] [[Polish II Corps]], whom the new communist authorities of Poland saw as ''dangerous''. It is estimated that between 1000 and 1,500 German civilians died in the camp, mostly by [[typhus]] and maltreatment from camp officials.[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_22_119/ai_94129099],[http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/rferl/2002/02-09-17.rferl.html#40]
*April 5: NATO bombed the oil refinery in the industrial zone, as well as Žeželj Bridge on the Danube, which was damaged.
Currently the memory of the inmates is preserved by a large monument devoted to all the victims of the camp, as well as the Central Prisoner of War Museum, the only such institution in Poland and one of very few in the world.
*April 7: NATO bombed the oil refinery as well as the residential civilian quarter [[Vidovdansko Naselje]] where four civilians were injured and several houses damaged.
== See also ==
*April 11: NATO bombed the military object "Majevica" in [[Jugovićevo]].
* [[Stalag VIII-B]]
* [[Prisoner-of-war camp]]s
== External links ==
*April 13: NATO bombed the oil refinery.
* [http://www.lambinowice.pl/ Official webpage]
* [http://www.cmjw.pl/ Prisoner of war museum]
* [http://www.lamsdorfreunited.co.uk Lamsdorf Reunited]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lambinowice}}
*April 15: NATO bombed the oil refinery and the military object "Majevica" in Jugovićevo.
{{coor title dm|50|32|N|17|34|E|region:PL_type:city}}
*April 18: NATO bombed the oil refinery which triggered a large fire and much smoke, which caused serious ecological damage. The building of the Government of the Autonomous Province of [[Vojvodina]] in the [[Stari Grad, Novi Sad|city centre]] was also hit by NATO bombs.
[[Category:Villages in Poland]]
*April 21: NATO bombed the oil refinery and Žeželj Bridge, as well as a bridge near [[Beška]].
[[Category:Lists of POW camps]]
[[de:Internierungslager Lamsdorf]]
*April 22: NATO bombed Žeželj Bridge on the Danube.
[[pl:Łambinowice]]
*April 23: NATO bombed a TV transmitter in wider area of Novi Sad.
*April 24: NATO bombed the oil refinery causing fire and smoke. [[Fruška Gora]] was also bombed.
*April 26: NATO finally managed to destroy Žeželj Bridge, the last bridge on the Danube that the city had.
*April 27: NATO bombed the oil refinery and Fruška Gora.
*April 29: NATO bombed the oil refinery and Fruška Gora.
*May 1: NATO bombed the oil refinery causing large amounts of smoke that covered the city for several days. Fruška Gora was also bombed.
*May 2: NATO bombed the northern suburbs of Novi Sad causing the city to lose its water supply and electricity.
*May 3: NATO bombed the buildings of Novi Sad Television in [[Mišeluk]] as well as the northern suburbs of the city.
*May 6: NATO bombed the military object "Majevica" in Jugovićevo as well as the civilian residential quarter [[Detelinara]] damaging residential buildings and the elementary school "Svetozar Marković".
*May 7: NATO bombed [[Iriški Venac]] and [[Brankovac]] on Fruška Gora.
*May 8: NATO bombed the military object "Majevica" in Jugovićevo and Fruška Gora.
*May 13: NATO bombed the buildings of Novi Sad Television in Mišeluk. Its buildings were heavily damaged as well as neighbouring civilian residential houses. Fruška Gora was also bombed, as well as electric installations in [[Rimski Šančevi]] causing the city to lose electricity again.
*May 15: NATO bombed Brankovac on Fruška Gora.
*May 18: NATO bombed Fruška Gora.
*May 20: NATO bombed Fruška Gora.
*May 22: NATO bombed Fruška Gora including a TV tower on Iriški Venac.
*May 23: NATO bombed Fruška Gora and electric installations in Rimski Šančevi.
*May 24: NATO bombed the oil refinery causing smoke that again covered part of the city. Fruška Gora was also bombed.
*May 26: NATO bombed buildings of the Novi Sad Television in Mišeluk, as well as Dunavski Kej (Danube Quay) near the city centre. [[Paragovo]] and Iriški Venac on Fruška Gora were also bombed.
*May 29: NATO bombed buildings of the Novi Sad Television as well as the civilian residential quarter [[Ribnjak]] where two civilians were badly injured.
*May 30: NATO bombed the civilian residential area in [[Sremska Kamenica]] near an ambulance where one child was badly injured and two civilian houses were destroyed. The civilian residential area Ribnjak was also bombed as well as buildings of the Novi Sad Television, a tunnel near the previously destroyed Liberty Bridge, a road near the entrance to Sremska Kamenica, part of Fruška Gora between Paragovo and [[Krušedol]], and the northern vicinity of Novi Sad.
*May 31: NATO bombed electric installations in Rimski Šančevi causing the city to lose its water supply and electricity. Fruška Gora was also bombed.
*June 1: NATO bombed suburban settlements [[Čenej]] and [[Pejićevi Salaši]], as well as Fruška Gora.
*June 2: NATO bombed Fruška Gora.
*June 4: NATO bombed Brankovac and [[Čot]] on Fruška Gora.
*June 8 and June 9: NATO bombed the oil refinery, one civilian was killed, while two civilians and one child were badly injured. The civilian residential quarter [[Šangaj]] was also bombed where one civilian, Milan Bajić (42 years old), was killed and several more civilians were injured, while several civilian houses were destroyed. Although, this was the bloodiest day of the bombing, it was also the last.
==Consequences==
===Impact on Civilians===
The civilians of Novi Sad were greatly affected by the bombing of their city. Residential areas were cluster bombed several times while the city's oil refinery was bombarded daily, causing severe pollution and widespread ecological damage.
====Direct Impact====
The bombing caused civilian deaths and injuries. Those who were not directly physically harmed suffer from consequences for their physical health caused by ecological damage as well as permanent consequences for psychological health caused by almost 3 months of trauma and fear.
Due to the NATO attacks, many in Novi Sad were left jobless, comprising a percent of an estimated 500,000 people unemployed throughout Yugoslavia. [http://www.greenparty.org.uk/files/reports/2004/Yugowar%20for%20website.htm] Citizens experienced daily hardships such as loss of electricity, food shortages, and trauma.
Notably, Nato failed to give "effective advance warning" of attacks which may affect civilians, as required by Protocol I. [http://mondediplo.com/2000/07/02kosovo] One such attack was the bombing of the Ministry of Education in Novi Sad, premises which administered social welfare programmes. [http://www.greenparty.org.uk/files/reports/2004/Yugowar%20for%20website.htm]
====Impact on Infrastructure====
The NATO bombing left the city without all of its three Danube bridges, communications, water, and electricity, which severely impaired the day to day living of the residents of Novi Sad. All bridges were not rebuilt before 2005 and one of the rebuilt bridges is only a temporary solution. Some residential areas were damaged by cluster bombs.
Water supplies (including drinking water) for parts of the city were cut off as a result of the bombing. One attack cut off water supplies to 40,000 people in Petrovaradin, and severely disrupted water supplies to 300,000 people in Novi Sad. [http://www.greenparty.org.uk/files/reports/2004/Yugowar%20for%20website.htm] Services were restored only after two years, partially due to funding from Britain, one of the countries which sent planes to bomb the city in 1999. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1318455.stm]
====Impact on Environment====
The bombing of Novi Sad had implications for the environment. A United Nations study (the BTF ‘Industrial Sites’ and ‘Danube’ missions) found that there were serious environmental issues, "requiring immediate action", some of which resulted from the bombing. [http://www.grid.unep.ch/btf/final/finalreport.pdf] The bombing of Novi Sad's refinery caused fires which burned 50,000 tons of crude oil, sending toxins and carcinogens into the air and contaminating groundwater. The BTF study was complicated by the heavy pollution that existed before the bombing, with the group noting that "the enforced shutdown of the refinery may even have led to local improvements in the aquatic environment, due to a possible reduction in chronic pollution". {{ref|BTF}}
Once all the samples for Novi Sad (Danube Mission) were collated, ''"based on field observation and results from sample analysis, the BTF concluded that there was no evidence of significant adverse impacts on the Danube aquatic environment as a result of air strikes on Novi Sad refinery. It is thought that most of the oils and oil products released were burned and that no significant volume entered the river"''. {{ref|BTF}}
The BTF study also found that prior to the air strikes, local technicians helped minimise the potential harmful effects of air strikes by "removing oil products that could be harmful to human health if spilt or burnt, such as transformer oil containing PCBs. Production was also accelerated to use up as much as possible of the crude oil, intermediate products and additives, and the final products were shipped to other locations. The remaining oil was mixed with gasoline, so that the tanks would ignite if hit, rather than leak into the soil and groundwater". {{ref|BTF}}
Local scientists also studied the impact of the bombing. “NATO didn’t use chemical weapons during the bombing”, said Dr. Zorka Vukmirović, a leading environmental physicist, “But indirectly it caused the effects of chemical weapons use. If you release so many hazardous substances, major air pollutants and carcinogens in the vicinity of big cities like Belgrade and Niš, it is obviously a deliberate action against the civilian population”. [http://www.commondreams.org/views01/0131-05.htm]
Not until 2003, the Danube river was declared clear again. It took four years of work by the [[Danube Commission]] to remove the debris of bombed bridges and ordnances. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3020734.stm] The clearing of the debris was not only important for Novi Sad, but for European states (Hungary & Rumania) who were economically impacted by the blockade of river traffic to the Black sea caused by the bombing.
===Political Impact===
Novi Sad's opposition groups held rallies demanding the resignation of [[Slobodan Milosevic]] and to request aid for reconstruction of the city which bore the brunt of the Nato bombing campaign. Britain and the United States had stated that Serbia would not recieve reconstruction aid as long as Milosevic remained in power [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/384798.stm]. These demonstrations prompted reaction by the Milosevic regime, including the arrest of prominent opposition activist Nenad Cacak in Novi Sad. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/741820.stm].
===Impact on Military Command & Control===
Although the UN sanctions on Yugoslavia were most effective in denying the Yugoslav army fuel, the bombing of the Novi Sad oil refinaries helped. Together with the disruption of roads, bridges and telecommunications, the transportation of supplies and reinforcements was impaired.
==The Views of the Respective Parties==
The bombing is viewed by some groupe as having deliberately targeted civilians and as being a war crime (See: [[Legitimacy of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]]).
Novi Sad residents point out that the irony that Novi Sad was so heavily targeted by NATO also lies in the fact that during the time of the bombing, the city was ruled by the local democratic government, which was against the regime in [[Belgrade]]. Therefore, the citizens of Novi Sad were not able to understand why they had to pay so large price for the events in [[Kosovo]], which were not caused by them.
A press release one year on from the bombing by then NATO Secretary General [George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|Robertson]], claims that [[NATO]] encountered complications from Yugoslav military use of civilian buildings and human shields. Nato officials have "expressed deep regret at any civilian casualties it caused", [http://www.nato.int/kosovo/repo2000/conduct.htm]. NATO claims that the bombing of targets such as bridges was aimed at impairing the Yugoslav army's [[command and control]] structure. However, the efficacy of the campaign and choice of targets was brought into question, after bridges of no conceivable strategic relevance to the military situation in Kosovo were bombed, including a bridge which led to Hungary, a NATO country. It was argued by MAICL {ref|MAICL} that despite the NATO claims that their attacks were justified because military objects were present, "the civilian deaths caused are clearly disproportionate to the military benefits". [http://www.greenparty.org.uk/files/reports/2004/Yugowar%20for%20website.htm]
==References==
*Nezavisni, vojvođanski građanski list, jun/jul 1999.
*{{Note|BTF}} UNEP Balkan Task Force Report ''"The Kosovo Conflict - Consequences for the environment & Human Settlements"'', pp 44-49 (pp46-51 in the pdf file) [http://www.grid.unep.ch/btf/final/finalreport.pdf].
*{{Note|MAICL}} Movement for the Advancement of International Criminal Law
*{{Note|NATO}} NATO Daily Press Briefings during Operation Allied Force, referencing Novi Sad ([http://www.nato.int/kosovo/press/b990502a.htm], [http://www.nato.int/kosovo/press/b990503a.htm], [http://www.nato.int/kosovo/press/b990513a.htm], [http://www.nato.int/kosovo/press/b990516a.htm])
==See also==
*[[NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]
*[[Legitimacy of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]]
*[[Kosovo War]]
==External links==
* [http://www.onco-aid.org.yu/s_gallery.htm Images of the bombing]
* [http://vojvodina.srbija-info.yu/posledice/ekocid/ekocid.htm Consequences of the bombing - Ekocid] (in Serbian)
* [http://vojvodina.srbija-info.yu/posledice/mostovi/prica_o_mostovima.htm Consequences of the bombing - Priča o mostovima] (in Serbian)
* [http://vojvodina.srbija-info.yu/posledice/zgrade/stambene_zgrade.htm Consequences of the bombing - Stambene zgrade] (in Serbian)
* [http://vojvodina.srbija-info.yu/posledice/mostovi/prica_o_spasavanju.htm Priča o spasavanju] (in Serbian)
* [http://www.grid.unep.ch/btf/final/index.html United Nations Environment Programme - Balkans Task Force Report]
* [http://www.nato.int/kosovo/repo2000/conduct.htm NATO statement on operation one year on]
[[Category:History of Novi Sad]]
[[Category:Kosovo War]]
| 