Form and document creation: Difference between revisions

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'''Form and Document Creation''' is one of the things that [[Technical communication|technical communicators]] do as part of creating [[deliverable]]s for their companies or clients. Document design is: “the"the field of theory and practice aimed at creating comprehensible, persuasive and usable functional documents".”<ref>Jansen</ref> These forms and documents can have many different purposes (i.e.such as collecting information,or providing information, etc).

==Visualization and Visual Communication==

===Significance===

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===Definition===

Technical communicators must take data and convert it into information; this process is known as [[Information Visualization|visualization]], or [[visual communication]].<ref name=blythe347>Blythe, 347.</ref> Because of the widespread use of [[digital media]], modern technical communicators havemust aalso lot tonow think about concerning visualization foras it relates to digital forms and documents. Stuart K. Card, Jock D. Mackinlay, and Ben Shneiderman, editors of the book ''Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think'', “definedefine ‘visualization’visualization as the: ‘use"use of computer-supported, interactive, visual representations of data to amplify cognition".’”<ref name=blythe347/> Though many forms and documents will still have a hard paper copy to distribute infor officesdistribution, most forms and documents are now utilized online in some fashion; this is why there is such focus on the computer-supported representations for maximal cognition. Brumberger defines visual communication as: “designing"designing print, Web, and multimedia documents…creating visual displays of information/data, generating other visual material…and any other communication tasks which rely on visual language".”<ref>Brumberger, 373.</ref>

===Examples===

There are many areas where professional writers utilize visualization. VisualizationIt is most useful in the following areas: complex documents, statistical and [[categorical variable|categorical data]], personal services, and histories.<ref>Blythe, 348.</ref>

:*complex documents

:*statistical and categorical data

:*personal services

:*histories

Visual communication responsibilities include: designing visual content, determining when to use visual material, modifying existing material, and applying templates that already exist to material.<ref name=brumberger387>Brumberger, 387.</ref>

:*designing visual content

:*determining when to use visual material

:*modifying existing material

:*applying templates that already exist to material

Visual communication tasks include designing: [[presentation]]s, [[Document|print documents]], [[page layout]]s, [[image]]s, and [[Data sheet|data displays]].<ref name=brumberger387/>

:*[[Document|print documents]]

:*[[page layout]]s

:*[[image]]s

:*[[Data sheet|data displays]]

:*[[presentation]]s

===Human-Centered Design===

[[Human-centered design]] focuses on ensuring that the audience will comprehend the information being presented. It is: “how"how a frustrated and confused subject…comprehendssubject...comprehends a critical message in a crowded and noisy environment".”<ref>Blythe, 349.</ref> The goal of human-centered design is “to"to make information accessible”accessible" and “to"to give form to data".”<ref>Blythe, 350.</ref>

Luke Wroblewski, senior director of Project Ideation and Design at [[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Inc.]], and author of ''Web Form Design: Filling in the Blanks'', also has some human-centered design ideas for web forms and documents.<ref name=wrobelewski18>Wroblewski, 18.</ref> He says,: “because"because people want what’s on the other side of a web form, their general tendency is to jump right in, start answering questions and hope to get it done quickly".”<ref name=wrobelewski18/> ThusAs a result, he recommends designing a clear path to completion for the form or document. He also mentions “messagingmessaging without proper priority, like hard-to-find error messages, and unconnected primary actions that can similarly cloud the steps people need to take in order to get through a form.<ref name=wrobelewski18/> Thus, forFor a web form to have human-centered design, information must be structured “in"in a logical pattern from start to finish".”<ref>Wroblewski, 19.</ref>

==The Structure and Organization==

When a technical communicator is creating a form or document, it is vital that hethey or she payspay close attention to structure and organization. Structureas and organizationthese are the venuesmeans throughthat whichallow thevisualization communicator can make visualizationto work in a form or document.

===Functional Analysis===

In order to design a form or document, the writer should understand and evaluate the different constraints in the rhetorical situation; this is called functional analysis.<ref name=lm387>Lentz & Maat, 387.</ref> One of the biggest components in analyzing a form or document is to determine the communicative purpose of the form or document.<ref name=lm387/> Leo Lentz and Henk Pander Maat, an associate professor and a senior lecturer at the University of Utrecht, break down communicative purpose into four elements:<ref name=lm388>Lentz & Maat, 388.</ref>

:#intended communicative effect: the intended effect should fall into one of three categories; “a"a cognitive change in the mental state of the reader, who learns something or forms a particular attitude, a change in the reader’sreader's behavior, such as handling a machine or buying a product, or a change in the social reality as a result of the collective behavior of readers, such as the sale of a product".”<ref name=lm388/>

:#topic: this is based on the readersreader's needs, since the reader is the one expected to act on the information.<ref>Lentz & Maat, 389.</ref>

:#target group: this should be a specific group described either by demographic variables or communicative predispositions.<ref>Lentz & Maat, 390.</ref>

:#organizational goal: this is the change that should occur in every individual reader.<ref>Lentz & Maat, 391.</ref>

After analyzing the communicative purpose, the technical communicator can design thea form or document inthat order towill match the requirements and meet the expectations for the documentit.<ref>Lentz & Maat, 397.</ref>

===Explicit Structure===

One aspect of form and document creation that technical communicators should pay close attention to is explicit structure. When the structure is explicit, the reader can interact with the form or document on a more effective level.<ref name=farkas9>Farkas, 9.</ref> The technical communicator’s “primary"primary means to make structure explicit is through headings and links".”<ref name=farkas9/> The technical communicator must add these headings when they are drafting the form or document, because the structure will remain implicit until they are added.<ref>Farkas, 10</ref>

The authors of “Meet''Meet Your Type: A Field Guide to Love & Typography”Typography'' add hierarchy to the idea of making structure explicit. They say,: “effective"effective ''hierarchy'' gets people to look where you want them to look, when you want them to look there. Without it the reader is left confused and frustrated. Emphasis can be stressed by size, weight, color, style, and placement".”<ref>"Meet Your Type", 26.</ref> Thus, emphasis from several different font decisions joins headings as a feature that makes structure explicit.

===Abstract Structure===

Another aspect to consider when designing a form or document is abstract structure. This is the idea that text has a graphical component.<ref name=power211>Power et al., 211.</ref> Text incorporates a graphical component not only because the words are: “often"often accompanied by conventional graphics such as pictures or diagrams, but they themselves form graphical elements such as titles, headings, chapters, sections, captions, paragraphs, and bulleted lists".<ref name=power211/>

When considering abstract structure in planning a form or document, a technical communicator must also look at what Richard Power, Nadjet Bouayad-Agha, and Donia Scott call ''document structure'': “the"the organization of a document into graphical constituents like sections, paragraphs, sentences, bulleted lists, and figures".”<ref>Power et al., 213.</ref> This document structure also goes hand-in-hand with the human-centered design aspect of visualization as pertaining to form and document creation. Technical communicators should look at their form or document to make sure that the abstract structure of the form or document is helping achieve the overall goal with the reader.

Though it focuses on a visual and graphic effect, abstract structure also focuses on wording.<ref name=power216>Power et al., 216.</ref> The examples that follow are taken verbatim from Power, Bouayad-Agha, and Scott. They show a progression from a passage written by a technical communication novice (a), to an edit by a more experienced technical communicator (b), to an edit by a senior expert technical communicator (c).<ref name=power216/> The successive changes are designed to make the structure and wording valid.

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===Visual Organization===

There are a few otherOther considerations that the technical communicator should keepkeeps in mind when creating a form or document. They areinclude: number of pages, flush, capital letters, and bullets.

:*number of pages

:*flush

:*capital letters

:*bullets

====Number of Pages====

If at all possible, using one page for the document or form is best. This is because the reader can: “glance"glance at the information without flipping pages or having to search for related sections, both results of poor planning that can distract and confuse the reader".”<ref>Harvey, 20.</ref>

====Flush====

When typing a document, the technical communicator should make the text flush left because: “it’s"it’s the easiest to read because we read it most often".”<ref>“Meet"Meet Your Type,”" 29.</ref> Keeping the text flush left instead of justifying it: “"[gives] the text a more harmonious appearance and makes it easier to read, since all wordspaces have the same width".”<ref name=erik6>“Erik"Erik Spiekermann’s Typo Tips”Tips", 6.</ref> The reason [[Justification (typesetting)|justified text]] should be avoided is because of the: “hideously"hideously [stretched] and [squished] words and spaces".”<ref name=erik6/>

====Capital Letters====

Capital letters should not be used to accentuate words on a form or document; it is too distracting and disrupts the look of the form or document.<ref name=erik1>“Erik"Erik Spiekermann’s Typo Tips”Tips", 1.</ref> When capital letters are absolutely necessary, say in the case of an acronym or abbreviation, small caps should be used, with or without initial caps.<ref name=erik1/> When capital letters are not absolutely necessary, the technical communicator should evaluate the effectiveness of italicizing the word or phrase for emphasis.<ref name=erik1/>

====Bullets====

Some technical communicators use hyphens for listed items; however, a writer should use bullets or centered points instead.<ref>“Erik"Erik Spiekermann’s Typo Tips”Tips", 7.</ref>

===Standard Expository Model===

In analyzing structure and organization for a form or document, it is beneficial for a technical communicator to determine if the form or document being created fits within a group of documents called the ''standard expository model'' (SE model). If the form or document being created is an SOE, then there are special strategies to writing the form or document.

A ''standardStandard expository model''models is a term used to describeare: “nonfiction"nonfiction print documents that (1) are primarily informational rather than expressive; (2) are intended to be read linearly (broadly speaking, from beginning to end); and (3) reveal structure explicitly with at least one heading level but very often more.”"<ref>Farkas, 12.</ref>

If a form being created fits within the SE model, there are three main strategies to be employed when creating it.

:#The first is to tuck introductions and conclusions.<ref>Farkas, 13.</ref> This means that there is no separate heading for the introduction and conclusion; instead, the introduction and conclusion aspects of the writing are within the first and last main points.<ref>Farkas, 13-14.</ref>

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===Language and Word Choice===

Gillian Harvey, a partner and senior designer at Plumbheavy Design Inc., a company that does graphic design and information design, has several recommendations for technical communicators regarding language and word choice.<ref>Harvey, 24.</ref>

:#The first is to use vocabulary that the reader will easily understand; this is vital when creating a form or document with instructions the reader is expected to follow.<ref>Harvey, 21.</ref>

:#Harvey also recommends the use of [[personal pronouns]], especially “you”"you" and “your"your,”" to give the reader a feeling of ownership when reading a form or document.<ref name=harvey22>Harvey, 22.</ref>

:#Finally, Harvey instructs technical communicators to use [[active voice|active phrases]] rather than [[passive voice|passive phrases]] because active phrasesthey are easier for a reader to comprehend.<ref name=harvey22/>

==Typeface Selection==

After evaluating the purpose and desired effect of a form or document, and creating a structure and wording that meets that purpose and effect, a technical communicator may think the majority of the job is complete. However, the [[typeface]] used for a form and document can greatly affect not only the reader, but the purpose and effect of that form or document.

===Typeface vs. font===

Most simply, “a"a font is what you use, and a typeface is what you see".”<ref name=glossary13/> "''The Typographer’s Glossary"'' defines typeface as: “An"An artistic interpretation, or design, of a collection of alphanumeric symbols".”<ref name=glossary26>"The Typographer’s Glossary", 26.</ref> Typeface includes "letters, numerals, punctuation, various symbols, and more".<ref name=glossary26/> "A typeface is usually grouped together in a family containing individual fonts for italic, bold, and other variations of the primary design.".<ref name=glossary26/> A font, on the other hand, is: "a collection of letters, numbers, punctuation, and other symbols used to set text (or related) matter.".<ref name=glossary13/> To further explain, “font"font refers to the physical embodiment…while typeface refers to the design".<ref name=glossary13/> In any event, the terms "font" and "typeface" are used interchangeably by some authors and designers.<ref name=glossary13>"The Typographer’s Glossary", 13.</ref>

===Appropriate Selection===

Jo Mackiewicz, from the Composition and Linguistics Department of the University of Minnesota Duluth, has done extensive research into typeface and has published multiple articles on the topic.<ref>Mackiewicz (2004), 131.</ref> Mackiewicz says that students should: “select"select typefaces that are appropriate for their technical documents".”<ref>Mackiewicz (2004), 114</ref> What Mackiewicz means when she talks about an “appropriate"appropriate typeface”typeface" is that it contributes to the desired “overall"overall rhetorical effect”effect" and conveys “more"more specific effects…as intended".”<ref name=mackiewicz118>Mackiewicz (2004), 118.</ref> In another article, Mackiewicz points out that “typefaces"typefaces substantially contribute to the visual, as opposed to the verbal, language of documents".”<ref>Mackiewicz (2005), 291.</ref> This is important, since it has already been established that professional technical communicators see their role as largely visual as compared to verbal.<ref>Brumberger, 386.</ref>

===Personality===

In selecting an appropriate typeface, Mackiewicz focuses on what she calls “typeface"typeface personality".” She researches other technical communicators’ works to come up with a definition of typeface personality as “that"that aspect of typeface that imbues it ‘with the power to evoke in the perceiver certain emotional and cognitive responses’”responses’" and “the"the ability to convey different feelings and moods…strength, elegance, agitation, silliness, friendliness, scariness, and other moods".”<ref>Mackiewicz (2004), 113.</ref> Mackiewicz further explains that: “increased"increased attention to typeface personality is especially important now that students have access to thousands of typefaces, many of which can detract from or conflict with the seriousness, professionalism, and competency that students intend to convey".”<ref>Mackiewicz (2004), 128.</ref> The selection of typeface is also important in situations where more than one typeface is present in a form or document. Mackiewicz says,: “if"if more than one typeface is being used within a document, students should also carefully consider the extent to which the personalities of the typefaces they have selected are concordant".”<ref name=mackiewicz118/>

====History====

One way that Mackiewicz notes that technical communicators can determine a typeface’s personality is through looking at its history; she says,: “the"the personality a typeface conveys may stem in large part from the ways in which that typeface has been used in the past".”<ref name=mackiewicz121>Mackiewicz (2004), 121.</ref> To show what she means, Mackiewicz notes that the typeface [[Fette Fraktur]] is rarely used today because it was used in [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[propaganda]] from 1933 to 1945.<ref name=mackiewicz121/> Because of situations like the one involving Fette Fraktur, Mackiewicz points out: “the"the ways in which a typeface has been used [in the past] can influence the overall affect{{ (sic}}) of a student’s document and, consequently, it can send an unintended message".”<ref name=mackiewicz121/>

===Impressions on Readers===

As in every stage of form and document design, technical communicators must be constantly aware of the impressions of design decision on the reader. Pamela W. Henderson, Joan L. Giese, and Joseph A. Cote, faculty in the Department of Marketing at Washington State University, point out that: “it"it is important to determine the impact of the impressions created by typeface".”<ref>Henderson et al., 60, 71.</ref> Henderson, Giese, and Cote’sTheir research also shows “that"that individual differences [in typeface] can affect attentiveness to aesthetics",” or the pleasing effect of the form or document.<ref>Henderson et al., 71.</ref>

The ''Font Shop'' professionals also have a warning concerning typeface and its impression on readers. They recommend “"[avoiding] the embarrassment of typographic rejection by first determining the likes and dislikes of your target audience".”<ref>“Meet"Meet Your Type,”" 18.</ref>

Additionally, Jo Mackiewicz recommends technical communicators consider typefaces that are both legible and readable. Her research has shown that legible typefaces have “the"the quality of being ‘decipherabledecipherable and recognizable’”recognizable" and are important “‘in"in situations where people are scanning pages, reading signs, or skimming through catalogs or lists".’”<ref name=mackiewicz118/> One example of a legible typeface is [[Univers]], while an illegible typeface example would be Snap ITC.<ref name=mackiewicz119>Mackiewicz (2004), 119.</ref> On the other hand, typefaces that are readable have: “the"the quality of giving ‘visual comfort,’ which is especially important in long stretches of text".”<ref name=mackiewicz118/> Mackiewicz show an example of a readable passage of text inuses [[Times New Roman]] typeface andas an example of aan lesseasily readableread passagetypeface ofwhile text in [[Impact (typeface)|Impact]] typeface is less so.<ref name=mackiewicz119/> Legibility and readability are important aspects of typeface to consider if the reader is going to be required to read and comprehend a large amount of text.

===Serif vs. Sans Serif===

One aspect of typeface selection to consider is whether or not to use [[serif]] or [[Sans-serif|sans serif]] typefaces. Serif typefaces are “based"based on the carvings of the ancient Romans”Romans" and “feature"feature small ‘feet’ at the end of the letterforms".”<ref name=myt12>”Meet"Meet Your Type,”" 12.</ref> Jo Mackiewicz points out that: “traditionally"traditionally, serif typefaces have been used for the body text of technical (as well as other) documents because they seem to be more readable than sans serif typefaces".”<ref name=mackiewicz117>Mackiewicz (2004), 117.</ref> On the other hand, sans serif typefaces “were"were designed for the industrial age”age" and are “hard"hard-working and modern, with no need for fancy serifs".”<ref name=myt12/> Sans serif typefaces “are"are often used in ‘display’ elements like headings, diagrams, and tables".”<ref name=mackiewicz117/> Based on this information, technical communicators are advised to “pair"pair a serif and sans serif”serif" in their forms or documents.<ref>”Meet"Meet Your Type,”" 23.</ref>

===Electronic Selection===

Because of the prevalence of computers and other electronic media in the modern world, there are some special considerations for forms and documents that will be online. New typefaces are being developed specifically for forms and documents to be presented electronically. [[ClearType]], developed by [[Microsoft]] in 1998 “to"to improve the legibility of typefaces viewed on LCD displays",” encompasses seven of these new typefaces.<ref name=chaparro37>Chaparro et al., 37.</ref> These new typefacesThey were “designed"designed for online reading of business documents, email, and web pages".”<ref name=chaparro37/> However, after a study of the online legibility withof ClearType, Times New Roman, and [[Verdana]] typefaces, the researchers concluded “that"that it is not the technology alone that dictates legibility", as some of the ClearType typefaces were more legible than other ClearType typefaces and one of the non-ClearType typefaces.<ref>Chaparro et al., 46.</ref> Thus, theA technical communicator, creating an online document, should carefully analyze the readability of the typeface selected for his or hertheir form or document.

===Case Study: Times New Roman===

In order to see how the various typeface aspects work together for typeface selection, look at the [[Times New Roman]] typeface. Mackiewicz notes that its letterforms[[letterform]]s “display"display complexity and perfection".”<ref name=mackiewicz308>Mackiewicz (2005), 308.</ref> She also lists features of the Times New Roman typeface that make it professional in personality: “moderate"moderate weight, moderate thick-to-thin transition, balanced straight-edged and rounded terminals, moderate x-height to cap-height ratio, uppercase ''J'' that sits on the baseline, horizontal crossbar on the ''e'' letterform, double-story ''a'' letterform, and double-story ''g'' letterform".”<ref name=mackiewicz308/> Reid Goldsborough, a syndicated newspaper columnist, provides the history of the Times New Roman typeface. Times New Roman “was"was commissioned by the British newspaper ''The Times'' in 1931",” and in 2004, the U.S. State Department “mandated"mandated that all U.S. diplomatic documents use Times New Roman instead of the previous [[Courier New]]".”<ref>Goldsborough, 15.</ref> In Jo Mackiewicz’s study of typefaces, “one"one participant said that Times New Roman could be used in ‘any lengthy passages that need good readability".”<ref>Mackiewicz (2005), 300.</ref> Finally, in a study that evaluated Times New Roman against the newer ClearType typefaces, it was found that no participants confused Times New Roman letterforms with Times New Roman numbers, symbols, or other letterforms.<ref>Chaparro et al., 44.</ref> Based on these observations, a technical communicator could determine that Times New Roman would be an effective typeface for a form or document if the purpose was professional, the document was being read in any format, and reader readability was required.

==Evaluation==

David Sless, director and co-founder of the Communication Research Institute talks about what he calls: “a"a crucial aspect of public communication: the demonstration, through testing and measurement, that an [organization’s] communication with its public does indeed work; that evidence can be produced to show that the information design is of the highest quality".”<ref>Sless, 250.</ref> SlessHe is calling attention to the fact that documented evaluation is an important part of form and document design.

Evaluation will show where a form or document needs to be improved, even when that form or document meets the overall needs for which it was created. For example, Michael Turton, a veteran designer of transactional documents and forms, was surprised to find that coworkers were having trouble with a form he designed that he knew was adequate.<ref>Turton, 191, 193.</ref> The form required employees to check boxes that measured 7mm by 6mm, but reported that these boxes needed to be bigger.<ref name=turton192>Turton, 192.</ref> Knowing that the boxes were adequate, Turton asked the employees to show him the problem; as it turnsturned out, the employees were left-handed and when they were trying to mark a box, their writing hand was covering the writing on the form.<ref name=turton192/> So, through evaluation, Turton was able to discover the needs of his audience and created a left-handed form as well. This shows the importance of evaluation in form and document creation.

===Criteria for Evaluation===

David Sless points out several key factors to look for when evaluating a form or document. He recommends evaluation to determine if a form or document is: “attractive"attractive, socially appropriate, physically appropriate, respectful [of the audience], credible, and containing information that is accessible and usable".”<ref>Sless, 251.</ref>

===When to Evaluate a Form or Document===

Sless diagrams a circular pattern for the “systematic"systematic process”process" of forms and documents.<ref>Sless, 251-252.</ref> There are seven stages to Sless’shis diagram, and then number seven leads back into number one. The seven stages are: scoping, [[benchmarking]], [[Prototype|prototyping]], testing, refining (returning to step four as many times as needed), implementing, and monitoring.<ref name=sless252>Sless, 252.</ref>

SlessHe says that evaluation must take place at three points in this “systematic"systematic process":” during step two, during steps four and five, and during step seven. A form or document should be evaluated at the benchmarking stage to determine how a current design is working.<ref name=sless252/> It should be used in the testing and refining stages to evaluate changes being made. Finally, the form or document should be evaluated during the monitoring stage as it is in use to “maintain"maintain its optimal performance".”<ref name=sless252/> Sless emphasizes the importance of testing at these designated times instead of evaluating as time and money permits.<ref name=sless252/>

:#Scoping

:#Benchmarking

:#Prototyping

:#Testing

:#Refining (return to step four as many times as needed)

:#Implementing

:#Monitoring

Sless says that evaluation must take place at three points in this “systematic process:” during step two, during steps four and five, and during step seven. A form or document should be evaluated at the benchmarking stage to determine how a current design is working.<ref name=sless252/> It should be used in the testing and refining stages to evaluate changes being made. Finally, the form or document should be evaluated during the monitoring stage as it is in use to “maintain its optimal performance.”<ref name=sless252/> Sless emphasizes the importance of testing at these designated times instead of evaluating as time and money permits.<ref name=sless252/>

==Case Study: A Look Into Forms in the Medical Field==

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===Potential Technical Problems===

In a study done by professionals from multiple companies and universities, family medical practices administered surveys on paper forms and electronically.<ref>Galliher et al., 154.</ref> However, the team could not accurately judge the advantage of the electronic form because of problems with the firewall and “institutional"institutional computer security issues".”<ref name=galliher158>Galliher et al., 158.</ref> The researchers report that: “there"there does not appear to be an easy solution to these technical issues, especially in instances where the practice is part of a larger organization (ege.g., university, hospital) that has strict requirements and procedures in place to limit transmission of information between the institution and external Internet Web sites".”<ref name=galliher158/> This example shows where technology itself can interfere with the effectiveness of a form. Also, institutional requirements can limit the design being created by a technical writer.

===Tailoring Information to Federal Regulations===

Sometimes, there are external restrictions on a form or document that could affect the design process. Rita Tomlin, a freelance writer and instructor at San Diego State University, investigates the implications of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations on medical writing.<ref>Tomlin, 289, 310.</ref> Tomlin says, “An"An essential task for the medical writer is to tailor data presentation and document content to the FDA’s expectations.”"<ref name=tomlin292>Tomlin, 292.</ref> The medical writer is therefore restricted by FDA expectations and not just organizational or personal expectations. Medical writers are expected to come to “an"an understanding of the FDA’s complex expectations”expectations" by “careful"careful reading and interpretation of the FDA regulations and guidance documents.”"<ref name=tomlin292/> This is an example of the type of work a form or document designer may have to do. There could be external research needed before form or document design or redesign can occur.

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|530em}}

== References ==

*Blythe, Stuart. “Readings"Readings in Information Visualization.”" ''Technical Communication Quarterly'' 9, no. 3 (Summer 2000): 347-351.

*Brumberger, Eva. “Visual"Visual Communication in the Workplace: A Survey of Practice.”" ''Technical Communication Quarterly'' 16, no. 4 (2007): 369-395.

*Chaparro, Barbara S., A. Dawn Shaikh, Alex Chaparro, and Edgar C. Merkle. “Comparing"Comparing the Legibility of Six ClearType Typefaces to Verdana and Times New Roman.”" ''Information Design Journal'' 18, no. 2 (2010): 36-49.

*“Erik"Erik Spiekermann’s Typo Tips,”" ''Font Shop'', http://www.fontshop.com/education/pdf/typo_tips.pdf.

*Farkas, David K. “Explicit"Explicit Structure in Print and On-Screen Documents.”" ''Technical Communication Quarterly'' 14, no. 1 (2005): 9-30.

*Galliher, James M., Thomas V. Stewart, Paramod K. Pathak, James J. Werner, L. Miriam Dickinson, and John M. Hickner. “Data"Data Collection Outcomes Comparing Paper Forms with PDA Forms in an Office-Based Patient Survey.”" ''Annals of Family Medicine'' 6, no. 2 (March/April 2008): 154-160.

*Goldsborough, Reid. “Fun"Fun With Fonts: Selection of Typeface Can Get Message Across.”" ''Community College Week'', March 10, 2008.

*Harvey, Gillian. “Designing"Designing Procedural Instructions: 5 Key Components.”" ''Information Design Journal'' 16, no. 1 (2008): 19-24.

*Henderson, Pamela W., Joan L. Giese, and Joseph A. Cote. “Impression"Impression Management Using Typeface Design.”" ''Journal of Marketing'' 68 (October 2004): 60-72.

*Jansen, Carel. "Document Design." ''South African Journal of Linguistics'' 17, no. 4 (November 1999): 234-255.

*Lentz, Leo, and Henk Pander Maat. “Functional"Functional Analysis for Document Design.”" ''Technical Communication'' 51, no. 3 (August 2004): 387-398.

*Mackiewicz, Jo. “How"How to Use Five Letterforms to Gauge a Typeface’s Personality: A Research-Driven Method.”" ''Journal of Technical Writing and Communication'' 35, no. 3 (2005): 291-315.

*Mackiewicz, Jo. “What"What Technical Writing Students Should Know About Typeface Personality.”" ''Journal of Technical Writing and Communication'' 34, nos. 1 & 2 (2004): 113-131.

*“Meet"Meet Your Type: A Field Guide to Love & Typography,”" ''Font Shop'', http://www.fontshop.com/education/pdf/fsfinalbook_single.pdf.

*Power, Richard, Nadjet Bouayad-Agha, and Donia Scott. “Document"Document Structure.”" ''Computational Linguistics'' 29, no. 2 (June 2003): 211-260.

*Sless, David. “Measuring"Measuring Information Design.”" ''Information Design Journal'' 16, no. 3 (2008): 250-258.

*Tomlin, Rita C. “Online"Online FDA Regulations: Implications for Medical Writers.”" ''Technical Communication Quarterly'' 17, no. 3 (2008): 289-310.

*Turton, Michael. “Not"Not Another Problem With Forms.”" ''Information Design Journal'' 13, no. 3 (2005): 191-193.

*“The"The Typographer’s Glossary: Common Type Terminology,”" ''Font Shop'', http://www.fontshop.com/education/pdf/typographers_glossary.pdf.

*Wroblewski, Luke. “The"The Information Architecture Behind Good Web Forms.”" ''Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science & Technology'' 34, no. 6 (2008): 18-19.

[[Category:Technical communication]]