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{{Infobox WS
|name=Cyrillic alphabet
|type=[[Alphabet]]
|time=[[early Cyrillic alphabet|Earliest variants]] exist circa [[940]]
|languages=Many [[Slavic languages]], and almost all languages in the former [[Soviet Union]] (see [[Languages using Cyrillic]])
|fam1=[[Phoenician alphabet]]
|fam2=[[Greek alphabet]]
|fam3=[[Glagolitic alphabet]]
|sisters=[[Latin alphabet]]<br>[[Coptic alphabet]]<br>[[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]]
|unicode=U+0400 to U+052F
|iso15924=Cyrl
|sample=Romanian-kirilitza-tatal-nostru.jpg
}}
The '''Cyrillic alphabet''' (pronounced {{IPA|/sɪˈrɪlɪk/}}, also called ''azbuka'', from the old name of the first two letters) is an [[alphabet]] used for several East and South [[Slavic languages]]—[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]—and [[Languages using Cyrillic|many other languages]] of the former [[Soviet Union]], [[Asia]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. It has also been used for other languages in the past. Not all letters in the Cyrillic alphabet are used in every language with which it is written.
With the [[accession of Bulgaria to the European Union]] on [[January 1]], [[2007]], Cyrillic also became the third official alphabet of the [[EU]].
== History ==
{{main |early Cyrillic alphabet}}
{{alphabet}}
The layout of the alphabet is derived from the [[early Cyrillic alphabet]], itself a derivative of the [[Glagolitic alphabet]], a [[ninth century]] [[uncial]] [[cursive]] usually credited to two [[Byzantine]] monk brothers from [[Thessaloniki]], [[Saint Cyril]] and [[Saint Methodius]].
Although it is widely accepted that the Glagolitic alphabet was invented by Saints Cyril and Methodius, the origins of the early Cyrillic alphabet are still a source of much controversy. Though it is usually attributed to Saint [[Clement of Ohrid]], disciple of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius from Bulgarian [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], the alphabet is more likely to have developed at the [[Preslav Literary School]] in northeastern [[Bulgaria]], where the oldest Cyrillic inscriptions have been found, dating back to the [[940]]s. The theory is supported by the fact that the Cyrillic alphabet almost completely replaced the Glagolitic in northeastern Bulgaria as early as the end of the [[tenth century]], whereas the [[Ohrid Literary School]]—where Saint Clement worked—continued to use the Glagolitic until the [[twelfth century]]. Of course, as the disciples of St. Cyril and Methodius spread throughout the [[First Bulgarian Empire]], it is likely that these two main scholarly centres were a part of a single tradition.
Among the reasons for the replacement of the Glagolithic with the Cyrillic alphabet is the greater simplicity and ease of use of the latter and its closeness with the Greek alphabet, which had been well known in the First Bulgarian Empire.
There are also other theories regarding the origins of the Cyrillic alphabet, namely that the alphabet was created by Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius themselves, or that it preceded the Glagolitic alphabet, representing a "transitional" stage between Greek and Glagolitic cursive, but these have been disproved. Although Cyril is almost certainly not the author of the Cyrillic alphabet, his contributions to the Glagolitic and hence to the Cyrillic alphabet are still recognised, as the latter is named after him.
The alphabet was disseminated along with the [[Old Church Slavonic]] [[liturgical language]], and the alphabet used for modern [[Church Slavonic language]] in [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Eastern Catholic]] rites still resembles early Cyrillic. However, over the following ten centuries, the Cyrillic alphabet adapted to changes in spoken language, developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages, and was subjected to academic reforms and political decrees. Today, [[Languages using Cyrillic|dozens of languages]] in Eastern Europe and Asia are written in the Cyrillic alphabet.
As the Cyrillic alphabet spread throughout the Slavic world, it was adopted for writing local languages, such as [[Old East Slavic language|Old Ruthenian]]. Its adaptation to the characteristics of local languages led to the development of its many modern variants, below.
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" class="Unicode" summary="Letters of the Early Cyrillic alphabet"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Early Cyrillic alphabet (and the numerical meanings of the letters)
|-
| А || Б || В || Г || Д || Є || Ж || Ѕ || З || И || І
|- style="font-size:x-small;"
| 1 || || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || || 6 || 7 || 8 || 10
|-
| К || Л || М || Н || О || П || {{Unicode|Ҁ}} || Р || С || Т || {{Unicode|Ѹ}}
|- style="font-size:x-small;"
| 20 || 30 || 40 || 50 || 70 || 80 || || 100 || 200 || 300 || 400
|-
| Ф || Х || Ѡ || Ц || Ч || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || Ь || {{Unicode|Ѣ}}
|- style="font-size:x-small;"
| 500 || 600 || 800 || 900 || 90 || || || || || ||
|-
| Ю || ІА || {{Unicode|Ѧ}} || {{Unicode|Ѩ}} || {{Unicode|Ѫ}} || {{Unicode|Ѭ}} || {{Unicode|Ѯ}} || {{Unicode|Ѱ}} || {{Unicode|Ѳ}} || {{Unicode|Ѵ}} || {{Unicode|Ѥ}}
|- style="font-size:x-small;"
| || || || || || || 60 || 700 || 9 || ||
|}
Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts.
[[Image:Meletius Smotrisky Cyrillic Alphabet.PNG|thumb|A page from the ''Church Slavonic Grammar'' of [[Meletius Smotrytsky]] (1619).]]
Yeri (Ы) was originally a [[ligature (typography)|ligature]] of Yer and I. [[Iotation]] was indicated by ligatures formed with the letter I: [[ІА]] (ancestor of modern ya, я), {{Unicode|Ѥ}}, Ю (ligature of I and ОУ), {{Unicode|Ѩ}}, {{Unicode|Ѭ}}. Many letters had variant forms and commonly-used ligatures, for example И=І=Ї, {{Unicode|Ѡ}}={{Unicode|Ѻ}}, ОУ={{Unicode|Ѹ}}, {{Unicode|ѠТ}}={{Unicode|Ѿ}}.
The letters also had numeric values, based not on the native Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' [[Greek numerals|Greek ancestors]]. See [[Cyrillic numerals]].
The early Cyrillic alphabet is difficult to represent on computers. Many of the letterforms differed from modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal in [[manuscript]]s, and changed over time. Few fonts include adequate [[glyph]]s to reproduce the alphabet. The current [[Unicode]] standard does not represent some significant letterform variations, and omits some characters, such as Cyrillic dotless I, iotified [[Yat]], abbreviated [[Yer]] ("Yerok"), and many [[Ligature (typography)|ligatures]].
See also: [[Glagolitic alphabet]].
== Letter-forms and typography ==
The development of Cyrillic [[typography]] passed directly from the [[medieval]] stage to the late [[Baroque]], without a [[Renaissance]] phase as in [[Western Europe]]. Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (still found on many [[icon]] inscriptions even today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow; strokes are often shared between adjacent letters.
[[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]], tsar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms in the early eighteenth century; over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the alphabet. Thus, unlike modern Greek fonts that retained their own set of design principles (such as the placement of [[serif]]s, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules), modern Cyrillic fonts are much the same as modern Latin fonts of the same font family. The development of some Cyrillic computer typefaces from Latin ones has also contributed to the visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.
Cyrillic [[Capital letters|uppercase]] and [[minuscule|lowercase]] letter-forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Upright Cyrillic lowercase letters are essentially [[small caps|small capitals]] (with the exception of a few forms such as "а" and "е" which adopted Western lowercase shapes), although a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will still include separate small caps glyphs.<ref>Bringhurst (2002) writes "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets,..." (p 32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p 107).</ref>
[[Image:Cyrillic upright-cursive.png|frame|right|Comparison of some upright and cursive letters (Ge, De, I, I kratko(ye), Em, Te and Tse. Top row is set in Georgia font, bottom in Kisty CY)]]
In the absence of [[Roman type|Roman]] and [[Italic type|Italic]] traditions, Cyrillic type fonts are properly classified as ''upright'' (Russian: ''pryamoy shrift'') and ''[[cursive]]'' (''kursivniy''). Cursive or hand-written shapes of many letters, especially the lowercase letters, are entirely different from the upright shapes. As in Latin typography, a sans-serif face may have a mechanically-sloped oblique font (''naklonniy'').
In Serbian and Macedonian, some cursive letters are different from those used in other languages. These cursive letter shapes are often used in upright fonts as well, especially for road signs, inscriptions, posters and the like, less so in newspapers or books. ''External link:'' [http://jankojs.tripod.com/SerbianCyr.htm Serbian Cyrillic Letters BE, GHE, DE, PE, TE.]
The following table shows the differences between the upright and cursive Cyrillic letters as used in Russian. Cursive glyphs that are bound to confuse beginners (either because of an entirely different look, or because of being a [[false friend]] with an entirely different Latin character) are highlighted.
{| border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=1 style="padding:0 .5em .2em; border:1px solid #999; margin:1em 0;"
|+ align=bottom style="text-align:left; font-size:smaller; " | If your browser does not support Cyrillic text, see [[commons:Image:Cyrillic-italics-nonitalics.png|this graphical version]].
|- style="font-family:FreeSerif,Georgia,'Times New Roman','Nimbus Roman No9 L','Century Schoolbook L','Trebuchet MS','URW Bookman L','URW Chancery L','URW Palladio L',Arial,Teams,serif; font-size:large; text-align:center; "
| а || б || в || г || д || е || ё || ж || з || и || й || к || л || м || н || о || п || р || с || т || у || ф || х || ц || ч || ш || щ || ъ || ы || ь || э || ю || я
|- style="font-family:FreeSerif,Georgia,'Times New Roman','Nimbus Roman No9 L','Century Schoolbook L','Trebuchet MS','URW Bookman L','URW Chancery L','URW Palladio L',Arial,Teams,serif; font-size:large; text-align:center; "
| ''а'' || ''б'' || ''в'' ||{{highlight1}}| ''г'' ||{{highlight1}}| ''д'' || ''е'' || ''ё'' || ''ж'' || ''з'' ||{{highlight1}}| ''и'' ||{{highlight1}}| ''й'' || ''к'' || ''л'' || ''м'' || ''н'' || ''о'' ||{{highlight1}}| ''п'' || ''р'' || ''с'' ||{{highlight1}}| ''т'' || ''у'' || ''ф'' || ''х'' || ''ц'' || ''ч'' || ''ш'' || ''щ'' || ''ъ'' || ''ы'' || ''ь'' || ''э'' || ''ю'' || ''я''
|}
== As used in various languages ==
[[Image:Cyrillic alphabet distribution map.png|thumb|right|350px|Distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet worldwide. The dark green shows the countries that use Cyrillic as the one main script; the lighter green those that use Cyrillic alongside another official script.]]
Sounds are indicated using [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].
These are only approximate indicators.
While these languages by and large have [[Phonemic orthography|phonemic orthographies]], there are occasional exceptions—for example, Russian его (meaning ''him/his''), which is pronounced {{IPA|[jɪˈvo]}} instead of {{IPA|[jɪˈgo]}}.
Note that spellings of names may vary, especially Y/J/I, but also GH/G/H and ZH/J.
See also a more complete list of '''[[languages using Cyrillic]]'''.
=== Common letters ===
The following table lists Cyrillic letters which are used in most national versions of the Cyrillic alphabet. Exceptions and additions for particular languages are noted below.
{| border=0 style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;" summary="Twenty-nine Cyrillic letters common to most national versions of the alphabet, showing each one's italic form, most common name and represented sound"
|+ Common Cyrillic letters
|-
! width=20% | Upright
! width=20% | Cursive
! width=40% | Name
! width=20% | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Sound]]
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | А а
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''А а''
| A
| {{IPA|/a/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Б б
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Б б''
| Be
| {{IPA|/b/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | В в
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''В в''
| Ve
| {{IPA|/v/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Г г
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Г г''
| Ge
| {{IPA|/g/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Д д
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Д д''
| De
| {{IPA|/d/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Е е
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Е е''
| Ye
| {{IPA|/je/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Ж ж
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Ж ж''
| Zhe
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | З з
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''З з''
| Ze
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | И и
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''И и''
| I
| {{IPA|/i/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Й й
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Й й''
| Short I
| {{IPA|/j/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | К к
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''К к''
| Ka
| {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Л л
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Л л''
| El
| {{IPA|/l/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | М м
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''М м''
| Em
| {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Н н
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Н н''
| En
| {{IPA|/n/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | О о
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''О о''
| O
| {{IPA|/o/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | П п
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''П п''
| Pe
| {{IPA|/p/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Р р
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Р р''
| Er
| {{IPA|/r/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | С с
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''С с''
| Es
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Т т
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Т т''
| Te
| {{IPA|/t/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | У у
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''У у''
| U
| {{IPA|/u/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Ф ф
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Ф ф''
| Ef
| {{IPA|/f/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Х х
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Х х''
| Kha
| {{IPA|/x/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Ц ц
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Ц ц''
| Tse
| {{IPA|/ʦ/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Ч ч
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Ч ч''
| Che
| {{IPA|/ʧ/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Ш ш
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Ш ш''
| Sha
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Щ щ
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Щ щ''
| Shcha
| {{IPA|/ʃʧ/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Ь ь
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Ь ь''
| Soft Sign
| {{IPA|/ʲ/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Ю ю
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Ю ю''
| Yu
| {{IPA|/ju/}}
|-
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | Я я
| style="font-family:serif; font-size:larger;" | ''Я я''
| Ya
| {{IPA|/ja/}}
|}
The [[soft sign]] ''ь'' is not a letter representing a sound, but modifies the sound of the preceding letter, indicating [[palatalisation]] ('softening'). In some languages, a [[hard sign]] ''ъ'' or apostrophe ''’'' negates palatalisation.
=== Slavic languages ===
==== Belarusian ====
{{Main|Belarusian alphabet}}
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty-two letters of the Belarusian alphabet, capital and small"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Belarusian alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || Д д || Е е || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з || І і || Й й
|-
| К к || Л л || М м || Н н || О о || П п || Р р || С с || Т т || У у || Ў ў
|-
| Ф ф || Х х || Ц ц || Ч ч || Ш ш || Ы ы || Ь ь || Э э || Ю ю || Я я
|}
The Belarusian alphabet displays the following features:
* Г represents a [[voiced glottal fricative]] {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.
* Yo (Ё ё) {{IPA|/jo/}}
* I resembles the Latin letter I (І, і).
* [[U short]] (Ў, ў) falls between U and Ef. It looks like U (У) with a [[breve]] and represents {{IPA|/w/}}, or like the ''u'' part of the [[diphthong]] in ''loud.''
* A combination of sh and ch (ШЧ, шч) is used where those familiar only with Russian and or Ukrainian would expect Shcha (Щ, щ).
* Yery (Ы ы) {{IPA|/ɨ/}}
* E (Э э) {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
* An apostrophe is used to indicate de-palatalization of the preceding consonant.
* The letter combinations Дж дж and Дз дз appear after Д д in the Belarusian alphabet in some publications. These [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] each represent a single sound: Дж {{IPA|/ʤ/}}, Дз {{IPA|/ʣ/}}.
==
{{further|[[Bosnian language]]}}
Bosnian language uses both Latin and Cyrillic alphabets<ref>Senahid Halilović, Pravopis bosanskog jezika</ref> but Cyrillic is seldom if ever used in today's practice. There was also [[Bosnian Cyrillic script]] (''Bosančica'') used in the Middle ages, along with other scripts. The modern Cyrillic is the same as [[#Serbian|Serbian]].
====Bulgarian====
{{Further|[[Bulgarian language#Alphabet|Bulgarian language]]}}
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Twenty-nine letters of the Bulgarian alphabet, capital and small"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Bulgarian alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || Д д || Е е || Ж ж || З з || И и || Й й || К к
|-
| Л л || М м || Н н || О о || П п || Р р || С с || Т т || У у || Ф ф || Х х
|-
| Ц ц || Ч ч || Ш ш || Щ щ || Ъ ъ || Ь ь || Ю ю || Я я ||
|}
The [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] alphabet features:
* (Е) represents {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and is called "е" {{IPA|[e]}}.
* (Щ) represents {{IPA|/ʃt/}} and is called "щъ" {{IPA|[ʃtə]}}.
* (Ъ) represents the [[schwa]] {{IPA|/ə/}}, and is called "ер голям" {{IPA|[ˈer goˈlʲam]}} ('big er').
Тhe Bulgarian names for the consonants are {{IPA|[bə]}}, {{IPA|[kə]}}, {{IPA|[lə]}} etc. with stressed [[schwa]] instead of {{IPA|[be]}}, {{IPA|[ka]}}, {{IPA|[el]}} etc.
====Macedonian====
{{main|Macedonian alphabet}}
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Twenty-nine letters of the Macedonian alphabet, capital and small"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Macedonian alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || Д д || Ѓ ѓ || Е е || Ж ж || З з || Ѕ ѕ || И и
|-
| Ј ј || К к || Л л || Љ љ || М м || Н н || Њ њ || О о || П п || Р р || С с
|-
| Т т || Ќ ќ || У у || Ф ф || Х х || Ц ц || Ч ч || Џ џ || Ш ш
|}
[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] alphabet differs from '''Serbian'' in the following ways:
* Between Ze and I is the letter Dze (Ѕ, ѕ), which looks like the Latin letter S and represents {{IPA|/ʣ/}}.
* Djerv is replaced by Gje (Ѓ, ѓ), which looks like Ghe with an acute accent (´) and represents {{IPA|/ɟ/}},
* Tjerv is replaced by Kja (Ќ, ќ), which looks like Ka with an acute accent (´), represents {{IPA|/c/}},
==== Russian ====
{{Main|Russian alphabet}}
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty-three letters of the Russian alphabet, capital and small"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Russian alphabet
|-
| [[A (Cyrillic)|А а]] || [[Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]] || [[Ve (Cyrillic)|В в]] || [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]] || [[De (Cyrillic)|Д д]] || [[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е е]] || [[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё ё]] || [[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж ж]] || [[Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]] || [[I (Cyrillic)|И и]] || [[Short I|Й й]]
|-
| [[Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]] || [[El (Cyrillic)|Л л]] || [[Em (Cyrillic)|М м]] || [[En (Cyrillic)|Н н]] || [[O (Cyrillic)|О о]] || [[Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]] || [[Er (Cyrillic)|Р р]] || [[Es (Cyrillic)|С с]] || [[Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]] || [[U (Cyrillic)|У у]] || [[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]]
|-
| [[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]] || [[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц ц]] || [[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч ч]] || [[Sha|Ш ш]] || [[Shta|Щ щ]] || [[Yer|Ъ ъ]] || [[Yery|Ы ы]] || [[Soft sign|Ь ь]] || [[E (Cyrillic)|Э э]] || [[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю ю]] || [[Ya (Cyrillic)|Я я]]
|}
* Yo (Ё ё) {{IPA|/jo/}}
* The Hard Sign¹ (Ъ ъ) indicates no palatalisation²
* {{Unicode|Ɨ}} (Ы ы) {{IPA|/ɨ/}}
* E (Э э) {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
Notes:
# In the pre-reform [[Russian language|Russian]] orthography, in [[Old Russian language|Old Russian]] and in [[Old Church Slavonic]] the letter is called [[yer]]. Historically, the "hard sign" takes the place of a now-absent [[vowel]], still preserved in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]. See the notes for Bulgarian.
# When an iotated vowel (vowel whose sound begins with {{IPA|/j/}}) follows a consonant, the consonant will become palatalised (the {{IPA|/j/}} sound will mix with the consonant), and the vowel’s initial {{IPA|/j/}} sound will not be heard independently. The Hard Sign will indicate that this does not happen, and the {{IPA|/j/}} sound will appear only in front of the vowel. The Soft Sign will indicate that the consonant should be palatised, but the vowel’s {{IPA|/j/}} sound will not mix with the [[palatalization]] of the consonant. The Soft Sign will also indicate that a consonant before another consonant or at the end of a word is palatised. Examples: та ({{IPA|ta}}); тя ({{IPA|tʲa}}); тья ({{IPA|tʲja}}); тъя ({{IPA|tja}}); т ({{IPA|t}}); ть ({{IPA|tʲ}}).
Historical letters: before [[1918]], there were four extra letters in use: {{Unicode|Іі}} (replaced by Ии), {{Unicode|Ѳѳ}} (Фита "[[Fita]]", replaced by Фф), {{Unicode |Ѣѣ}} (Ять "[[Yat]]", replaced by Ее), and {{Unicode |Ѵѵ}} (ижица "[[Izhitsa]]", replaced by Ии); these were eliminated by [[reforms of Russian orthography]].
==== Rusyn ====
{{further|[[Rusyn language#Alphabet|Rusyn language]]}}
The [[Rusyn language]] is spoken by the [[Lemko Rusyns]] in [[Transcarpathian Ukraine]], Slovakia, Poland, and the [[Pannonian Rusyns]] in Serbia.
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Letters of the Rusyn alphabet, capital and small"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Rusyn alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || Ґ ґ || Д д || Е е || Є є || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з
|-
| И и || I і* || Ы ы* || Ї ї || Й й || К к || Л л || М м || Н н || О о || П п
|-
| Р р || С с || Т т || У у || Ф ф || Х х || Ц ц || Ч ч || Ш ш || Щ щ || {{Unicode|Ѣ ѣ}}
|-
| Ю ю || Я я || Ь ь || Ъ ъ*
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Letters not present in Vojvodinian Rusyn alphabet.
====Serbian====
{{further|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet]] and [[Serbian language#Alphabets|Serbian language]]}}
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty letters of the Serbian alphabet, capital and small"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Serbian alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || Д д || Ђ ђ || Е е || Ж ж || З з || И и || Ј ј
|-
| К к || Л л || Љ љ || М м || Н н || Њ њ || О о || П п || Р р || С с || Т т
|-
| Ћ ћ || У у || Ф ф || Х х || Ц ц || Ч ч || Џ џ || Ш ш
|}
The Serbian alphabet shows the following features:
* E represents {{IPA|/ɛ/}}.
* Between Д and E is the letter [[Dje]] (Ђ, ђ), which represents {{IPA|/ʥ/}}, and looks like [[Tshe]], except that the loop of the h curls farther and dips downwards.
* Between И and К is the letter [[Je (Cyrillic)|Je]] (Ј, ј), represents {{IPA|/j/}}, which looks like the Latin letter J.
* Between Л and М is the letter [[Lje]] (Љ, љ), representing {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, which looks like a ligature of Л and the Soft Sign .
* Between Н and О is the letter [[Nje]] (Њ, њ), representing {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, which looks like a ligature of Н and the Soft Sign.
* Between Т and У is the letter [[Tshe]] (Ћ, ћ), representing {{IPA|/ʨ/}} and looks like a lowercase Latin letter h with a bar. On the uppercase letter, the bar appears at the top; on the lowercase letter, the bar crosses the top at half of the vertical line.
* Between Ч and Ш is the letter [[Dzhe]] (Џ, џ), representing {{IPA|/ʤ/}}, which looks like Ts but with the downturn moved from the right side of the bottom bar to the middle of the bottom bar.
* Ш is the last letter.
==== Ukrainian ====
{{Main|Ukrainian alphabet}}
{{Ukrainian alphabet}}
The [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] alphabet displays the following features:
* [[He (Cyrillic)|He]] (Г, г) represents a [[voiced glottal fricative]], ({{IPA |/ɦ/}}).
* [[Ghe|Ge]] (Ґ, ґ) appears after He, represents {{IPA|/g/}}. It looks like He with an "upturn" pointing up from the right side of the top bar. (This letter was not officially used in the [[Soviet Union]] after 1933, so it is missing from older Cyrillic fonts.)
* [[Ye (Cyrillic)|E]] (Е, е) represents {{IPA|/e/}} .
* [[Ukrainian Ye|Ye]] (Є, є) appears after E, represents {{IPA|/je/}}.
* [[I (Cyrillic)|Y]] (И, и) represents {{IPA|/ɪ/}}.
* [[Ukrainian I|I]] (І, і) appears after Y, represents {{IPA|/i/}}.
* [[Yi (Cyrillic)|Yi]] (Ї, ї) appears after I, represents {{IPA|/ji/}}.
* [[Yot]] (Й, й) represents {{IPA|/j/}}.
* [[Shcha]] (Щ, щ) represents {{IPA|ʃʧ}}.
* An [[Apostrophe (mark)|apostrophe]] (’) is used to mark de-palatalization of the preceding consonant.
===Non-Slavic languages===
These alphabets are generally modelled after Russian, but often bear striking differences, particularly when adapted for [[Caucasian languages]]. The first few of them were generated by Orthodox missionaries for the Finnic and Turkic peoples of [[Idel-Ural]] ([[Mari]], [[Udmurt people|Udmurt]], [[Mordvin people|Mordva]], [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]], [[Tatars|Kerashen Tatars]]) in [[1870s]]. Later such alphabets were created for some of the [[Siberia]]n and [[Caucasus]] peoples who had recently converted to Christianity. In the [[1930s]], some of those alphabets were switched to the [[Uniform Turkic Alphabet]]. All of the peoples of the former Soviet Union who had been using an Arabic or other Asian script ([[Mongolian script]], etc.) also adopted Cyrillic alphabets, and during the [[Great Purge]] in late 1930s, all of the Roman-based alphabets of the peoples of the Soviet Union were switched over to Cyrillic as well (the Baltic Republics were annexed later, and weren't affected by this change). The Abkhazian alphabet was switched to [[Georgian alphabet|Georgian script]], but after the death of [[Stalin]], Abkhaz also adopted Cyrillic. The last language to adopt Cyrillic was the [[Gagauz language]], which had used [[Greek script]] before.
In [[Uzbekistan]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Turkmenistan]], the use of Cyrillic to represent local languages has often been a politically controversial issue since the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]], as it evokes the era of Soviet rule (see [[Russification]]). Some of Russia's languages have also tried to drop Cyrillic, but the move was halted under Russian law (see [[Tatar alphabet]]). A number of languages have switched from Cyrillic to other orthographies—either Roman-based or returning to a former script.
Unlike the Roman alphabet, which is usually adapted to different languages by using additions to existing letters such as accents, umlauts, tildes and cedillas, the Cyrillic alphabet is usually adapted by the creation of entirely new letter shapes. In some alphabets invented in the nineteenth century, such as [[Mari language|Mari]], [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] and [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]], [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]]s and [[breve]]s also were used.
[[Bulgarian Jews|Bulgarian]] and [[Bosnian Jews|Bosnian]] [[Sephardim]] lacking [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] typefaces occasionally printed [[Judeo-Spanish]] in Cyrillic.<ref> Šmid (2002), pp 113-124: "Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego.... Nezirović (1992: 128) anota que también en Bosnia se ha encontrado un documento en que la lengua sefardí está escrita en alfabeto cirilico." Translation: "It is an interesting fact that in Bulgaria a few [Sephardic] publications are printed in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet and in Greece in the Greek alphabet.... Nezirović (1992:128) writes that in Bosnia a document has also been found in which the Sephardic language is written in the Cyrillic alphabet."</ref>
==== Iranian languages ====
===== Ossetian =====
{{further|[[Ossetic language#Writing system|Ossetic language]]}}
The [[Ossetic language]] has officially used the Cyrillic alphabet since 1937.
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Forty-three letters of the Ossetian Cyrillic alphabet, capital and lowercase"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | Ossetian Cyrillic alphabet
|-
| А а || {{Unicode|Ӕ ӕ}} || Б б || В в || Г г || Гъ гъ || Д д || Дж дж
|-
| Дз дз || Е е || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з || И и || Й й || К к
|-
| Къ къ ||Л л || М м || Н н || О о || П п || Пъ пъ || Р р
|-
| С с || Т т || Тъ тъ || У у || Ф ф || Х х || Хъ хъ || Ц ц
|-
| Цъ цъ || Ч ч || Чъ чъ || Ш ш || Щ щ || Ъ ъ || Ы ы || Ь ь
|-
| Э э || Ю ю || Я я
|}
===== Tajik =====
{{main|Tajik alphabet}}
The [[Tajik language|Tajik]] language (or rather the ''Tajik dialect of [[Persian language|Persian]]'') is written using a Cyrillic-based alphabet.
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty-four letters of the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet, capital and lowercase"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | Tajik Cyrillic alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || Г г || Д д || Е е || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з || И и || Й й || К к
|-
| Л л || М м || Н н || О о || П п || Р р || С с || Т т || У у || Ф ф || Х х
|-
| Ч ч || Ш ш || Ъ ъ || Э э || Ю ю || Я я || Ғ ғ || {{unicode|Ӣ ӣ}} || Қ қ || {{unicode|Ӯ ӯ}} || Ҳ ҳ
|-
| {{unicode|Ҷ ҷ}}
|}
====Moldovan====
{{main |Moldovan alphabet}}
The [[Moldovan language]] used the Cyrillic alphabet between 1946 and 1989. Nowadays, this alphabet is still official in the unrecognized republic of [[Transnistria]].
====Mongolian====
The [[Mongolian language|Mongolic languages]] include [[Khalkha]] (in [[Mongolia]]), [[Buryat]] (around [[Lake Baikal]]) and [[Kalmyk]] (northwest of the [[Caspian Sea]]). Khalkha Mongolian is also written with the [[Mongolian alphabet|Mongol vertical alphabet]], which is being slowly reintroduced in Mongolia.
=====Overview=====
This table contains all the characters used.
''Һһ is shown twice as it appears at two different ___location in Buryat and Kalmyk''
{| cellpadding=2 style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" summary="Forty letters of all the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabets, capital and lowercase"
! '''Khalkha'''
|Аа || ||Бб ||Вв ||Гг || ||Дд ||Ее ||Ёё ||Жж || ||Зз ||Ии ||Йй ||Кк ||Лл ||Мм ||Нн || ||Оо
|-
! '''Buryat'''
|Аа || ||Бб ||Вв ||Гг || ||Дд ||Ее ||Ёё ||Жж || ||Зз ||Ии ||Йй || ||Лл ||Мм ||Нн || ||Оо
|-
! '''Kalmyk'''
|Аа ||Әә ||Бб ||Вв ||Гг ||Һһ ||Дд ||Ее || ||Жж ||Җҗ ||Зз ||Ии ||Йй ||Кк ||Лл ||Мм ||Нн ||Ңң ||Оо
|-
|
|-
! '''Khalkha'''
|Өө ||Пп ||Рр ||Сс ||Тт ||Уу ||Үү ||Фф ||Хх || ||Цц ||Чч ||Шш ||Щщ ||Ъъ ||Ыы ||Ьь ||Ээ ||Юю ||Яя
|-
! '''Buryat'''
|Өө ||Пп ||Рр ||Сс ||Тт ||Уу ||Үү || ||Хх ||Һһ ||Цц ||Чч ||Шш || || ||Ыы ||Ьь ||Ээ ||Юю ||Яя
|-
! '''Kalmyk'''
|Өө ||Пп ||Рр ||Сс ||Тт ||Уу ||Үү || ||Хх || ||Цц ||Чч ||Шш || || || ||Ьь ||Ээ ||Юю ||Яя
|}
=====Khalkha=====
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty-five letters of the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet, capital and lowercase"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Khalkha Mongolian alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || Д д || Е е || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з || И и || Й й
|-
| К к || Л л || М м || Н н || О о || Ө ө || П п || Р р || С с || Т т || У у
|-
| Ү ү || Ф ф || Х х || Ц ц || Ч ч || Ш ш || Щ щ || Ъ ъ || Ы ы || Ь ь || Э э
|-
| Ю ю || Я я
|}
* В в = {{IPA|/w/}}
* Е е = {{IPA|/jɛ/}}, {{IPA|/jœ/}}
* Ё ё = {{IPA|/jo/}}
* Ж ж = {{IPA|/ʤ/}}
* З з = {{IPA|/ʣ/}}
* Н н = {{IPA|/n-/}}, {{IPA|/-ŋ/}}
* Ө ө = {{IPA|/œ/}}
* Ү ү = {{IPA|/y/}}
* Ы ы = {{IPA|/iː/}} (after a hard consonant)
* Ь ь = {{IPA|/ĭ/}} (extra short)
* Ю ю = {{IPA|/ju/}}, {{IPA|/jy/}}
The Cyrillic letters Кк, Фф and Щщ are not used in native Mongolian words, but only for Russian loans.
==
The [[Buryat language|Buryat]] (буряад) Cyrillic alphabet is similar to the Khalkha above, but Ьь indicates palatalization as in Russian. Buryat does not use Вв, Кк, Фф, Цц, Чч, Щщ or Ъъ in its native words.
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty-two letters of the Buryat Cyrillic alphabet, capital and lowercase"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Buryat Mongolian alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || Д д || Е е || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з || И и || Й й
|-
| Л л || М м || Н н || О о || Ө ө || П п || Р р || С с || Т т || У у || Ү ү
|-
| Х х || Һ һ || Ц ц || Ч ч || Ш ш || Ы ы || Ь ь || Э э || Ю ю || Я я
|}
* Е е = {{IPA|/jɛ/}}, {{IPA|/jœ/}}
* Ё ё = {{IPA|/jo/}}
* Ж ж = {{IPA|/ʤ/}}
* Н н = {{IPA|/n-/}}, {{IPA|/-ŋ/}}
* Ө ө = {{IPA|/œ/}}
* Ү ү = {{IPA|/y/}}
* Һ һ = {{IPA|/h/}}
* Ы ы = {{IPA|/ei/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}
* Ю ю = {{IPA|/ju/}}, {{IPA|/jy/}}
=====Kalmyk=====
The [[Kalmyk language|Kalmyk]] (хальмг) Cyrillic alphabet is similar to the Khalkha, but the letters Ээ, Юю and Яя appear only word-initially. In Kalmyk, long vowels are written double in the first syllable (нөөрин), but single in syllables after the first. Short vowels are omitted altogether in syllables after the first syllable (хальмг = {{IPA|/xaʎmag/}}).
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty-four letters of the Kalmyk Cyrillic alphabet, capital and lowercase"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Kalmyk Mongolian alphabet
|-
| А а || Ә ә || Б б || В в || Г г || Һ һ || Д д || Е е || Ж ж || Җ җ || З з
|-
| И и || Й й || К к || Л л || М м || Н н || Ң ң || О о || Ө ө || П п || Р р
|-
| С с || Т т || У у || Ү ү || Х х || Ц ц || Ч ч || Ш ш || Ь ь || Э э || Ю ю
|-
| Я я
|}
* Ә ә = {{IPA|/æ/}}
* В в = {{IPA|/w/}}
* Һ һ = {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
* Е е = {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/jɛ-/}}
* Җ җ = {{IPA|/ʤ/}}
* Ң ң = {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
* Ө ө = {{IPA|/œ/}}
* Ү ү = {{IPA|/y/}}
==== Northwest Caucasian languages ====
Living [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] are generally written using adaptations of the Cyrillic alphabet.
=====Abkhaz=====
{{main|Abkhaz alphabet}}
[[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] is a [[Caucasian language]], spoken in the Autonomous Republic of [[Abkhazia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
{| cellpadding=4 class="Unicode" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Fifty-eight letters of the Abkhaz alphabet, capital and small"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Abkhaz alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || Гь гь || Ҕ ҕ || Ҕь ҕь || Д д || Дә дә || Џ џ || Џь џь
|-
| Е е || Ҽ ҽ || Ҿ ҿ || Ж ж || Жь жь || Жә жә || З з || Ӡ ӡ || Ӡә ӡә || И и || Й й
|-
| К к || Кь кь || Қ қ || Қь қь || Ҟ ҟ || Ҟь ҟь || Л л || М м || Н н || О о || Ҩ ҩ
|-
| П п || Ҧ ҧ || Р р || С с || Т т || Тә тә || Ҭ ҭ || Ҭә ҭә || У у || Ф ф || Х х
|-
| Хь хь || Ҳ ҳ || Ҳә ҳә || Ц ц || Цә цә || Ҵ ҵ || Ҵә ҵә || Ч ч || Ҷ ҷ || Ш ш || Шь шь
|-
| Шә шә || Щ щ || Ы ы
|}
====Turkic languages====
=====Azerbaijani=====
{{main|Azerbaijani alphabet}}
The Cyrillic alphabet was used for the [[Azerbaijani language]] from 1939 to 1991.
==
The Cyrillic alphabet was used for the [[Bashkir language]] after the winter of [[1938]].
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Bashkir Alphabet"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Bashkir alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || Ғ ғ || Д д || {{Unicode |Ҙ ҙ}} || Е е || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з
|-
| И и || Й й || К к || {{Unicode |Ҡ ҡ}} || Л л || М м || Н н || Ң ң || О о || Ө ө || П п
|-
| Р р || С с || {{Unicode |Ҫ ҫ}} || Т т || У у || Ү ү || Ф ф || Х х || Һ һ || Ц ц || Ч ч ||
|-
| Ш ш || Щ щ || Ъ ъ || Ы ы || Ь ь || Э э || Ә ә || Ю ю || Я я
|}
=====Chuvash=====
The Cyrillic alphabet is used for the [[Chuvash language]] since the late 19th century, with some changes in 1938.
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty-seven letters of the Soviet-era Chuvash alphabet, capital and small"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Chuvash alphabet
|-
| А а || {{Unicode|Ӑ ӑ}} || Б б || В в || Г г || Д д || Е е || Ё ё || {{Unicode|Ӗ ӗ}} || Ж ж || З з
|-
| И и || Й й || К к || Л л || М м || Н н || О о || П п || Р р || С с || {{Unicode|Ҫ ҫ}}
|-
| Т т || У у || {{Unicode|Ӳ ӳ}} || Ф ф || Х х || Ц ц || Ч ч || Ш ш || Щ щ || Ъ ъ || Ы ы
|-
| Ь ь || Э э || Ю ю || Я я
|}
=====Kazakh=====
[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] is also written with the Latin alphabet (in [[Turkey]], but not in [[Kazakhstan]]), and modified [[Arabic alphabet]] (in the [[People's Republic of China]], [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]]).
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Forty-two letters of the Kazakh alphabet, capital and lowercase"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Kazakh alphabet
|-
| А а || Ә ә || Б б || В в || Г г || Ғ ғ || Д д || Е е || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з
|-
| И и || Й й || К к || Қ қ || Л л || М м || Н н || Ң ң || О о || Ө ө || П п
|-
| Р р || С с || Т т || У у || Ұ ұ || Ү ү || Ф ф || Х х || Һ һ || Ц ц || Ч ч
|-
| Ш ш || Щ щ || Ъ ъ || Ы ы || İ і || Ь ь || Э э || Ю ю || Я я
|}
* Ә ә = {{IPA|/æ/}}
* Ғ ғ = {{IPA|/ʁ/ }} ([[voiced uvular fricative]])
* Қ қ = {{IPA|/q/}} ([[voiceless uvular plosive]])
* Ң ң = {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
* Ө ө = {{IPA|/œ/}}
* У у = {{IPA|/uw/}}, {{IPA|/yw/}},{{IPA|/w/}}
* Ұ ұ = {{IPA|/u/}}
* Ү ү = {{IPA|/y/}}
* Һ һ = {{IPA| /h/}}
* İ і = {{IPA|/i/}}
The Cyrillic letters Вв, Ёё, Цц, Чч, Щщ, Ъъ, Ьь and Ээ are not used in native Kazakh words, but only for Russian loans.
=====Kyrgyz=====
[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] has also been written in Latin and in Arabic.
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty letters of the Kyrgyz Cyrillic alphabet, capital and lowercase"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Kyrgyz alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || Г г || Д д || Е е || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з || И и || Й й || К к
|-
| Л л || М м || Н н || Ң ң || О о || Ө ө || П п || Р р || С с || Т т || У у
|-
| Ү ү || Х х || Ч ч || Ш ш || Ы ы || Э э || Ю ю || Я я
|}
* Ң ң = {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ([[velar nasal]])
* Ү ү = {{IPA|/y/}} ([[close front rounded vowel]])
* Ө ө = {{IPA|/œ/}} ([[open-mid front rounded vowel]])
=====Uzbek=====
The Cyrillic alphabet is still used most often for the [[Uzbek language]], although the government has adopted a version of the Latin alphabet to replace it. The deadline for making this transition has however been repeatedly changed. The latest deadline was supposed to be 2005, but was shifted once again a few more years. Some scholars are not convinced that the transition will be made at all.
{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty letters of the Soviet-era Uzbek alphabet, capital and small"
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet
|-
| А а || Б б || В в || Г г || Д д || Е е || Ё ё || Ж ж || З з || И и || Й й || К к
|-
| Л л || М м || Н н || О о ||П п || Р р || С с || Т т || У у || Ф ф || Х х || Ч ч
|-
| Ш ш || Ъ ъ || Э э || Ю ю || Я я || Ў ў || Қ қ || Ғ ғ || Ҳ ҳ
|}
* В в = {{IPA|/w/}}
* Ж ж = {{IPA|/ʤ/}}
* Ф ф = {{IPA|/ɸ/}}
* Х х = {{IPA|/χ/}}
* Ъ ъ = {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
* Ў ў = {{IPA|/ø/}}
* Қ қ = {{IPA|/q/}}
* Ғ ғ = {{IPA|/ʁ/}}
* Ҳ ҳ = {{IPA|/h/}}
== Relationship to other writing systems ==
=== Latin alphabets ===
A number of languages written in the Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in the [[Latin alphabet]].
The old [[Belarusian Latin alphabet]] (''Łacinka'') is based on Polish orthography, but, because of the political realities in the former USSR, Belarusian is usually romanized by analogy to Russian.
Serbian is written in both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. In Serbian there is a one-to-one correspondence between [[Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic|Vuk Karadžić]]'s Serbian Cyrillic and [[Ljudevit Gaj]]'s Croatian [[Croatian alphabet|Gajica]] (derived from the [[Czech alphabet]]. See [[Serbo-Croatian language#Writing systems|Serbo-Croatian writing systems]].)
There are also Latin alphabets for some non-Slavic languages, such as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] or [[Moldovan language|Moldavian]]. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, official status shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova, but Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan still use both systems.
===
There are various systems for [[romanization]] of Cyrillic text, including [[transliteration]] to convey Cyrillic spelling in [[Latin]] characters, and [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] to convey [[pronunciation]].
Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include:
* [[Scientific transliteration]], used in linguistics, is based on the Latin [[Croatian alphabet]].
* The [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/ Working Group on Romanization Systems] of the [[United Nations]] recommends different systems for specific languages. These are the most commonly used around the world.
* [[ISO 9]]:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.
* American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets ([[ALA-LC Romanization]]), used in North American libraries.
* [[BGN/PCGN romanization]] (1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
* [[GOST 16876-71|GOST 16876]], a now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79, which is [[ISO 9]] equivalent.
* [[Volapuk encoding]], an informal rendering of Cyrillic text over Latin-alphabet ASCII.
See also [[romanization of Belarusian]], [[romanization of Bulgarian|Bulgarian]], [[romanization of Kyrgyz|Kyrgyz]], [[romanization of Russian|Russian]], and [[romanization of Ukrainian|Ukrainian]].
=== Cyrillization ===
Representing other writing systems with Cyrillic letters is called [[Cyrillization]].
==
{{further|[[Cyrillic characters in Unicode]]}}
<div style="float:right">
{{Unicode chart Cyrillic}}
</div>
In [[Unicode]], the Cyrillic block extends from U+0400 to U+052F. The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are basically the characters from [[ISO 8859-5]] moved upward by 864 positions. The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, not used now. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.
[[Unicode]] does not include accented Cyrillic letters, but they can be [[Combining diacritical mark|combined]] by adding U+0301 ("combining acute accent") after the accented vowel (e.g., ы́ э́ ю́ я́). Some languages, including modern [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]], are still not fully supported.
Punctuation for Cyrillic text is similar to that used in European Latin-alphabet languages.
Other [[character encoding]] systems for Cyrillic:
* [[CP866]] – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by [[Microsoft]] for use in [[MS-DOS]] also known as GOST-alternative
* [[ISO/IEC 8859-5]] – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by [[International Organization for Standardization]]
* [[KOI8-R]] – 8-bit native Russian character encoding
* [[KOI8-U]] – KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters
* [[MIK Code page|MIK]] – 8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in [[DOS]]
* [[Windows-1251]] – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in [[Microsoft Windows]]. Former standard encoding in [[GNU/Linux]] for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by [[UTF-8]].
* [[GOST-main]]
* [[JIS_encoding|JIS]] and [[Shift_JIS]] - Principally Japanese encodings. But they also have basic 33 Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
=== Keyboard layouts ===
Each language has its own standard [[keyboard layout]], adopted from [[typewriter]]s. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or [[homophonic]] keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English [[qwerty keyboard]]. When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts or fonts are not available, computer users sometimes use transliteration or look-alike "[[volapuk encoding|volapuk]]" encoding to type languages which are normally written with the Cyrillic alphabet.
See [[Keyboard layout#Keyboard layouts for non-Roman alphabetic scripts|Keyboard layouts for non-Roman alphabetic scripts]].
== Notes ==
<References/>
== References ==
* [[Robert Bringhurst|Bringhurst, Robert]] (2002). ''[[The Elements of Typographic Style]]'' (version 2.5), pp. 262–264. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
* Nezirović, M. (1992). ''Jevrejsko-španjolska književnost''. Sarajevo: Svjetlost. [cited in Šmid, 2002]
* Šmid, Katja (2002). "[http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí]", in ''Verba Hispanica'', vol X. Liubliana: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Liubliana. ISSN 0353-9660.
== See also ==
* [[Faux Cyrillic]], real or fake Cyrillic letters used to give Latin-alphabet text a Soviet or Russian feel
* [[Russian Manual Alphabet]] (the [[fingerspelling|fingerspelled]] Cyrillic alphabet)
* [[Cyrillic Alphabet Day]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cyrillic.htm Cyrillic alphabet at omniglot.com]
* [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority Languages of Russia on the Net], a list of resources.
* [http://www.jewishgen.org/jri-pl/translit.htm Information on Cyrillic transliteration] and the handwritten script form of Cyrillic.
* [http://www.terena.nl/library/multiling/euroml/mlcs5-cyr.txt A Survey of the Use of Modern Cyrillic Script], including the complete required repertoire of graphic characters, by J. W. van Wingen.
* [http://www.tipometar.org/ Tipometar: Serbian Cyrillic typography and typefaces]
* [http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html The Cyrillic Charset Soup], Roman Czyborra’s overview and history of Cyrillic charsets.
* [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf Unicode Code Charts "Cyrillic"] (PDF)
* [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf Unicode Code Charts "Cyrillic Supplement"] (PDF)
* [http://transliteration.eki.ee/ Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts], a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables, by Thomas T. Pederson. Includes PDF reference charts for many languages' transliteration systems.
{{Cyrillic alphabet}}
[[Category:Cyrillic alphabet| ]]
[[af:Cyrilliese alfabet]]
[[als:Kyrillisches Alphabet]]
[[ast:Alfabetu cirílicu]]
[[be:Кірыліца]]
[[bs:Ćirilica]]
[[br:Lizherenneg kirillek]]
[[bg:Кирилица]]
[[ca:Alfabet ciríl·lic]]
[[cv:Кириллица]]
[[cs:Cyrilice]]
[[cy:Gwyddor Gyrilig]]
[[da:Kyrilliske alfabet]]
[[de:Kyrillisches Alphabet]]
[[et:Kirillitsa]]
[[el:Κυριλλικό αλφάβητο]]
[[es:Alfabeto cirílico]]
[[eo:Cirila alfabeto]]
[[eu:Alfabeto ziriliko]]
[[fa:سیریلیک]]
[[fr:Alphabet cyrillique]]
[[ga:Aibítir Choireallach]]
[[gd:Aibidil Cirillach]]
[[gl:Alfabeto cirílico]]
[[ko:키릴 문자]]
[[hr:Ćirilica]]
[[id:Aksara Sirilik]]
[[is:Kýrillískt letur]]
[[it:Alfabeto cirillico]]
[[he:אלפבית קירילי]]
[[ka:კირილიცა]]
[[sw:Kikyrili]]
[[ht:Alfabèt sirilik]]
[[la:Abecedarium Cyrillicum]]
[[lv:Kirilica]]
[[lt:Kirilica]]
[[hu:Cirill írás]]
[[mk:Кирилица]]
[[nl:Cyrillisch alfabet]]
[[ja:キリル文字]]
[[no:Det kyrilliske alfabetet]]
[[nn:Det kyrilliske alfabetet]]
[[nrm:A b c Cyrillique]]
[[pl:Cyrylica]]
[[pt:Alfabeto cirílico]]
[[ro:Alfabetul chirilic]]
[[ru:Кириллица]]
[[sq:Alfabeti cirilik]]
[[simple:Cyrillic alphabet]]
[[sk:Cyrilika]]
[[cu:Словѣньска азъбѹкы]]
[[sl:Cirilica]]
[[sr:Ћирилица]]
[[sh:Ćirilica]]
[[fi:Kyrillinen kirjaimisto]]
[[sv:Kyrilliska alfabetet]]
[[tl:Alpabetong Siriliko]]
[[tt:Kirill älifbası]]
[[th:อักษรซีริลลิก]]
[[tr:Kiril alfabesi]]
[[uk:Кирилиця]]
[[zh:西里尔字母]]
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