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[[Image:Henry Bessemer.jpg|thumb|Henry Bessemer (1813-1898)]]
'''Sir Henry Bessemer''' ([[January 19]], [[1813]] – [[March 15]], [[1898]]), [[England|English]] [[engineer]] and [[inventor]], was born at Charlton near [[Hitchin]] in [[Hertfordshire]]. Bessemer's name is chiefly known in connection with the [[Bessemer process]] for the manufacture of [[steel]].
==Bessemer process==
Throughout his life, Bessemer was a prolific [[inventor]], but his name is chiefly known in connection with the [[Bessemer process]] for the manufacture of [[steel]]. Though this process is no longer commercially used, at the time of its invention it was of enormous industrial importance because it lowered the cost of production of steel, leading to steel being widely substituted for other substances which were inferior but previously cheaper. Bessemer's attention was drawn to the problem of steel manufacture in the course of an attempt to improve the construction of [[gun]]s.
===Implementation===
Five firms applied without delay for licences to work under his patents, success did not at once attend his efforts; indeed, after several ironmasters had put the process to practical trial and failed to get good results, it was in danger of being thrust aside and entirely forgotten. Its author, however, instead of being discouraged by this lack of success, continued his experiments, and in two years was able to turn out a product, the quality of which was not inferior to that yielded by the older methods. But when he now tried to induce makers to take up his improved system, he met with general rebuffs, and finally was driven to undertake the exploitation of the process himself.
To exploit the process, he erected steelworks in [[Sheffield]], on ground purchased with the help of friends, and began to manufacture steel. At first the output was insignificant, but gradually the magnitude of the operations was enlarged until the competition became effective, and steel traders generally became aware that the firm of Henry Bessemer & Co. was underselling them to the extent of $20 a ton. This argument to the pocket quickly had its effect, and licences were applied for in such numbers that, in royalties for the use of his process, Bessemer received a sum in all considerably exceeding a million pound sterling. (Sheffield's Kelham Island Industrial Heritage Museum, maintains an early example of a Bessemer Converter for public viewing).
===Patent battles===
Of course, patents of such obvious value did not escape criticism, and invalidity was freely urged against them on various grounds. But Bessemer was fortunate enough to maintain them intact without [[litigation]], though he found it advisable to buy up the rights of one patentee, while in another case he was freed from anxiety by the patent being allowed to lapse in [[1859]] through non-payment of fees. At the outset he had found great difficulty in making steel by his process; in his first licenses to the trade iron alone was mentioned.
Experiments he made with South [[Wales]] iron were failures because the product was devoid of malleability; Mr Goransson, a Swedish [[ironmaster]], using the purer [[charcoal]] [[pig iron]] of that country, was the first to make good steel by the process, and even he was successful only after many attempts. His results prompted Bessemer to try the purer iron, obtained from [[Cumberland, England|Cumberland]] [[hematite]], but even with this he did not meet with much success, until [[Robert Mushet]] showed that the addition of a certain quantity of [[spiegeleisen]] had the effect of removing the difficulties.
Whether or not Mushet's patents could have been sustained, the value of his procedure was shown by its general adoption in conjunction with the Bessemer method of conversion. At the same time it is only fair to say that whatever may have been the conveniences of Mushet's plan, it was not absolutely essential; this Bessemer proved in [[1865]], by exhibiting a series of samples of steel made by his own process alone. In 1866, Bessemer provided finance for [[Zerah Colburn (locomotive designer)|Zerah Colburn]], the American locomotive engineer and journalist, to start a new weekly engineering newspaper called Engineering, and based in Bedford Street, London. It was not until many years later that the name of Colburn's benefactor was revealed. Prior to the launch of Engineering, Colburn, through the pages of The Engineer, had given support to Bessemer's work on steel and [[steelmaking]].
The pecuniary rewards of Bessemer's great invention came to him with comparative quickness; but it was not till [[1879]] that the [[Royal Society]] admitted him as a fellow and the government honoured him with a [[knight]]hood. Bessemer died in March 1898 in [[Denmark Hill]], [[London]].
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==Other inventions==
The invention from which he made his fortune was a machine for making fine brass powder which was used as a 'gold' paint. It was treated highly secretly, with only a few trusted employees and members of his immediate family allowed to operate it. This money allowed him to pursue his other inventions.
Among Bessemer's numerous other inventions, not one of which attained a tenth of the success or importance of the steel process, were movable dies for embossed [[stamp]]s, and a screw extruder for more efficiently extracting sugar from sugar cane.
Another promising invention was a mechanism added to a ship which was to save her passengers from the miseries of ''[[mal de mer]].'' This last had her saloon mounted in such a way as to be free to swing relatively to the boat herself, and the idea was that this saloon should always be maintained steady and level, no matter how rough the sea. For this purpose hydraulic mechanism of Bessemer's design was arranged under the control of an attendant, whose duty it was to keep watch on a spirit-level, and counteract by proper manipulation of the apparatus any deviation from the horizontal that might manifest itself on the floor of the saloon owing to the rolling of the vessel. A boat, called the ''Bessemer,'' was built on this plan in [[1875]] and put on the cross-Channel service to [[Calais]], but the mechanism of the swinging saloon was not found effective in practice and was ultimately removed.
Bessemer also obtained a patent in 1857 for the casting of metal between contrarotating rollers - a forerunner of today's [[continuous casting]] processes and remarkably, Bessemer's original idea has been implemented in the direct continuous casting of steel strip.
Bessemer patented a method for making a continuous ribbon of [[sheet glass]], in [[1848]], but it was not commercially successful.(see his Autobiography Chapter 8).
==See also==
* [[William Kelly (inventor)|William Kelly]]
*[[Bessemer process]]
==External articles and references==
;Websites
* [http://www.history.rochester.edu/ehp-book/shb/start.htm Bessemer's autobiography]
;General citations
* {{1911}}
* Sir Henry Bessemer F.R.S An Autobiography (1989) ISBN 0901462497
* [http://www.fweb.org.uk/Dean/towns/colefordproject/people/mushet.html Robert Mushet]
[[Category:1813 births|Bessemer, Henry]]
[[Category:1898 deaths|Bessemer, Henry]]
[[Category:Metallurgists|Bessemer, Henry]]
[[Category:English inventors|Bessemer, Henry]]
[[Category:History of Sheffield|Bessemer, Henry]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society|Bessemer, Henry]]
[[Category:People of the Industrial Revolution|Bessemer, Henry]]
[[Category:People from Hertfordshire|Bessemer, Henry]]
[[Category:National Inventors Hall of Fame|Bessemer, Henry]]
[[Category:Inventors|Bessemer, Henry]]
[[Category:People buried in West Norwood Cemetery|Bessemer, Henry]]
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