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[[File:MalschuleRöver1897 cropped Alma del Blanco.jpg|thumb|Alma del Banco, 1897]]
'''Alma Aline Henriette del Banco''' (*December 24, 1862 in [[Hamburg]]<ref>despite literature claiming this to be her year of birth, her gravestone claims it to be 1863</ref>; †March 8, 1943 in Hamburg) was a [[Germany|German]] painter during [[Modernity|modernity]]. After being persecuted during [[Nazism|national socialism]] for being [[Jews|Jewish]], she died in 1943 by [[suicide]] to avoid [[deportation]] to a [[Extermination camp|death camp.]]
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=== Education in painting ===
[[File:MalschuleRöver1897.jpg|thumb|Ernst Eitner with students of ''Malschule Röver'' on a field trip to [[Neustadt in Holstein]], 1897]]
At age 30, Alma del Banco shifted her main focus from [[arts and crafts]] to [[painting]]. From 1895 to 1905, like many female artists of the time, she got a painting education at the private ''Malschule für Damen'' (“painting school for ladies”) in Hamburg, founded by [[Valeska Röver]]. She studied [[impressionism]] under northern-german influence under her teachers Ernst Eitner and Arthur Illies.<br>
Eitner was a formative influence on her early works, as well as [[Paul Cézanne|Cézanne]] and [[Henri Matisse|Matisse]], whose works she studied [[Autodidacticism|autodidactically]]. She also travelled a lot through [[southern Europe]], which led to her painting motives from the Hamburg area in an impressionistic way using the vivid color palette associated with the South. Additionally, she started experimenting with graphic simplification. <br>
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=== Activity in the [[Hamburg]] art scene ===
[[File:Alma del Banco - Sommertheater (1918-22).jpg|thumb|''Sommertheater'', oil on canvas, around 1918-22]]
[[File:Alma del Banco Berglandschaft mit Ziegen c1932.jpg|thumb|''Berglandschaft mit Ziegen'', around 1932]]
She made her return to Hamburg in 1914 to work as a freelance artist in her studio at Große Theaterstraße 34/35, which subsequently became a popular meeting spot for painters in Hamburg. However, her orders were not making enough profit to fund her living necessities. <br>
Alma del Banco developed her own signature style in the years after Paris. In the 1920s, she enhanced her preliminary sketches to optically shift the focus towards graphic elements. Cubist influences caused her motives to be slightly distorted, and she also used methods like the application of paint only in a very thin layer as well as leaving parts of the canvas completely unpainted, in order to intentionally generate a sketch-like overall impression. She traveled to [[Italy]] (with Gretchen Wohlwill, 1922), [[France]] and the [[Balkans|Balkan]] countries, where she continued to educate herself further. <br>
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=== Prosecution and confiscation of her works ===
However, this changed due to the increasingly [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] atmosphere in the late 1920s, which resulted in the [[Nazi Germany|national socialist dictatorship]]. In 1933, the association of Hamburg artists expelled Alma del Banco because she came from a Jewish family, as these expulsions had become government mandated. In contrast, the ''Hamburg Secession'' disbanded itself, partially because they wanted to spare their Jewish colleagues the humiliation of being expelled. <br>
13 of her paintings were confiscated from the ''Hamburger Kunsthalle'' in 1937 during the ''Entartete Kunst'' ([[degenerate art]]) movement. Nine of these paintings were subsequently destroyed, the fate of three more paintings is unknown. Only one painting, ''Bildnis Pastor Hunzingers''<ref>{{
=== Final years ===
[[File:Grabstein Alma del Banco.nnw.jpg|thumb|Gravestone of Alma del Banco on [[Ohlsdorf Cemetery]]]]
After the death of her still unmarried half-brother Siegmund del Banco, Alma moved out of their shared apartment at the ''[[Jungfernstieg]]'' and moved in with her [[Sibling-in-law|brother-in-law]] Hans Lübbert in Hamburg-Blankenese, who had already set up a studio for her in his house years prior. There, she was put on [[house arrest]] by the government. In her last years, she suffered from [[Cardiac insufficiency|heart insufficiency]] and at age 79, she felt too weak and too old to [[Emigration|emigrate]]. When she received her deportation notice for [[Theresienstadt Ghetto|Theresienstadt]], Alma del Banco ended her own life with [[morphine]] on March 8, 1943. <br>
She was buried in the area of the Lübbert family grave on [[Ohlsdorf Cemetery]], where a pillow stone reminds of her<ref>[http://grabsteine.genealogy.net/tomb.php?cem=883&tomb=267&b=B&lang=de picture of the pillow stone (bottom of the page)] at ''genealogy.net''</ref>. <br>
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=== Gallery ===
<gallery>
File:Banco, Alma del - Japanerin - Hamburger Kunsthalle.jpg|''Japanerin'', 1910, Hamburger Kunsthalle
File:Alma del Banco Fördeufer c1911.jpg|''Fördeufer'', about 1911
File:Alma del Banco - Apfelsinen und Narzissen (1911).jpg|''Apfelsinen und Narzissen'', 1911
File:Alma del Banco - Hamburg (ca.1912).jpg|''Hamburg'', about 1912
File:Alma del Banco Im Garten.jpg|''Im Garten'', about 1915
File:Alma del Banco Atelierstillleben c1918.jpg|''Atelierstillleben'', about 1918
File:Alma del Banco Blick ueber Blankenese auf die Elbe.jpg|''Blick von der Süllbergterrasse in Blankenese auf die Elbe'', 1918
File:Alma del Banco - Taormina (1918-22).jpg|''Taormina'', 1918–1922
File:Alma del Banco - Porträt Hunzinger (1920).jpg|''Porträt August Wilhelm Hunzinger'', about 1920
File:Banco, Alma del - Hunzinger, August Wilhelm.jpg|''Porträt August Wilhelm Hunzinger'', year unknown
File:Alma del Banco - Rote und gelbe Segel (Segelschiffe in Cuxhafen).jpg|''Rote und gelbe Segel (Segelschiffe in Cuxhaven)'', about 1922
File:Alma del Banco - Porträt Dr. Wendemuth (1922).jpg|''Porträt Dr. Wendemuth'', about 1922, Hamburger Kunsthalle
File:Alma del Banco - Mädchen mit roter Schleife.jpg|''Mädchen mit roter Schleife'', 1925
File:Alma del Banco Fischerboote im Hafen.jpg|''Fischerboote im Hafen'', about 1925
</gallery>
== Honors ==
[[File:Stolperstein Hasenhöhe 95 (Alma del Banco) in Hamburg-Blankenese.JPG|thumb|''Stolperstein'' of Alma del Banco]]
In front of her last residence in [[Blankenese]], a ''[[Stolperstein]]'' was installed for Alma del Banco<ref>[http://www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de/index.php?MAIN_ID=7&BIO_ID=775 ''Alma del Banco''] at stolpersteine-hamburg.de. Retrieved 2013-06-01.</ref><ref>{{
. <br>
In 1985, the street ''Del-Banco-Kehre'' in the Hamburg district [[Neuallermöhe]] was named after her. <br>
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