Utente:Thewikifox/sandbox3: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 17:56, 2 nov 2011

Versione attuale delle 16:22, 8 giu 2020

(25 versioni intermedie di 2 utenti non mostrate)

Riga 8:

__NOTOC__

{{Stampante

[[File:Bolivia Yunga Road.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Yungas Road at San Pedro [[waterfall]]]]

| presentazione = March 1, 1985

| dismissione = February 1, 1988

| processore = [[Motorola 68000]]

| frequenza = 12 MHz

| ramminima = 1.5 MB

| rammassima = 1.5 MB

| slot = 1

| rom = 512 kB

| porte = [[Serial port|Serial]], [[LocalTalk]]

| tipo = [[Laser printer|Laser]]

| colori = 1

| dpi = 300

| velocità = 8 Pages Per Minute

| potenza = 760 Watts

| peso = 77 lb

| dimensione = (H × W × D) 11.5 × 18.5 × 16.2 in

}}

La '''LaserWriter''' è stata una [[stampante laser]] che utilizzava come [[linguaggio di descrizione di pagina]] il [[PostScript]] immessa sul mercato dalla [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] nel [[1985]]. È stata una delle prime stampanti laser disponibili sul mercato. Assieme al programma [[Adobe PageMaker|PageMaker]], la LaserWriter ha avuto un ruolo fondamentale nell'avvio della rivoluzione del [[desktop publishing]]<ref name="tucker">{{en}}H. A. Tucker:''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YlmafkntEqIC&pg=PA296 Desktop Publishing.]'' In: Maurice M. de Ruiter: ''Advances in Computer Graphics III.'' Springer, 1988, ISBN 3-540-18788-X, P. 296.</ref><ref name="spring">{{en}}Michael B. Spring: ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_MV46vFUrI4C&pg=PA46 Electronic printing and publishing: the document processing revolution.]'' CRC Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8247-8544-4, Page 46.</ref>. La stampante era progettata per essere utilizzata in congiunzione con un Macintosh; Apple non ha mai rilasciato driver per altri computer.

The '''North Yungas Road''' (alternatively known as '''Grove's Road''', '''Coroico Road''', ''{{lang|es|'''Camino de las Yungas'''}}'', ''{{lang|es|'''El Camino de la Muerte'''}}'', '''Road of Death''' or '''Death Road''') is a {{convert|61|km|adj=on}} or {{convert|69|km|adj=on}} road<ref>Length varies, depending on source</ref> leading from [[La Paz, Bolivia|La Paz]] to [[Coroico]], {{convert|56|km}} northeast of La Paz in the [[Yungas]] region of [[Bolivia]]. It is legendary for its extreme danger and in 1995 the [[Inter-American Development Bank]] christened it as the "world's most dangerous road".<ref>[http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/08/the-most-dangerous-road/ "The Most Dangerous Road?"]</ref><ref>[http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2006/11/most-dangerous-roads-in-world.html "The Most Dangerous Roads in the World "]</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Whitaker |title=The world's most dangerous road |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6136268.stm |work=[[BBC]] |date=2006-11-11 |accessdate=2007-05-10 |format=Podcast}}</ref> One estimate is that 200 to 300 travellers were killed yearly along the road.<ref name="bbc" /> The road includes crosses marking many of the spots where vehicles have fallen.

==Storia==

A '''South Yungas Road''' ('''Chulumani Road''') exists that connects La Paz to [[Chulumani]], {{convert|64|km}} east of La Paz, and is considered to be nearly as dangerous as the North Road.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

===Sviluppo della stampa laser===

Photographs of [[People's Republic of China|China]]'s [[Guoliang Tunnel]] are often incorrectly identified as showing the Yungas Road.<ref>[http://www.ssqq.com/ARCHIVE/vinlin27a.htm The Guoliang Tunnel in China], often mistaken as a section of the Yungas Road</ref>

L'inizio dello sviluppo della stampa laser risale al [[1969]] ed al lavoro di [[Gary Starkweather]] alla [[Xerox]], che portò alla produzione della Xerox 9700 nel [[1977]]<ref>{{en}}{{cita web|http://www.digibarn.com/collections/printers/xerox-9700/stories.html|Personal Recollections of the Xerox 9700 Electronic Printing System|30-05-2013}}</ref>. Parallelamente, l'[[IBM]] portò avanti la ricerca nel settore, arrivando nel [[1976]] all'elaborazione del sistema IBM 3800<ref name=e>{{en}}Benji Edwards: ''[http://www.macworld.com/article/144880/2009/12/five_important_printers.htmlApple's Five Most Important Printers.]'' macworld.com, December 10, 2009.</ref>.

==Description==

[[File:Yungas Road Bolivia.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The Yungas Road, as it descends into the [[rainforest]]]]

The road was built in the 1930s during the [[Chaco War]] by [[Paraguay]]an prisoners. It is one of the few routes that connects the [[Amazon rainforest]] region of northern Bolivia, or Yungas, to its capital city. Upon leaving [[La Paz]], the road first ascends to around {{convert|4650|m}} at La Cumbre Pass, before descending to {{convert|1200|m}} at the town of Coroico, transiting quickly from cool [[Altiplano]] terrain to [[rainforest]] as it winds through very steep hillsides and atop cliffs.

Intorno alla metà degli [[anni 70]] anche la Canon cominciò ad investire sulla produzione di stampanti laser, avviando una partnership con la [[Hewlett-Packard]]; così, dieci anni dopo, fu prodotta la HP 2680<ref name=j>{{en}}Jim Hall,[http://www.hparchive.com/seminar_notes/HP_LaserJet_The%20Early%20History_by_Jim_Hall_110512.pdf "HP LaserJet – The Early History"]</ref>. Il primo modello desktop di stampante laser fu introdotto dalla HP nel 1983 e lanciato sul mercato al prezzo di 12800 [[$]], ma le vendite furono pochissime<ref name=j/>. Sempre nel [[1983]] la [[Canon]] mise a punto la LPB-CX, una stampante laser dotata di un [[diodo laser]] che stampava con una risoluzione di 300dpi<ref>{{en}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fixyourownprinter.com/reference/pcr/engine/1311 |title=Canon LBP-CX Engine |publisher=fixyourownprinter.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref>. Nel [[1984]] la HP lanciò sul mercato la prima stampante laser commerciale basata sulla LBP-CX: la [[HP LaserJet]]<ref name=e />.

Because of the extreme dropoffs of at least 600 meters (1,830 feet), single-lane width – most of the road no wider than {{convert|3.2|m}} and lack of [[guard rail]]s, the road is extremely dangerous. Further still, [[rain]], [[fog]] and [[dust]] can reduce [[visibility]]. In many places the road surface is muddy, and can loosen rocks from the road.<ref name="JBOC">Jack Branswell, "Madness, but a thrill", ''The [[Ottawa Citizen]]'', 2008-03-29</ref>

===Lo sviluppo in casa Apple===

One of the local road rules specifies that the downhill driver never has the right of way and must move to the outer edge of the road. This forces fast vehicles to stop so that passing can be negotiated safely. Also, vehicles [[Left hand drive|drive on the left]], as opposed to the right like the rest of Bolivia. This gives a left hand drive vehicle's driver a better view over his outside wheel, making passing safer.

Steve Jobs vide la LPB-CX mentre trattava per delle forniture di [[floppy disk]] da 3.5" per l'[[Apple Macintosh]]. Nel frattempo [[John Warnock]] aveva lasciato la [[Xerox]] per fondare la [[Adobe (azienda)|Adobe]] e mettere in commercio una stampante laser basata sul [[PostScript]]. Jobs era al corrente del lavoro di Warnock e riuscì a trattare con lui ed ottenere la licenza d'uso del [[PostScript]] dalla [[Adobe]] per produrre una stampante laser in casa Apple. Le trattative tra Apple ed Adobe si conclusero nel [[dicembre]] [[1983]], appena un mese prima che venisse annunciata l'uscita del [[Macintosh]]. Steve Jobs alla fine fece comprare alla Apple 2.5 milioni di [[dollaro|dollari]] di azioni della [[Adobe]].

On 24 July 1983, a bus veered off the Yungas Road and into a canyon, killing more than 100 passengers in what is said to be Bolivia's worst road accident.

==Attraction=Rilascio===

The danger of the road ironically made it a popular tourist destination starting in the 1990s, drawing some 25,000 [[thrillseeker]]s.<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news |first=Alexi |last=Mostrous |title=British cyclist Tom Austin killed on Bolivian 'Highway of Death' |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article3814406.ece |work=[[The Times]] |date=2008-04-25 |accessdate=2008-04-25 | ___location=London}}</ref> [[Mountain biking]] enthusiasts in particular have made it a favourite destination for downhill biking since there is a {{convert|64|km|adj=on}} stretch of continuous downhill riding with only one short uphill section. There are now many tour operators catering to this activity, providing information, guides, transport, and equipment.<ref name="JBOC"/>

Il rilascio della LaserWriter fu annunciato all'incontro annuale degli azionisti Apple il [[23 gennaio]] [[1985]]<ref name="bart-1985">{{en}}Jim Bartimo, Michael McCarthy:[http://books.google.com/books?id=7S4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 "Is Apple's LaserWriter on Target?"], ''InfoWorld'', Volume 7 Issue 6 (11 February 1985), pp. 15-18.</ref>, lo stesso giorno in cui Aldus rivelò [[PageMaker]]<ref>{{en}}''Aldus Announces Desktop Publishing System ...'' BusinessWire, January 23, 1985.</ref>.

Nevertheless, the Yungas Road remains dangerous. At least 18 cyclists died on the ride since 1998.<ref name="bbc-2010">{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Geoghegan |title=Cycling the world's most dangerous road |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8683075.stm |work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=16 May 2010 |accessdate=16 May 2010}}</ref>

Le vendite iniziarono nel [[marzo]] [[1985]]<ref>[http://www.macworld.co.uk/mac/news/index.cfm?newsid=24596 Macintosh Timeline]</ref> al prezzo di 6.995 [[dollaro|dollari]], molto più alto rispetto al modello della [[HP]]. Comunque, la LaserWriter aveva una peculiarità: il supporto [[AppleTalk]], che permetteva di condividere la stampante con ben sedici Mac.

It is featured on the BBC show, ''[[Top Gear: Bolivia Special]]'' (Episode 6 of ''Top Gear'' [[Top Gear (series 14)|series 14]]) where they travelled {{convert|1610|km}} from the [[Bolivia]]n [[rainforest]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]].

==Caratteristiche==

==Replacement route==

[[File:Coroico.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The new Yungas Road, as seen from [[Coroico]]]]

The Yungas Road was modernized during a 20 year period ending in 2006. The modernization included enlarging the carriageway from one to two lanes, constructing [[asphalt]] pavement, and building a new section between Chusquipata and Yolosa, bypassing to the north one of the most dangerous sections of the old 'Death Road'.

===Hardware===

This new route features modern construction ([[bridge]]s, [[drainage]], etc.), multiple lanes, pavement, guardrails, and many other elements that make it considerably safer than the original route. The original North Yungas Road is currently much less used by traffic, although an increasing number of adventure travelers bike it for the thrills.

PostScript is a complete [[programming language]] that has to be run in a suitable [[interpreter]] and then sent to a software rasterizer program, all inside the printer. To support this, the LaserWriter featured a [[Motorola 68000]] [[central processing unit|CPU]] running at 12&nbsp;[[Megahertz|MHz]], 512&nbsp;kB of workspace [[RAM]], and a 1&nbsp;MB frame buffer.<ref>[http://support.apple.com/kb/sp472 "LaserWriter: Technical Specifications"], Apple</ref> At introduction, the LaserWriter had the most processing power in Apple’s product line&mdash;more than the 8&nbsp;MHz Macintosh. As a result, the LaserWriter was also one of Apple's most expensive offerings.

==See also=Networking===

Since the cost of a LaserWriter was several times that of a [[dot-matrix]] impact printer, some means to share the printer with several Macs was desired. [[Local area network|LANs]] were complex and expensive, so Apple developed its own networking scheme, [[LocalTalk]]. Based on the [[AppleTalk]] [[protocol stack]], LocalTalk connected the LaserWriter to the Mac over an [[RS-422]] serial port. At 230.4 [[kilobit|kbit]]/[[second|s]] LocalTalk was slower than the Centronics PC parallel interface, but allowed several computers to share a single LaserWriter. PostScript enabled the LaserWriter to print complex pages containing high-resolution [[Raster graphics|bitmap graphics]], [[outline font]]s, and vector illustrations. The LaserWriter could print more complex layouts than the HP [[Laserjet]] and other non-Postscript printers. Paired with the program [[Aldus PageMaker]], the LaserWriter gave the layout editor an exact replica of the printed page. The LaserWriter offered a generally faithful proofing tool for preparing documents for quantity publication, and could print smaller quantities directly. The Mac platform quickly gained the favor of the emerging desktop-publishing industry, a market in which the Mac is still important.<ref>http://www.businessweek.com/technology/ByteOfTheApple/blog/archives/2009/04/cnbc_on_the_mac_vs_pc_fight.html</ref>

*[[Slaughter alley]] - list of other deadly dangerous roads

==References=Design===

The LaserWriter was the first major printer designed by Apple to use the new [[Snow White design language]] created by [[Frogdesign]]. It also continued a departure from the beige color that characterized the Apple and Macintosh products to that time by using the same brighter, creamy off-white color first introduced with the [[Apple IIc]] and [[Apple Scribe Printer]] 8 months earlier. In that regard it and its successors stood out among all of Apple’s Macintosh product offerings until 1987, when Apple adopted a unifying warm gray color they called Platinum across its entire product line, which was to last for over a decade.

{{Commons category}}

<references />

The LaserWriter was also the first peripheral to use the [[LocalTalk]] connector and Apple’s unified round AppleTalk Connector Family, which allowed any variety of mechanical networking systems to be plugged into the ports on the computers or printers. A common solution was the 3rd party [[PhoneNet]] which used conventional telephone cables for networking.

==External links==

*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6136268.stm BBC News - The world's most dangerous road]

==Modelli==

*[http://www.gnb.com.bo/guia/Turismo/Eco=turismo-y-turismo-de-aventura.-Operadores/135444/MAYHEM-ADVENTURES.html/ Mayhem Adventures Mountain Biking]

*[http://www.madness-bolivia.com/ Downhill Madness Mountain Biking]

La prima LaserWriter prodotta ebbe un notevole successo e così la Apple decide di produrne nuovi modelli, con risoluzione maggiore ed addirittura in grado di stampare a colori.

*[http://www.gravitybolivia.com/ Gravity Assisted Mountain Biking]

*[http://www.360degreeslongitude.com/ge/yungas_road.kmz Yungas Road in Google Earth]

Nel [[1988]] uscirono nuovi modelli di LaserWriter:

*[http://www.liebreich.com/LDC/HTML/Climbing/Mountain_Biking_Bolivia.html Personal account of a tragedy on Yungas Road]

* Laser Writer II SC: sviluppata per essere più economica dei precedenti modelli. Significativo infatti è l'abbandono dell'interprete [[PostScript]] per l'interprete [[QuickDraw]] che essendo di proprietà Apple non richiedeva il pagamento di licenze ;

*[http://villageofjoy.com/most-dangerous-roads-yungas-road-bolivias-road-of-death/ Photos and videos of Yungas Road]

* LaserWriter II NT: il processore scelto è il [[Motorola 68030]], l'interprete [[PostScript]] passa alla versione 2 e viene incluso l'interprete PCL 4+ per facilitare l'interoperabilità con le macchine non [[Macintosh]];

*[http://theroadchoseme.com/driving-bolivias-road-of-death Photos and first-person video taken while driving the Yungas Road, Nov. 2010]

* LaserWriter II NTX: dotata di un processore a 32 bit come il[[Motorola 68020]] in modo da poter elaborare più agevolmente i comandi degli interpreti [[PostScript]] e LaserJet forniti con la stampante;

{{Coord|16|20|09.26|S|68|02|25.78|W|region:BO-L_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}

* LaserWriter IIg: è dotata del più veloce processore disponibile allora ([[1991]]), dei migliori interpreti di pagina ef è il modello che supporta più RAM, 32 MByte al massimo della espansione.;

* LaserWriter IIf.

== Note ==

{{reflist}}

{{Apple printers}}

{{Apple hardware before 1998}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laserwriter}}