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[[File:Bolivia Yunga Road.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Yungas Road at San Pedro [[waterfall]]]]
{{Stampante
The '''North Yungas Road''' (alternatively known as '''Grove's Road''', '''Coroico Road''', ''{{lang|es|'''Camino de las Yungas'''}}'', ''{{lang|es|'''El Camino de la Muerte'''}}'', '''Road of Death''' or '''Death Road''') is a {{convert|61|km|adj=on}} or {{convert|69|km|adj=on}} road<ref>Length varies, depending on source</ref> leading from [[La Paz, Bolivia|La Paz]] to [[Coroico]], {{convert|56|km}} northeast of La Paz in the [[Yungas]] region of [[Bolivia]]. It is legendary for its extreme danger and in 1995 the [[Inter-American Development Bank]] christened it as the "world's most dangerous road".<ref>[http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/08/the-most-dangerous-road/ "The Most Dangerous Road?"]</ref><ref>[http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2006/11/most-dangerous-roads-in-world.html "The Most Dangerous Roads in the World "]</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Whitaker |title=The world's most dangerous road |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6136268.stm |work=[[BBC]] |date=2006-11-11 |accessdate=2007-05-10 |format=Podcast}}</ref> One estimate is that 200 to 300 travellers were killed yearly along the road.<ref name="bbc" /> The road includes crosses marking many of the spots where vehicles have fallen.
| presentazione = March 1, 1985
| dismissione = February 1, 1988
| processore = [[Motorola 68000]]
| frequenza = 12 MHz
| ramminima = 1.5 MB
| rammassima = 1.5 MB
| slot = 1
| rom = 512 kB
| porte = [[Serial port|Serial]], [[LocalTalk]]
| tipo = [[Laser printer|Laser]]
| colori = 1
| dpi = 300
| velocità = 8 Pages Per Minute
| potenza = 760 Watts
| peso = 77 lb
| dimensione = (H × W × D) 11.5 × 18.5 × 16.2 in
}}
La '''LaserWriter''' è stata una [[stampante laser]] che utilizzava come [[linguaggio di descrizione di pagina]] il [[PostScript]] immessa sul mercato dalla [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] nel [[1985]]. È stata una delle prime stampanti laser disponibili sul mercato. Assieme al programma [[Adobe PageMaker|PageMaker]], la LaserWriter ha avuto un ruolo fondamentale nell'avvio della rivoluzione del [[desktop publishing]]<ref name="tucker">{{en}}H. A. Tucker:''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YlmafkntEqIC&pg=PA296 Desktop Publishing.]'' In: Maurice M. de Ruiter: ''Advances in Computer Graphics III.'' Springer, 1988, ISBN 3-540-18788-X, P. 296.</ref><ref name="spring">{{en}}Michael B. Spring: ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_MV46vFUrI4C&pg=PA46 Electronic printing and publishing: the document processing revolution.]'' CRC Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8247-8544-4, Page 46.</ref>. La stampante era progettata per essere utilizzata in congiunzione con un Macintosh; Apple non ha mai rilasciato driver per altri computer.
A '''South Yungas Road''' ('''Chulumani Road''') exists that connects La Paz to [[Chulumani]], {{convert|64|km}} east of La Paz, and is considered to be nearly as dangerous as the North Road.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}
==Storia==
Photographs of [[People's Republic of China|China]]'s [[Guoliang Tunnel]] are often incorrectly identified as showing the Yungas Road.<ref>[http://www.ssqq.com/ARCHIVE/vinlin27a.htm The Guoliang Tunnel in China], often mistaken as a section of the Yungas Road</ref>
===Sviluppo della stampa laser===
==Description==
[[File:Yungas Road Bolivia.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The Yungas Road, as it descends into the [[rainforest]]]]
The road was built in the 1930s during the [[Chaco War]] by [[Paraguay]]an prisoners. It is one of the few routes that connects the [[Amazon rainforest]] region of northern Bolivia, or Yungas, to its capital city. Upon leaving [[La Paz]], the road first ascends to around {{convert|4650|m}} at La Cumbre Pass, before descending to {{convert|1200|m}} at the town of Coroico, transiting quickly from cool [[Altiplano]] terrain to [[rainforest]] as it winds through very steep hillsides and atop cliffs.
L'inizio dello sviluppo della stampa laser risale al [[1969]] ed al lavoro di [[Gary Starkweather]] alla [[Xerox]], che portò alla produzione della Xerox 9700 nel [[1977]]<ref>{{en}}{{cita web|http://www.digibarn.com/collections/printers/xerox-9700/stories.html|Personal Recollections of the Xerox 9700 Electronic Printing System|30-05-2013}}</ref>. Parallelamente, l'[[IBM]] portò avanti la ricerca nel settore, arrivando nel [[1976]] all'elaborazione del sistema IBM 3800<ref name=e>{{en}}Benji Edwards: ''[http://www.macworld.com/article/144880/2009/12/five_important_printers.htmlApple's Five Most Important Printers.]'' macworld.com, December 10, 2009.</ref>.
Because of the extreme dropoffs of at least 600 meters (1,830 feet), single-lane width – most of the road no wider than {{convert|3.2|m}} and lack of [[guard rail]]s, the road is extremely dangerous. Further still, [[rain]], [[fog]] and [[dust]] can reduce [[visibility]]. In many places the road surface is muddy, and can loosen rocks from the road.<ref name="JBOC">Jack Branswell, "Madness, but a thrill", ''The [[Ottawa Citizen]]'', 2008-03-29</ref>
Intorno alla metà degli [[anni 70]] anche la Canon cominciò ad investire sulla produzione di stampanti laser, avviando una partnership con la [[Hewlett-Packard]]; così, dieci anni dopo, fu prodotta la HP 2680<ref name=j>{{en}}Jim Hall,[http://www.hparchive.com/seminar_notes/HP_LaserJet_The%20Early%20History_by_Jim_Hall_110512.pdf "HP LaserJet – The Early History"]</ref>. Il primo modello desktop di stampante laser fu introdotto dalla HP nel 1983 e lanciato sul mercato al prezzo di 12800 [[$]], ma le vendite furono pochissime<ref name=j/>. Sempre nel [[1983]] la [[Canon]] mise a punto la LPB-CX, una stampante laser dotata di un [[diodo laser]] che stampava con una risoluzione di 300dpi<ref>{{en}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fixyourownprinter.com/reference/pcr/engine/1311 |title=Canon LBP-CX Engine |publisher=fixyourownprinter.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref>. Nel [[1984]] la HP lanciò sul mercato la prima stampante laser commerciale basata sulla LBP-CX: la [[HP LaserJet]]<ref name=e />.
One of the local road rules specifies that the downhill driver never has the right of way and must move to the outer edge of the road. This forces fast vehicles to stop so that passing can be negotiated safely. Also, vehicles [[Left hand drive|drive on the left]], as opposed to the right like the rest of Bolivia. This gives a left hand drive vehicle's driver a better view over his outside wheel, making passing safer.
===Lo sviluppo in casa Apple===
On 24 July 1983, a bus veered off the Yungas Road and into a canyon, killing more than 100 passengers in what is said to be Bolivia's worst road accident.
Steve Jobs vide la LPB-CX mentre trattava per delle forniture di [[floppy disk]] da 3.5" per l'[[Apple Macintosh]]. Nel frattempo [[John Warnock]] aveva lasciato la [[Xerox]] per fondare la [[Adobe (azienda)|Adobe]] e mettere in commercio una stampante laser basata sul [[PostScript]]. Jobs era al corrente del lavoro di Warnock e riuscì a trattare con lui ed ottenere la licenza d'uso del [[PostScript]] dalla [[Adobe]] per produrre una stampante laser in casa Apple. Le trattative tra Apple ed Adobe si conclusero nel [[dicembre]] [[1983]], appena un mese prima che venisse annunciata l'uscita del [[Macintosh]]. Steve Jobs alla fine fece comprare alla Apple 2.5 milioni di [[dollaro|dollari]] di azioni della [[Adobe]].
==Attraction==
The danger of the road ironically made it a popular tourist destination starting in the 1990s, drawing some 25,000 [[thrillseeker]]s.<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news |first=Alexi |last=Mostrous |title=British cyclist Tom Austin killed on Bolivian 'Highway of Death' |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article3814406.ece |work=[[The Times]] |date=2008-04-25 |accessdate=2008-04-25 | ___location=London}}</ref> [[Mountain biking]] enthusiasts in particular have made it a favourite destination for downhill biking since there is a {{convert|64|km|adj=on}} stretch of continuous downhill riding with only one short uphill section. There are now many tour operators catering to this activity, providing information, guides, transport, and equipment.<ref name="JBOC"/>
===Rilascio===
Nevertheless, the Yungas Road remains dangerous. At least 18 cyclists died on the ride since 1998.<ref name="bbc-2010">{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Geoghegan |title=Cycling the world's most dangerous road |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8683075.stm |work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=16 May 2010 |accessdate=16 May 2010}}</ref>
Il rilascio della LaserWriter fu annunciato all'incontro annuale degli azionisti Apple il [[23 gennaio]] [[1985]]<ref name="bart-1985">{{en}}Jim Bartimo, Michael McCarthy:[http://books.google.com/books?id=7S4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 "Is Apple's LaserWriter on Target?"], ''InfoWorld'', Volume 7 Issue 6 (11 February 1985), pp. 15-18.</ref>, lo stesso giorno in cui Aldus rivelò [[PageMaker]]<ref>{{en}}''Aldus Announces Desktop Publishing System ...'' BusinessWire, January 23, 1985.</ref>.
It is featured on the BBC show, ''[[Top Gear: Bolivia Special]]'' (Episode 6 of ''Top Gear'' [[Top Gear (series 14)|series 14]]) where they travelled {{convert|1610|km}} from the [[Bolivia]]n [[rainforest]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]].
Le vendite iniziarono nel [[marzo]] [[1985]]<ref>[http://www.macworld.co.uk/mac/news/index.cfm?newsid=24596 Macintosh Timeline]</ref> al prezzo di 6.995 [[dollaro|dollari]], molto più alto rispetto al modello della [[HP]]. Comunque, la LaserWriter aveva una peculiarità: il supporto [[AppleTalk]], che permetteva di condividere la stampante con ben sedici Mac.
==Replacement route==
[[File:Coroico.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The new Yungas Road, as seen from [[Coroico]]]]
The Yungas Road was modernized during a 20 year period ending in 2006. The modernization included enlarging the carriageway from one to two lanes, constructing [[asphalt]] pavement, and building a new section between Chusquipata and Yolosa, bypassing to the north one of the most dangerous sections of the old 'Death Road'.
==Caratteristiche==
This new route features modern construction ([[bridge]]s, [[drainage]], etc.), multiple lanes, pavement, guardrails, and many other elements that make it considerably safer than the original route. The original North Yungas Road is currently much less used by traffic, although an increasing number of adventure travelers bike it for the thrills.
==See also=Hardware===
PostScript is a complete [[programming language]] that has to be run in a suitable [[interpreter]] and then sent to a software rasterizer program, all inside the printer. To support this, the LaserWriter featured a [[Motorola 68000]] [[central processing unit|CPU]] running at 12 [[Megahertz|MHz]], 512 kB of workspace [[RAM]], and a 1 MB frame buffer.<ref>[http://support.apple.com/kb/sp472 "LaserWriter: Technical Specifications"], Apple</ref> At introduction, the LaserWriter had the most processing power in Apple’s product line—more than the 8 MHz Macintosh. As a result, the LaserWriter was also one of Apple's most expensive offerings.
*[[Slaughter alley]] - list of other deadly dangerous roads
==References=Networking===
Since the cost of a LaserWriter was several times that of a [[dot-matrix]] impact printer, some means to share the printer with several Macs was desired. [[Local area network|LANs]] were complex and expensive, so Apple developed its own networking scheme, [[LocalTalk]]. Based on the [[AppleTalk]] [[protocol stack]], LocalTalk connected the LaserWriter to the Mac over an [[RS-422]] serial port. At 230.4 [[kilobit|kbit]]/[[second|s]] LocalTalk was slower than the Centronics PC parallel interface, but allowed several computers to share a single LaserWriter. PostScript enabled the LaserWriter to print complex pages containing high-resolution [[Raster graphics|bitmap graphics]], [[outline font]]s, and vector illustrations. The LaserWriter could print more complex layouts than the HP [[Laserjet]] and other non-Postscript printers. Paired with the program [[Aldus PageMaker]], the LaserWriter gave the layout editor an exact replica of the printed page. The LaserWriter offered a generally faithful proofing tool for preparing documents for quantity publication, and could print smaller quantities directly. The Mac platform quickly gained the favor of the emerging desktop-publishing industry, a market in which the Mac is still important.<ref>http://www.businessweek.com/technology/ByteOfTheApple/blog/archives/2009/04/cnbc_on_the_mac_vs_pc_fight.html</ref>
{{Commons category}}
<references />
==External links=Design===
The LaserWriter was the first major printer designed by Apple to use the new [[Snow White design language]] created by [[Frogdesign]]. It also continued a departure from the beige color that characterized the Apple and Macintosh products to that time by using the same brighter, creamy off-white color first introduced with the [[Apple IIc]] and [[Apple Scribe Printer]] 8 months earlier. In that regard it and its successors stood out among all of Apple’s Macintosh product offerings until 1987, when Apple adopted a unifying warm gray color they called Platinum across its entire product line, which was to last for over a decade.
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6136268.stm BBC News - The world's most dangerous road]
*[http://www.gnb.com.bo/guia/Turismo/Eco=turismo-y-turismo-de-aventura.-Operadores/135444/MAYHEM-ADVENTURES.html/ Mayhem Adventures Mountain Biking]
*[http://www.madness-bolivia.com/ Downhill Madness Mountain Biking]
*[http://www.gravitybolivia.com/ Gravity Assisted Mountain Biking]
*[http://www.360degreeslongitude.com/ge/yungas_road.kmz Yungas Road in Google Earth]
*[http://www.liebreich.com/LDC/HTML/Climbing/Mountain_Biking_Bolivia.html Personal account of a tragedy on Yungas Road]
*[http://villageofjoy.com/most-dangerous-roads-yungas-road-bolivias-road-of-death/ Photos and videos of Yungas Road]
*[http://theroadchoseme.com/driving-bolivias-road-of-death Photos and first-person video taken while driving the Yungas Road, Nov. 2010]
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-->
The LaserWriter was also the first peripheral to use the [[LocalTalk]] connector and Apple’s unified round AppleTalk Connector Family, which allowed any variety of mechanical networking systems to be plugged into the ports on the computers or printers. A common solution was the 3rd party [[PhoneNet]] which used conventional telephone cables for networking.
'''''Kony 2012''''' is a film created by [[Invisible Children, Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltvbc.com/video/trending+now+kony+2012/video.html?v=2206826267#stories/video|title=News Hour – Trending Now: Kony 2012|accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-06|publisher=[[Global TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.ninemsn.com.au/world/8431277/kony-2012-sheds-light-on-uganda-conflict|title=Kony 2012 sheds light on Uganda conflict|date=March 7 20|publisher=Ninemsn|accessdate=2012-03-07|author=Lees, Philippa; Zavan, Martin}}</ref><ref name=JCTSK>{{cite news|url=http://post-journal.com/page/content.detail/id/599038/Jackson-Center-To-Show-KONY-2012.html?nav=5004|title=Jackson Center To Show KONY2012|date=February 14, 2012|publisher=[[The Post-Journal]]|accessdate=2012-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17295078|title=Uganda rebel Joseph Kony target of viral campaign video|date=March 8 2012|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The film's purpose is to promote the charity's 'Stop Kony' movement to make indicted [[Uganda]]n war criminal [[Joseph Kony]] internationally known in order to arrest him in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://kykernel.com/2012/03/07/a-call-for-justice/|title=A call for justice|date=March 7, 2012|last=Myers|first=Julia|publisher=Kentucky Kernel}}</ref>
==Modelli==
The film has spread [[viral video|virally]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyorker.co.uk/news/citynews/10807|title=Kony fever hits York! |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=[[The Yorker]]|author=Neylon, Stephanie}}</ref><ref name="Molloy">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/tech/892373-kony-2012-campaign-shedding-light-on-uganda-conflict-a-huge-online-success|title=Kony 2012: Campaign Shedding light on Uganda Conflict a Huge Online Success |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=[[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]]|author=Molloy, Mark}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/03/07/kony-2012-invisible-children-documentary-sheds-light-on-uganda-conflict-video_n_1326183.html?ref=uk|title=Kony 2012: Invisible Children Documentary Sheds Light On Uganda Conflict |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|author= Nelson, Sara C.}}</ref> {{as of|2012|3|19}}, the film had over <!--don't update this because it's hit some new number by the time you're reading the page.--> <!--Why not?--> 83 million views on video-sharing website [[YouTube]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4MnpzG5Sqc|title=Kony 2012|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref> and over 16.6 million views on [[Vimeo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/37119711|title=Kony 2012|publisher=Vimeo|accessed=March 7, 2012}}</ref> with other viewing emanating from a central "Kony2012" website operated by Invisible Children. The intense exposure of the video caused the "Kony 2012" website to crash shortly after it began gaining widespread popularity.<ref name="Lees0307">{{cite web|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8431494|title=Australian support amasses for Kony 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=ninemsn|author=Lees, Philippa}}</ref> A number of celebrities have endorsed the campaign, including [[Rihanna]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Christina Milian]], [[Nicki Minaj]], [[Bill Gates]] and [[Kim Kardashian]].<ref name="Molloy"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/stars-join-uganda-campaign_1301071|title=Taylor Swift – Stars Join Uganda Campaign |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=[[Contactmusic.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/video/kony-2012|title=Kony 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=The Voice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Celebs tweet opposition to African strongman Joseph Kony |author=Michelle Profis |url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2012/03/07/celebs-tweet-joseph-kony/ |newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=March 7, 2012|accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/#!/BillGates/status/177883491076284418|title=@BillGates status|author=Gates, Bill|accessdate=2012-03-08|date=2012-03-08|publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> On April 20, 2012, as part of the campaign, supporters will put up posters promoting ''Kony 2012'' in their hometowns. Invisible Children offers posters from an online shop in an attempt to gain wider recognition. They have also created action kits to help spread awareness that include campaign buttons, posters, bracelets, and stickers.<ref name="Lees0307"/>
La prima LaserWriter prodotta ebbe un notevole successo e così la Apple decide di produrne nuovi modelli, con risoluzione maggiore ed addirittura in grado di stampare a colori.
==Synopsis==
The film documents Invisible Children Inc's plans and efforts to arrest Kony. It describes Kony's [[guerrilla warfare]] tactics with his [[Lord's Resistance Army]] and the regions (northern [[Uganda]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], and [[South Sudan]]) in which they have been employed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altoona.psu.edu/now/news.php?value=3646|title=KONY 2012, an Invisible Children film, to show on campus March 12|accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-05|publisher=[[Penn State Altoona]]}}</ref> One of the main people featured in the film is a Ugandan named Jacob, whose brother was killed by the Lord's Resistance Army. In response, director and founder of Invisible Children, [[Jason Russell]], "promises Jacob that he will help stop Kony."<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebs Help "Stop Kony" Trend on Twitter: Who Is Kony? |author=Jenny McGrath |url=http://www.wetpaint.com/network/articles/celebs-help-stop-kony-tweet-on-twitter-who-is-kony |newspaper=[[Wetpaint]] |date=March 7, 2012 |accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref> The film advocates curtailing [[Conscription|compelled and coerced youth military service]] and the restoration of social order.<ref name=JCTSK/> The video also has clips of Jason Russell's young son, Gavin, reacting to the information about Kony.
Nel [[1988]] uscirono nuovi modelli di LaserWriter:
=="Culture and policy makers"==
* Laser Writer II SC: sviluppata per essere più economica dei precedenti modelli. Significativo infatti è l'abbandono dell'interprete [[PostScript]] per l'interprete [[QuickDraw]] che essendo di proprietà Apple non richiedeva il pagamento di licenze ;
The Invisible Children charity has focused on obtaining the support of a select group of individuals in order to "help bring awareness to the horrific abuse and killing of children in the East and Central African countries at the hands of Kony and his leadership". This list included 20 "celebrity culture makers", such as [[George Clooney]], [[Angelina Jolie]], [[Taylor Swift]], and [[Ryan Seacrest]].<ref name="E!">{{cite news |title=Kony 2012: George Clooney, Angelina Jolie and You Asked to Save Africa's Invisible Children From Torture |author=Rebecca Macatee |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/kony_2012_george_clooney_angelina_jolie/299424 |newspaper=[[E!]] |date=March 7, 2012 |accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref>
* LaserWriter II NT: il processore scelto è il [[Motorola 68030]], l'interprete [[PostScript]] passa alla versione 2 e viene incluso l'interprete PCL 4+ per facilitare l'interoperabilità con le macchine non [[Macintosh]];
* LaserWriter II NTX: dotata di un processore a 32 bit come il[[Motorola 68020]] in modo da poter elaborare più agevolmente i comandi degli interpreti [[PostScript]] e LaserJet forniti con la stampante;
* LaserWriter IIg: è dotata del più veloce processore disponibile allora ([[1991]]), dei migliori interpreti di pagina ef è il modello che supporta più RAM, 32 MByte al massimo della espansione.;
* LaserWriter IIf.
== Note ==
The list also featured 12 "policy makers" that have "the power to keep U.S. government officials in Africa" in order to work toward the capture of Kony. This list includes former U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] and his Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]], and U.S. Senator and former presidential candidate [[John Kerry]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Flash – Rocklin High School – KONY 2012|author=Devin Moss|url=http://my.hsj.org/Schools/Newspaper/tabid/100/view/frontpage/articleid/507449/newspaperid/234/KONY_2012.aspx|date=March 7, 2012 |accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref>
{{reflist}}
{{Apple printers}}
==Criticism and responses==
{{Apple hardware before 1998}}
In November of 2011, while ''Kony 2012'' was in production, ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' magazine published an article stating that several organizations, including Invisible Children, had "manipulated facts for strategic purposes, exaggerating the scale of LRA abductions and murders" and was "portraying Kony – a brutal man, to be sure – as uniquely awful, a [[Kurtz (Heart of Darkness)|Kurtz]]-like embodiment of evil".<ref name="Post1"/> Resolve, one of Invisible Children's partner organizations, responded that the accusation was a "serious charge ... published with no accompanying substantiation."<ref name="Post1"/> These criticisms of Invisible Children's intentions and the statements that were made in the film resurfaced when ''Kony 2012'' was released.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Laserwriter}}
Since the video's release, the campaign has come under criticism for oversimplification of events in the region.<ref name="Okwonga">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/03/07/stop-kony-yes-but-dont-stop-asking-questions/|title=Stop Kony, yes. But don’t stop asking questions|accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=[[The Independent]]|author=Okwonga, Musa}}</ref> While the campaign promotes global activism, it has been criticized for providing a black-and-white picture rather than encouraging the viewers to learn about the situation.<ref>[http://hateandrelativism.wordpress.com/2012/03/13/what-trends-does-kony-2012-represent/ What trends does KONY 2012 represent?] Hate & Relativism Blog, March 2012</ref> One criticism is that the film gives a misleading impression of the whereabouts and magnitude of Kony's remaining LRA forces. Kony's followers are now thought to number only in the hundreds, and Kony himself is believed to be in the [[Central African Republic]] rather than Uganda--a fact that receives only a passing mention in the video.<ref name="Keating20120307">{{cite web|url=http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/07/guest_post_joseph_kony_is_not_in_uganda_and_other_complicated_things |title=Guest post: Joseph Kony is not in Uganda (and other complicated things) |accessdate=2012-03-08|date=2012-03-07|work=Foreign Policy|author=Keating, Joshua}}</ref> This problem has raised questions about the plausibility of Ugandan army intervention, which the video advocates. Since Kony and most of the LRA forces are not in Uganda, the Ugandan army would need to coordinate with the militaries of the other countries where the LRA is located: [[South Sudan]], the [[Central African Republic]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Military cooperation between the countries has historically not worked well and efforts by the African Union to facilitate cooperation have stalled.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/2012/03/08/148239201/joseph-kony-is-now-a-star-but-will-he-be-caught | title=Joseph Kony is Infamous - But will he be caught? | publisher=NPR | accessdate=March 09, 2012}}</ref> In addition, the [[Uganda People's Defence Force|Ugandan army]] and the [[Armed forces of South Sudan|South Sudanese army]] have themselves been accused of human rights violations such as attacks against civilians, use of child soldiers and looting of civilian homes and businesses.<ref name=OTotL>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136673/mareike-schomerus-tim-allen-and-koen-vlassenroot/obama-takes-on-the-lra?page=2|title=Obama Takes on the LRA|accessdate=2012-03-07|date=2012-03-07|work=Foreignaffairs.com|author= Schomerus, Mareike; Allen, Tim; Vlassenroot, Koen }}</ref>
===Criticisms of U.S. military assistance===
In October 2011, U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] announced that he would send 100 American military advisors to Uganda, South Sudan, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to help the regional forces remove Joseph Kony "from the battlefield". However, they were not authorized to fight unless they were fired upon.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/15/world/la-fg-us-uganda-20111015 | title=U.S. sending military advisors to Uganda | publisher=LA Times | accessdate=2012-03-12 | date=2011-10-15}}</ref> Human rights advocates have reported that both the Ugandan army and the former [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|Sudan People’s Liberation Army]], which forms the core of the new South Sudanese army, have exploited children as soldiers. They criticized the U.S. decision to provide military assistance for armies accused of using child soldiers: "Countries that keep using child soldiers aren’t going to get serious about ending the practice until they see the US is serious about withholding the money,” said Jo Becker, child rights advocate at [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref name="HRW">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/10/04/us-don-t-finance-child-soldiers |title=US: Don’t Finance Child Soldiers Obama Administration Aid Waivers Undercut US Law |accessdate=2012-03-12|date=2011-10-04|work=Human Rights Watch|author=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Further criticism has come from the campaign's lack of accountability towards the Ugandan government in the conflict.<ref name="Okwonga"/> There has also been a more [[International_relations_theory#Realism | realist]] analysis of President Obama's decision to send military advisers to the region, with some suggesting that the assistance was a reward for Ugandan assistance in [[Somalia]].<ref name=OTotL></ref> Some have argued that U.S. interest in Africa is mainly due to Uganda's recent discovery of oil.<ref name="GRTV">{{cite web|url=http://tv.globalresearch.ca/2012/03/us-launches-pr-campaign-ugandan-oil-intervention |title=US Launches PR Campaign for Ugandan Oil Intervention |accessdate=2012-03-18|date=2012-15-03|work= Global Research TV |author=James Corbett }}</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITC5oOoCvcQ</ref> Author and human rights advocate, Adam Branch asks, 'How are we, as US citizens, allowing our government to militarise Africa in the name of the "War on Terror" and its effort to secure oil resources?'<ref name="AJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/201231284336601364.html |title=US: Dangerous ignorance: The hysteria of Kony 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-17|date=2012-12-03|work= Al Jazeera|author=Adam Branch }}</ref>
===Criticisms from Uganda===
There has been growing criticism in Uganda over the film.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/uganda/9131469/Joseph-Kony-2012-growing-outrage-in-Uganda-over-film.html | title=Joseph Kony 2012: growing outrage in Uganda over film | publisher=The Telegraph | accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=rU_1jnrj5VI|title=Kony screening provokes anger in Uganda|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=March 15, 2012}}</ref> Critics argue Kony and his diminishing troops, many of them kidnapped child soldiers, fled northern Uganda six years ago and are now spread across the jungles of neighbouring countries. Rosebell Kagumire, a Ugandan journalist specializing in peace and conflict reporting, said: “This paints a picture of Uganda six or seven years ago, that is totally not how it is today. It’s highly irresponsible”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=KLVY5jBnD-E|title=My response to KONY2012|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref>
A March 2012 showing of the film in Lira, a town in northern Uganda, was met with jeering and thrown objects. An estimated 35,000 people jeered at the showing, and some threw rocks at the screen and at the group [[African Youth Initiative Network]], which screened the film and provided translations. The screening prompted angry calls to local radio stations. Ugandans were upset that the film devoted so much attention to the filmmakers and Kony while spending relatively little time on the conflict's victims, prompting complaints that the film was "more about whites than Ugandans." Others objected to being reminded of the horrors Kony brought to Uganda. Despite the negative response, the organization still plans on showing the film in other towns, hoping to avoid this response by providing context for the film and its message of advocacy.<ref>{{cite news |title='Kony' Screening Inflames Ugandans |author1=Nicholas Bariyo |author2=Erica Orden |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=March 16, 2012 |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303863404577283531931361326.html?google_editors_picks=true |accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref>
''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' interviewed local residents over the video in Gulu, Uganda, a former rebel center. Dr Beatrice Mpora, director of the community health organization Kairos commented: "What that video says is totally wrong, and it can cause us more problems than help us ''(... )'' There has not been a single soul from the LRA here since 2006. Now we have peace, people are back in their homes, they are planting their fields, they are starting their businesses. That is what people should help us with.<ref name="pflanz">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/uganda/9131469/Joseph-Kony-2012-growing-outrage-in-Uganda-over-film.html|title=Joseph Kony 2012: growing outrage in Uganda over film|last=Pflanz|first=Mike|date=8 March 2012|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=17 March 2012}}</ref>” Ugandan online commentators have also criticized the video's for its aim of making Kony "famous", and for its advocacy of foreign military intervention to stop him.<ref name="pflanz" />
Ugandan prime minister [[Amama Mbabazi]] launched an online response on Youtube. On video he seeks to correct the false impression that Uganda is in conflict, and invites everyone to come and see the country. He assures that people would find it a very different place to that portrayed by Invisible Children.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/2012317134323360997.html|title=Uganda launches video to counter 'Kony 2012'|date=17 March 2012|work=Al Jazeera|accessdate=17 March 2012}}</ref>
===Invisible Children's response===
On March 8, 2012, Invisible Children released an official response addressing the criticisms directed at ''Kony 2012''. As an explanation for the simplicity of the movie, they stated that "in [their] quest to garner wide public support of nuanced policy, [they] sought to explain the conflict in an easily understandable format". Jedediah Jenkins, the director of idea development for Invisible Children, responded to the new criticisms by saying that they were "myopic" and that the video itself was a "tipping point" that "got young people to care about an issue on the other side of the planet that doesn’t affect them."<ref name="Post1">{{cite news |title=Invisible Children responds to criticism about ‘Stop Kony’ campaign |author=Elizabeth Flock |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/invisible-childrens-stop-kony-campaign/2012/03/07/gIQA7B31wR_blog.html?wprss=blogpost |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=March 7, 2012 |accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref> In response to concerns about working with the Ugandan government, Invisible Children explained that they "do not defend any of the human rights abuses perpetrated by the Ugandan government or the Ugandan army" and the reason why they are working with the Ugandan army even though Kony is no longer in Uganda is because the army is "more organized and better equipped than that of any of the other affected countries (DRC, South Sudan, CAR) to track down Joseph Kony" and that they want all of the governments in the region to work together to arrest Kony.<ref name="Invisible Children Website">{{cite web|title=Invisible Children Critiques|url=http://www.invisiblechildren.com.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/critiques.html|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref> Jenkins stated that "There is a huge problem with political corruption in Africa. If we had the purity to say we will not partner with anyone corrupt, we couldn’t partner with anyone."<ref name="Post1"/>
==Notes==
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