Dundee and Family therapy: Difference between pages

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'''Family therapy''', also referred to as '''couple and family therapy''' and '''family systems therapy''', and earlier generally referred to as '''marriage therapy''', is a branch of [[psychotherapy]] that works with [[family|families]] and couples in [[intimate relationship]]s to nurture change and development. It tends to view these in terms of the [[system]]s of interaction between family members. It emphasizes family relationships as an important factor in psychological health. As such, family problems have been seen to arise as an [[emergence|emergent]] property of systemic interactions, rather than to be blamed on individual members.

{{other uses}}

{{infobox Scotland place with map|

|Place= City of Dundee

|PlaceG= Dùn Dèagh

Family therapists may focus more on how patterns of interaction maintain the problem rather than trying to identify the cause, as this can be experienced as blaming by some families. It assumes that the family as a whole is larger than the sum of its parts.

|PlaceS= Dundee

|Population= 143,090<ref name="population">{{cite web

| title = Population Matters

| work = Dundee City Council

| url = http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/ptrans/popmatts.pdf

| accessdate = 2006-07-06

}}</ref>

|GridReference= NO365325

|Map= Dundee (Location).png

|MapCaption= Dundee's ___location near the coast of the <br />[[North Sea]] on the east side of Scotland

|Council= [[City of Dundee]]

|Lieutenancy= Dundee

|Traditional= [[Angus]]

|Westminster= [[Dundee East (UK Parliament constituency)|Dundee East]] <br /> [[Dundee West (UK Parliament constituency)|Dundee West]]

|Holyrood= [[Dundee East (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dundee East]] <br /> [[Dundee West (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dundee West]] <br /> [[Angus (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Angus]] <br /> [[North East Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|North East Scotland]]

|PostalTown= DUNDEE

|PostCode= DD1-DD6

|DiallingCode= 01382

|Police= [[Tayside Police]]

}}

'''Dundee''' ({{lang-gd|Dùn Dèagh}}) is the fourth-largest [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]] in [[Scotland]], with a population of 143,090. It is located on the north bank of the [[River Tay|River Tay's]] estuary and so is near the east coast and the [[North Sea]]. Dundee is known as the ''City of Discovery'', both in honour of Dundee's history of scientific activities, and of the [[RRS Discovery|RRS ''Discovery'']], [[Robert Falcon Scott]]'s [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] exploration vessel, which was built in Dundee and is now berthed there.

Most practitioners are "eclectic", using techniques from several areas, depending upon the client(s). Family therapy practitioners come from a range of professional backgrounds, and some are specifically qualified or [[licensure|licensed/registered]] in family therapy (licensing is not required in some jurisdictions and requirements vary from place to place). In the UK, family therapists are usually [[psychologist]]s, [[nurse]]s, [[psychotherapist]]s, [[social work]]ers, or [[counselor]]s who have done further training in family therapy, either a [[diploma]] or an [[M.Sc.]].

Its history began with the [[Picts]] in the [[Iron Age]] and during the medieval period was the site of many battles. During the [[Industrial Revolution]] the local [[jute]] industry caused the city to grow rapidly. In this period Dundee also gained a reputation for its marmalade industry and its journalism, giving Dundee its epithet as the city of "jam, jute and journalism". Dundee's population reached a peak of nearly 200,000 at the start of the 1970s, but it has since declined due to outward migration and a falling birth rate.

[[Multicultural]] and inter-cultural approaches are being developed.

The biomedical and technology industries have grown since the 1980s and the city now accounts for 10% of Britain’s digital entertainment industry. The city is also famous for being the home of [[William McGonagall]], who is widely known as the "world's worst poet". The city is home to the [[Scottish Dance Theatre]], who are based in the city's [[Dundee Repertory Theatre]], and the [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]], which regularly plays in the city's Caird Hall. On [[5 March]], [[2004]] Dundee was granted [[Fairtrade Town|Fairtrade City]] status.<ref>{{cite press release

| title = A Tale of 10 Cities: Rival towns cast aside past differences for FAIRTRADE Mark's 10th Birthday

| publisher = [[Fairtrade Foundation]]

| date = February 2004

| url = http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/pr120204.htm

| accessdate = 2006-09-11 }}</ref>

Family therapy has been used effectively where families, and or individuals in those families experience or suffer:

==History==

*serious psychological disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, addictions and eating disorders);

{{main|History of Dundee}}

*interactional and transitional crises in a family’s life cycle (e.g. divorce);

Dundee first became a settlement when the [[Picts]] settled the area 3,500 years ago. At the time the area was known by the Pictish name of '''Alec-tum'''.<ref>{{cite book | first=Hector | last=Boece|title=History of the Scottish People|year=1527 }}</ref> The name "Dundee" was later adopted from the [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]] Dùn Dèagh, meaning "Fort on the Tay". In 1191 [[Common Era|CE]], the town was awarded a [[charter]] making it a [[royal burgh]].<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book

*as a support of other psychotherapies and medication.

| last = Bartholomew

| first = John

| authorlink = John Bartholomew

| year = 1887

| title = Gazetteer of the British Isles

| url = http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=1890680&word=NULL

}}</ref> This charter was later revoked by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], though it was replaced by a new charter from [[Robert the Bruce]] in 1327. Dundee became a walled city in 1545, owing to a period of hostilities known as the [[rough wooing]]. In July 1547, much of the city was destroyed by an English naval bombardment. In 1645, during the [[Scottish Civil War|Scottish civil war]], Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Marquess of Montrose]].<ref name="Gazetteer" /> In 1651 during the [[Third English Civil War]], it was invaded by [[General Monck]], who was the commander of [[Oliver Cromwell|Oliver Cromwell's]] forces in Scotland. These [[Parliament of England|English Parliamentarians]] destroyed much of the city and killed many of its inhabitants. Dundee was later the site of an early [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] uprising when [[John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee]] raised the [[Stuart]] standard on [[Law, Dundee|Dundee Law]] in support of [[James II of England|James VII (James II of England)]] following his overthrow, earning him the nickname [[Bonnie Dundee]].<ref>{{cite web

| year = 2006

| url = http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst70.html

| title = Overview of John Graham of Claverhouse

| format = HTML

| work = Gazetteer for Scotland

| publisher = University of Edinburgh

| accessdate = 9 July

| accessyear = 2006

}}</ref>

[[Image:Wishart Arch.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The Wishart Arch is the only surviving part of the city walls]]

==Methodology==

Dundee greatly expanded in size during the [[Industrial Revolution]] mainly because of the [[jute]] industry.<ref>{{cite web

It uses a range of [[counseling]] and other techniques including:

| year = 2004

*[[psychotherapy]]

| url = http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_chart_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10150553&c_id=10090283&add=N

*[[systems theory]]

| title = Dundee: Total population

*[[communication theory]]

| format = HTML

*[[systemic coaching]]

| work = A vision of Britain through time;

| publisher = University of Portsmouth

| accessdate = 8 July

| accessyear = 2006

}}</ref> By the end of the 19th century, a majority of the city's workers were employed in its many jute mills and in related industries. Dundee's ___location on a major estuary allowed for the easy importation of jute from the [[Indian subcontinent]] and of [[whale oil]] &mdash; needed for the processing of the jute &mdash; from the city's large [[whaling]] industry. The industry began to decline in the 20th century as it became cheaper to process the cloth on the Indian subcontinent. The city's last jute mill closed in the 1970s.

[[Image:Tayrailbridge.jpg|thumb|250px|The original Tay Bridge (from the south) the day after the disaster. The collapsed section can be seen near the northern end]]

In addition to jute the city is also known for [[jam]] and [[journalism]]. The "jam" association refers to [[marmalade]], which was purportedly invented in the city by [[Janet Keiller]] in 1797 (although in reality, recipes for marmalade have been found dating back to the 1500s). [[Keiller's marmalade]] became a famous brand because of its mass production and its worldwide export. However, the industry was never a major employer compared with the jute trade.<ref name="jam">{{cite web

| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/scotland/perth_tayside/article_1.shtml

| title = Keiller's: Sticky Success

| format = HTML

| work = Legacies

| publisher = [[BBC]]

| accessdate = 9 July

| accessyear = 2006

}}</ref> Marmalade has since become the preserve of larger businesses, but jars of Keiller's marmalade are still widely available. "Journalism" refers to the publishing firm [[D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd|DC Thomson & Co.]], which was founded in the city in 1905 and remains the largest employer after the health and leisure industries.<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.travelscotland.co.uk/guide/Dundee_History

| title = Dundee History

| accessdate = 7 June

| accessyear = 2006

| format = HTML

| work = Travel Scotland

| publisher = Travel Scotland Holidays

}}</ref><ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/victorian/trails_victorian_dundee.shtml

| title = Victorian Dundee - Jute, Jam & Journalism

| accessdate = 7 June

| accessyear = 2006

| format = HTML

| work = The Victorian Achievement - History Trails

| publisher = [[BBC]]

}}</ref> The firm publishes a [[List of DC Thomson Publications|variety]] of newspapers, children's comics and magazines, including ''[[The Sunday Post]]'', ''[[The Courier]]'', ''[[Shout (Teen Magazine)|Shout]]'' and children's publications, ''[[The Beano]]'' and ''[[The Dandy]]''.

The number of sessions depends on the situation, but the average is 5-20 sessions. The basic theory of family therapy is derived mainly from object relations theory, cognitive psychotherapy, systems theory and narrative approaches.

Dundee also developed a major maritime and shipbuilding industry in the 19th Century. 2,000 ships were built in Dundee between 1871 and 1881, including the Antarctic research ship used by [[Robert Falcon Scott]], the ''[[RRS Discovery]]''. This ship is now on display at Discovery Point in the city, and the Victorian steel-framed works in which Discovery's engine was built is now home to the city's largest bookstore.<ref>{{cite book

| last = Huntford

| first = Roland

| authorlink = Roland Huntford

| coauthors =

| editor =

| title = Shackleton

| url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/068911429X/026-7897539-9243617?v=glance&n=266239&v=glance

| format = Hardback

| edition =

| date =

| year = 1986

| month = January

| publisher = Atheneum

| ___location =

| id = 068911429X

| quote =

}}</ref> The need of the local jute industry for [[whale oil]] also supported a large [[whaling]] industry. [[Dundee Island]] in the Antarctic takes its name from the [[Dundee Whaling Expedition|Dundee whaling expedition]], which discovered it in 1892. Whaling ceased in 1912 and shipbuilding ceased in 1981.<ref name="whaling">{{cite web

| url = http://www.historyshelf.org/secf/whale/08.php

| title = Hunting the Whale - The Whale Ships

| accessdate = 7 July

| accessyear = 2006

| year = 2003

| format = HTML

| work = HistoryShelf.org

| publisher = East Lothian Council

}}</ref> The estuary was the ___location of the first [[Tay Rail Bridge|Tay rail bridge]], built by [[Thomas Bouch]] and opened in 1879. At the time it was the longest railway bridge in the world.

The bridge fell down in a storm less than a year later under the weight of a train full of passengers in what is known as ''[[The Tay Bridge Disaster]]''.<ref>{{cite news

| first=

| last=

| author=

| url=http://archive.scotsman.com/article.cfm?id=TSC/1879/12/29/Ar00501

| title=Appalling Catastrophe, Fall of the Tay Bridge

| work=

| publisher=[[The Scotsman]]

| page=5

| date=[[29 December]] [[1879]]

| accessdate=2006-07-09

}}</ref>

A family therapist usually meets several members of the family at the same time ("[[conjoint family therapy]]" is used in the approach of [[Virginia Satir]].) This has the advantage of making differences between the ways family members perceive mutual relations as well as interaction patterns in the session apparent both for the therapist and the family. These patterns frequently mirror habitual interaction patterns at home, even though the therapist is now incorporated into the family system. Therapy interventions usually focus on relationship patterns rather than on analyzing impulses of the [[unconscious mind]] or [[early childhood]] [[Psychological trauma|trauma]] of individuals as a [[Freud]]ian therapist would do.

==Geography==

[[Image:Law Dundee.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[Law, Dundee|Dundee Law]] seen from afar]]

Dundee is located at {{coor dms|56|27|51|N|02|58|13|W|type:city}} on the north bank of the [[Firth of Tay]] and near the [[North Sea]]. The city surrounds the [[basalt]] [[Volcanic plug|plug]] of an extinct [[volcano]], called [[Law, Dundee|Dundee Law]] or simply ''The Law'' (174&nbsp;metres (571&nbsp;ft)).<ref>Ordnance Survey, Explorer 380 map ''Dundee and Sidlaw Hills''</ref> Dundee is Scotland's only south-facing city, giving it a contested claim to being the nation's sunniest city.<ref>{{cite web

| title = Aberdeen is Scotland's sun city

| work = [[BBC news]]

| publisher = [[BBC]]

| date = [[24 January]] [[2005]]

| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4202571.stm

| accessdate = 2006-07-03

}}</ref>

Family therapy is really a way of thinking, an [[epistemology]] rather than about how many people sit in the room with the therapist. Family therapists are relational therapists; they are interested in what goes between people rather than in people.

Dundee lies close to [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] (20&nbsp;miles) and the southern [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] to the west. [[St Andrews]] (14&nbsp;miles) and north-east [[Fife]] are situated to the south, while the [[Sidlaw Hills]], [[Angus Glens]] and the [[Glamis Castle]] are located to the north. Two [[Links (golf)|links]] [[golf]] courses, [[St Andrews Links|St Andrews]] and [[Carnoustie Golf Links|Carnoustie]] are located nearby. The towns of [[Invergowrie]] in [[Perth and Kinross]], [[Newport on Tay]] in [[Fife]] and [[Monifieth]] in [[Angus]] are outside of local government control of Dundee but are ''[[de facto]]'' suburbs of the city, taking its population up to c.170,000.

Depending on circumstances, a therapist may point out to the family interaction patterns that the family might have not noticed; or suggest different ways of responding to other family members. These changes in the way of responding may then trigger repercussions in the whole system, leading to a more satisfactory system state.

==Demographics==

Natives of Dundee are called Dundonians and are recognisable for their distinctive [[Accent (linguistics)|accent]],<ref>{{cite web

| last = Eagle

| first = Andy

| year = 2001

| url = http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/dundee.htm

| title = Dundee Scots

| work = Wir Ain Leid

| accessdate = 6 July

| accessyear = 2006

}}</ref> which most noticeably substitutes the [[monophthong]] /e/ in place of the [[diphthong]] /ai/. A significant proportion of the population are on low income or receive [[Social security|social security benefits]]. More than half of the city's council [[Ward (politics)|wards]] are among Scotland's most deprived<ref>{{cite news

| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2804895.stm

| title=Glasgow tops 'most deprived' list

| work=

| publisher=[[BBC news]]

| date=[[27 February]] [[2003]]

| accessdate=2006-07-08

}}</ref> and fewer than half of the homes in Dundee are owner-occupied.<ref name="council HMIE report">{{cite web

| url = http://www.hmie.gov.uk/documents/inspection/Dundee%20INEA%2005_01.html#2

| title = Dundee City Council Dundee Inspection of Education Function of Local Authorities

| accessdate = 2006-09-21

| date = [[29 May]] [[2001]]

| format = HTML

| publisher = Dundee City Council

}}

</ref> The [[Whitfield, Dundee|Whitfield]] area in particular has the highest rate of [[child poverty]] in the [[UK]] at 96%.<ref>{{cite news

| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2262456.stm

| title=Child poverty report under fire

| work=

| publisher=[[BBC news]]

| date=[[17 September]] [[2002]]

| accessdate=2006-07-08

}}</ref> Dundee had the highest rate of [[abortion]]s in Scotland in [[2004]] (24.2 per 1000)<ref>{{cite news

| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4532242.stm

| title=Slight fall in teen pregnancies

| publisher=[[BBC news]]

| date=[[15 December]] [[2005]]

| accessdate=2006-07-06

}}</ref> and the highest rate of [[teenage pregnancy]] in [[Western Europe]] in 2003-2004<ref>{{cite news

| first=

| last=

| author=

| url=http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2005/12/15/story7844410t0.shtm

| title=Dundee’s teen pregnancy figures as bad as ever

| publisher=Evening Telegraph and post

| date=[[15 December]] [[2005]]

| accessdate=2006-07-06

}}

</ref> (1 in 16; the national average is 1 in 23).<ref>{{cite news

| first=

| last=

| author=

| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4444633.stm

| title=New teen sex strategy published

| publisher=[[BBC news]]

| date=[[14 April]] [[2005]]

| accessdate=2006-07-06

}}</ref>

[[Image:Dundee Parish Church, St Mary's.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Dundee Parish Church, St Mary's is one of two of the city's ''City Churches'']]

Dundee's population increased substantially with the urbanisation of the Industrial Revolution as did other British cities. The most significant influx occurred in the mid-1800s with the arrival of [[Ireland|Irish]] workers fleeing from the [[Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)|Potato Famine]] and attracted by industrialisation.<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/scotland/perth_tayside/article_1.shtml

| title = Little Tipperary: The Irish in Lochee

| format = HTML

| work = Legacies

| publisher = [[BBC]]

| accessdate = 9 July

| accessyear = 2006

}}</ref> The city also attracted immigrants from [[Italy]] and [[Poland]] in the 19th and 20th Centuries, although Dundee did not experience post-[[World War II]] immigration on the same scale as other cities. Nevertheless, Dundee still has a sizable [[ethnic minority]] population. The city's declining industrial base has caused the population to reduce since the start of the 1970s. A 7.3% drop in population occurred between 1991 to 2001 and a decline of further 14.3% (20,674) is predicted from 2005 to 2011.<ref name="population" /> The number of deaths has exceeded the number of births since 1993, with a drop of 19% in births between 1993 and 2003.<ref name="population" /> There has also been an annual net average emigration of 1,000 from 1998 to 2002.<ref name="population" /> Dundee attracts a large number of students (many Irish), so that students account for 14.2% of the population, the highest proportion of the four Scottish Cities.<ref name="population" />

==PlacesIn ofthe worshipUnited States==

Prior to 1999 in California, counselors who specialized in this area were called Marriage, Family and Child Counselors. Today, they are known as Marriage and Family Therapists, (MFTs) and work variously in private practice, in clinical settings such as hospitals, institutions, or counseling organizations.

The City Churches, [[Dundee Parish Church (St Mary's)]] and the [[Steeple Church]], are the most prominent [[Church of Scotland]] buildings in Dundee. The Church of Scotland [[Presbytery]] of Dundee currently consists of 45 congregations, although many now share a [[Minister (religion)|minister]]. [[Robert Murray McCheyne]], who was the minister of St Peter's ([[Free Church of Scotland]]) from 1838 until his death in 1843, led a significant religious revival in Dundee.<ref>{{gutenberg|no=15251|name=The Biography of Robert Murray M'Cheyne ''by Andrew A. Bonar'}}</ref> There are two [[cathedral]]s in the city &mdash; St. Paul's ([[Scottish Episcopal Church|Scottish Episcopal]]) and St. Andrew's ([[Roman Catholic]]).

MFTs are often confused with Clinical Social Workers (CSWs). The primary difference in these two professions is that CSWs focus on social relationships in the community as a whole, while MFTs focus on relationships.

A [[Jewish]] community has existed in the city since the 19th century. The present [[synagogue]] was built in the 1970s.

A master's degree is required to work as an MFT. Most commonly, MFTs will first earn a B.S. or B.A. degree in [[psychology]], and then spend 2 to 3 years completing a program in specific areas of psychology relevant to marriage and family therapy. After graduation, prospective MFTs work as interns.

[[Muslim]]s are served by a large [[mosque]], which opened in 2000.

Requirements vary, but in most states about 3000 hours of supervised work as an intern are needed to sit for a licensing exam. MFTs must be licensed by the state to practice. Only after completing their education and internship and passing the state licensing exam can they call themselves MFTs and work unsupervised.

The city also has a [[Hindu]] [[mandir]] and [[Sikh]] [[gurdwara]].

License restrictions can vary considerably from state to state. In Ohio, for example, Marriage and Family Therapists are currently not allowed to diagnose and treat mental and emotional disorders, practice independently, or bill insurance. MFTs in Ohio face a long road of fighting for equality.

==Government and politics==

{{main|Politics of Dundee}}

[[Image:Tayside House.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Tayside House, the current home of Dundee City Council]]

==Founders and key influences ==

Dundee was first made a [[royal burgh]] in 1911 and became a [[unitary council area]] in 1996 under the ''[[Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994]]'',<ref name="localgovact" >[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1994/Ukpga_19940039_en_1.htm ''Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994'', full text, Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) website]<br> [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/about/index.htm OPSI home page]</ref> which gave it a single tier of [[Local government of Scotland|local government control]] under the [[Dundee City Council]]. The city has two mottos &mdash; ''Dei Donum'' ([[Latin]]: Gift of God) and ''Prudentia et Candore'' (With Thought And Purity),<ref>{{cite book

Some key developers of family therapy are:

| title = A Chronicle of The City's Office Bearers, Chambers, Regalia, Castles & Twin Cities

| url = http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/publications/heraldic.pdf

| format = PDF

| accessdate = 2006-07-09

| publisher = Dundee City Council

}}</ref> although usually only the latter is used for civic purposes. Dundee is represented in both the [[British House of Commons]] and in the [[Scottish Parliament]]. For elections to the [[European Parliament]], Dundee is within the [[Scotland (European Parliament constituency)|Scotland constituency]].

*[[Nathan Ackerman]] ([[psychoanalytic theory|psychoanalytic]])

===Local government===

*[[Gregory Bateson]] ([[1904]] – [[1980]]) ([[cybernetics]]) <ref>Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., [[Jay Haley]] & Weakland, J., "Toward a Theory of Schizophrenia", ''Behavioral Science'', vol.1, 1956, 251-264.</ref> <ref>{{cite book | author=Bateson, Gregory | title=Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology | publisher=University Of Chicago Press | year=1972 | id= ISBN 0-226-03905-6}}</ref> <ref>Bateson, Gregory (1979). ''Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity (Advances in [[Systems Theory]], [[Complexity]], and the [[Human Sciences]])''. Hampton Press, ISBN 1-57273-434-5</ref> <ref>Bateson, Gregory (1958). ''Naven''. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-804-70520-8.</ref>

Dundee is one of 32 [[Council areas of Scotland|council areas]] of Scotland,<ref name="localgovact" /> represented by the Dundee City Council, a local authority composed of 29 elected [[councillor]]s. Previously the city was a [[Counties of Scotland|county city]] and later a [[Regions and districts of Scotland|district]] of the [[Tayside]] [[Regions and districts of Scotland|region]]. Council meetings take place in the City Chambers, which opened in 1933 and are located in City Square. The civic head and chair of the council is known as the [[Lord Provost]], a position similar to that of [[mayor]] in other cities. The council executive is based in Tayside House on the banks of the [[River Tay]], but the council recently announced plans to demolish it in favour of new premises (Dundee House) on North Lindsay Street.<ref>[http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2006/03/15/story8126277t0.shtm ''Long live Dundee House''], [[The Evening Telegraph|Evening Telegraph]] (publisher [[DC Thomson]]), 15 March 2006</ref> [[As of 2006]] the council is controlled by a minority coalition of [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Liberal Democrats]] of 12 councillors, with the support of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] who have five. Although the [[Scottish National Party]] (SNP) is the largest party on the council, with 11 councillors.<ref name="political map">[http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/elections/mappage.htm ''Dundee City Council Political Make-up''], Dundee City Council website</ref><ref>[http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2005/02/28/story6861222t0.shtm ''Dundee Tory leader hits out at critic''], [[The Evening Telegraph|Evening Telegraph]] (publisher [[DC Thomson]]), 28 February 2005</ref> [[General election|Elections]] to the council are on a four year cycle, the next due on [[3 May]], [[2007]]. Councillors are elected from single-member [[Wards of the United Kingdom|ward]]s by the [[first past the post]] system of election, although this will change for the 2007 election, due to the [[Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004]].<ref>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2004/20040009.htm ''Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004'', full text, Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) website]</ref> Eight new multi-member wards will be introduced, each electing three or four councillors by [[single transferable vote]], to produce a form of [[proportional representation]].

*[[Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy]] ([[Contextual therapy]], [[relational ethics]])

*[[Murray Bowen]] ([[systems theory]])

*[[John Bradshaw (author)]] ([[systems theory]])

*[[Milton H. Erickson]] ([[hypnotherapy]], [[strategic therapy]])

*[[James Framo]] ([[object relations theory]])

*[[Jay Haley]] ([[strategic therapy]], communications)

*[[Walter Kempler]] ([[Gestalt psychology]])

*[[Salvador Minuchin]] (structural)

*[[Virginia Satir]] (communications and experiential)

==See also==

===Westminster and Holyrood===

*[[Child abuse]]

[[Image:City Square, Dundee, Scotland.jpg|thumb|275px|Dundee City Square. The building at the back of the square is Caird Hall. The building on the right is Dundee City Chambers, where the city council meets]]

*[[Conflict resolution]]

*[[Domestic violence]]

*[[Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy]]

*[[Family]]

*[[Genogram]]

*[[Group therapy]]

*[[Interpersonal relationship]]

*[[Intimate relationship]]

*[[Marriage]]

*[[Mediation]]

*[[Mental health professional]]

*[[Relationship counseling]]

*[[Relationships Australia]]

==External links==

For elections to the [[British House of Commons]] at [[Westminster Palace|Westminster]], the city area and portions of the [[Angus]] council area are divided in two [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituencies]].<ref name="borders">[http://www.bcomm-scotland.gov.uk/ ''Fifth Periodical Review of Constituencies''], [[Boundary Commission for Scotland]]</ref> The constituencies of [[Dundee East (UK Parliament constituency)|Dundee East]] and [[Dundee West (UK Parliament constituency)|Dundee West]] are represented by [[Stewart Hosie]] ([[Scottish National Party]] (SNP)) and [[James McGovern (politician)|James McGovern]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]), respectively. For elections to the [[Scottish Parliament]] at [[Scottish Parliament Building|Holyrood]], the city area is divided between three constituencies. The [[Dundee East (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dundee East (Holyrood) constituency]] and the [[Dundee West (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dundee West (Holyrood) constituency]] are entirely within the city area. The [[Angus (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Angus (Holyrood) constituency]] includes north-eastern and north-western portions of the city area.<ref name="borders" /> All three constituencies are within the [[North East Scotland (Scottish Parliament region)|North East Scotland electoral region]]. [[Shona Robison]] (SNP) is the [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]] (MSP) for the Dundee East constituency; [[Kate Maclean]] (Labour) is the current MSP for the Dundee West constituency and [[Andrew Welsh]] (SNP) is the current MSP for the Angus constituency.

*[http://www.aamft.org/ American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy]

*[http://www.afta.org American Family Therapy Academy]

*[http://www.marriagefriendlytherapists.com/ American Marriage Friendly Therapists]

*[http://www.aft.org.uk/ Association for Family Therapy and Systemic Practice in the UK]

*[http://www.anzjft.com/ Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy]

*[http://www.thebowencenter.org/pages/theory.html Bowen Theory]

*[http://www.camft.org California Association of Marriage and Family Therapists]

*[http://www.efta-europeanfamilytherapy.com/ European Family Therapy Association]

*[http://www.ifta-familytherapy.org/home.html International Family Therapy Association]

*[http://www.abacon.com/famtherapy/index.html Historical overview of field; Therapist profiles; Timeline]

== Notes ==

===International links===

<references/>

Dundee maintains cultural, economic and educational ties with six [[twin town|twin cities]]:<ref>{{cite web

| title = Dundee’s Twins Around the World

| work =

| publisher = Dundee City Council

| url = http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/welcome/index.html

| format =

| doi =

| accessdate = 2006-07-04 }}</ref>

* {{flagicon|France}} - [[Orleans]], [[France]] (1946)

* {{flagicon|Croatia}} - [[Zadar]], [[Croatia]] (1959)

* {{flagicon|Germany}} - [[Würzburg]], [[Germany]] (1962)

* {{flagicon|USA}} - [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], [[Virginia]], [[United States|USA]] (1974)

* {{flagicon|Palestine}} - [[Nablus]], [[West Bank]] (1980)

* {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} - [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] (2004)

<!-- (to do: history; main contributors:, etc.; treatment of certain cases of schizophrenia; controversy; examples of interaction patterns and interventions; pointers to other brief therapy approaches, cite sources, add images ) -->

In addition, the [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Scottish Episcopalian]] [[Diocese]] of [[Diocese of Brechin|Brechin]] (centred on [[St Paul’s Cathedral, Dundee|St Paul’s Cathedral]] in Dundee) is twinned with the diocese of [[Iowa]], [[United States|USA]] and the diocese of [[Swaziland]].<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.thedioceseofbrechin.org/new_bishop.html

| title = New Bishop Consecrated for the Diocese of Brechin

| format = HTML

| work = Diocese of Brechin

| publisher = Scottish Episcopal Church

| accessdate = July 8

| accessyear = 2006

}}</ref>

==Economy==

[[Image:Coxs Stack Dundee.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Cox's Stack, A chimney from the former Camperdown works jute mill. The chimney takes its name from jute baron James Cox who later became [[Lord Provost]] of the city]]

Dundee is a regional employment, education and retail centre, with 300,000 persons within 30 minutes drive of the city centre and 630,000 people within one hours drive from the centre. Many people from [[Fife|North East Fife]], [[Angus]] and [[Perth and Kinross]] commute to the city.<ref name="economicprofile">{{cite web

| title = Dundee Economic Profile

| work = Dundee City Council

| url = http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/publications/economicprofile.pdf

| accessdate = 2006-11-11

}}</ref> In 2004-2005 the city itself had an economically active population of 77.4% of the working age population, about 17% of the working age population are full time students. The city sustains about 90,000 jobs in around 4,000 companies. The number of jobs in the city has grown by around 10% since 1996. recent and current investment levels in the city are at a record level. Since 1997 Dundee has been the focus of investment approaching an estimated £1 billion.<ref>{{cite web

| title = Dundee: A City Vision

| work = Dundee City Council

| url = http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/publications/cityvision.pdf

| accessdate = 2006-11-11

}}</ref>

Despite this economic growth the proportion of Dundee’s population whose lives are affected by poverty and who can be described as socially excluded is second only to Glasgow in Scotland. Median weekly earnings were £409 in February 2006, an increase of £33% since 1998, on a par with the Scottish median.<ref name="economicprofile" /> Unemployment in 2004 was around 4.3%, higher than the Scottish average of 3%, although the city has “closed the gap” since the 1996 when unemployment was 8.6% with the Scottish average at 6.1%. In 2000 the number of unemployed in the city had fallen to below 5,000 for the first time in over 25 years. Average house prices in Dundee have more than doubled since 1990 from an average of £42,475, to £102,025 in 2006.<ref name="house">{{cite web

| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/uk_house_prices/html/qj.stm

| title=Dundee City House Prices

| publisher=[[BBC]]

| date=[[9 November]] [[2006]]

}}</ref> Total house sales in the city have more than trebled since 1990 from £115,915,391 to £376,999,716 in 2004. House prices rose by over 15% between 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 and between 2005 and 2006 prices rose by 16.6%.<ref name="house" />

===History===

The period following [[World War II]] was notable for the transformation of the city's economy. While jute still employed one-fifth of the working population, new industries were attracted and encouraged. [[NCR Corporation]] selected Dundee as the base of operations for the UK in late 1945,<ref name="ncr">{{cite book

| last=NCR

| title=Cash Advance

| publisher=NCR (Scotland) limited

| id=ISBN 0-9529630-0-0

| year = 1996

}}</ref> primarily because of the lack of damage the city had sustained in the war, good transport links and high productivity from long hours of sunshine. Production started in the year before the official opening of the plant on [[June 11]], [[1947]]. A fortnight after the 10th anniversary of the plant, the 250,000^th cash machine was produced. By the 1960s, NCR had become the principal employer of the city and produced [[Automatic Teller Machine|ATMs]] at several of its Dundee plants. Magnetic-strip readers for [[cash register]]s and computers were also built in Dundee.<ref name="ncr500">{{cite journal| author=CJP|month=December 7|year=1966| title=First Dundee computer next year| journal=The Courier}}</ref> Astral, a Dundee-based firm that manufactured and sold [[refrigerators]] and [[Clothes dryer|spin dryers]] was merged into [[Morphy Richards]] and rapidly expanded to employ over 1,000 people.<ref name="astral">{{cite web

| year = 1997

| url = http://www.morphyrichardsindia.com/about/1950.htm

| title = Full Steam Ahead

| format = HTML

| work =

| publisher =

| accessdate = 17 June

| accessyear = 2003

}}</ref> The development in Dundee of a [[Michelin]] [[tire|tyre]]-production facility helped to absorb the unemployment caused by the decline of the jute industry, particularly with the abolition of the jute control by the [[Board of Trade]] on [[April 30]] [[1969]].<ref name="jute">{{cite web

| last =

| first =

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| year = 1969

| url = http://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90520090.pdf

| title = General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade

| format = PDF

| work = Committee of Trade and Development

| publisher =

| accessdate = 12 December

| accessyear = 1969

}}</ref>

Employment in Dundee changed dramatically during the 1980s with the loss of nearly 10,000 manufacturing jobs due to closure of the shipyards, cessation of carpet manufacturing and the disappearance of the jute trade. In 1983, the first [[Sinclair Research Ltd|Sinclair]] [[ZX Spectrum]] [[home computers]] were produced in Dundee by [[Timex Corporation|Timex]]. In the same year the company broke production records, despite a [[sit-in]] by workers protesting job cuts and plans to demolish one of the factory buildings to make way for a supermarket. Timex closed their Dundee plant in 1993 following an acrimonious six month [[industrial dispute]].<ref>{{cite news

| first=James

| last=Rougvie

| author=James Rougvie

| url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/videos.cfm?vid=57

| title=Timex pulls the plug on Dundee plant

| work=

| publisher=[[The Scotsman]]

| pages=

| page=

| date=[[29 August]] [[1993]]

| accessdate=2006-07-08

}}</ref> To combat growing unemployment and vulnerable economic conditions, Dundee was declared an [[Enterprise Zone]] in January 1984.

===Modern day===

As in the rest of Scotland manufacturing industries are being gradually replaced by a modern [[Mixed economy|mixed economy]], supported by public and private investment and a skilled or semi-skilled workforce, although 13.5% of the workforce still work in the manufacturing sector, higher than the Scottish and UK average, and more than double that of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen. The main new growth sectors have been [[software development]] and [[biotechnology]] along with retail. The city has a small financial, banking and insurance sector, with 11% of the workforce, smaller than the three larger Scottish cities, for example Edinburgh’s banking and finance sector accounts for 33.3% of it’s workforce.

In 2005 32 companies employed 250 or more staff these include limited and private companies [[NCR Corporation]], [[Michelin]], [[Tesco]] (although it was announced in [[March]] [[2003]] that they would be closing their distribution centre in the city with the loss of 450 jobs), [[D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd|D. C. Thomson & Co]], [[BT Group plc|BT]], Client Logic Ltd, [[Norwich Union]], [[Royal Bank of Scotland]], [[Asda]], [[Strathtay Scottish]], Tayside Contracts, Tokheim, [[Scottish Citylink]], W H Brown Construction, C J Lang & Son, Joinery and Timber Creations, [[HBOS]], [[Debenhams]], [[Travel Dundee]], [[WL Gore and Associates]], Visual Sciences, In Practice Systems, Cyclacel, VIS Entertainment, Pro2Kem, The Wood Group, Simclar, Upstate Life Sciences, Alchemy, Cypex, Real Time Worlds. Major employers in the public sector and non profit sector are [[NHS Tayside]], the [[University of Dundee]], [[Tayside Police]], [[Dundee College]], [[Tayside|Tayside Fire Brigade]], [[Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs|HM Revenue and Customs]], [[University of Abertay Dundee]] and [[Wellcome Trust]].

The largest employers in Dundee are the [[Dundee City Council|city council]] and the [[National Health Service]], which make up over 10% of the city's workforce. The [[biomedical]] and [[biotechnology]] sectors, including start-up biomedical companies arising from university research, employ 1,000 people directly and nearly 2,000 indirectly.<ref name="chembelt">{{cite news

| first=George

| last=Kerevan

| author=[[George Kerevan]]

| url=http://business.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=575&id=1086852002

| title=Chemical attraction

| work=Big city survey: Dundee

| publisher=[[The Scotsman]]

| date=[[30 Sep]] [[2002]]

| accessdate=2006-07-09

}}</ref> [[Information technology]] and [[Computer and video games|software for computer games]] have been important industries in the city for more than twenty years. [[Rockstar North]], developer of ''[[Lemmings]]'' and the ''[[Grand Theft Auto (series)|Grand Theft Auto]]'' series was founded in Dundee as DMA Design by [[David Jones]]; an undergraduate of the [[University of Abertay]].<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.dmadesign.org/

| title = The Complete History of DMA Design

| accessdate = 9 July

| accessyear = 2006

| author = Mike Dailly

| last = Dailly

| first = Mike

| authorlink = Mike Dailly

| coauthors =

| format = HTML

| work = The DMA History Site

| publisher =

}}</ref> Dundee is responsible for 10% of Britain’s digital entertainment industry, with an annual turnover of £100 million.<ref>{{cite news

| last = Kerevan

| first = George

| coauthors =

| title = The games people play

| work = Big city survey: Dundee

| pages =

| language =

| publisher = [[The Scotsman]]

| date = [[30 Sep]] [[2002]]

| url = http://business.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=575&id=1084642002

| accessdate = 2006-09-06 }}</ref> Outside of specialised fields of medicine, science and technology, the proportion of Dundonians employed in the [[manufacturing sector]] is higher than that found in the larger Scottish cities; nearly 12% of 82,000 workers. Manufacturing income per head in Dundee was £19,700 in 1999, compared to £16,700 in [[Glasgow]].<ref name="rustbelt">{{cite news

| first=George

| last=Kerevan

| author=[[George Kerevan]]

| url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=575&id=1084632002

| title=Beyond rustbelt, ECONOMY

| work=Big city survey: Dundee

| publisher=[[The Scotsman]]

| date=[[30 Sep]] [[2002]]

| accessdate=2006-07-09

}}</ref> The insolvency rate for businesses in Dundee is lower than other Scottish cities, accounting for only 2.3% of all liquidations in Scotland, compared to 22% and 61.4% for Edinburgh and Glasgow respectively.<ref name="rustbelt" />

===Tourism===

The Dundee Tourist information centre has about 115,000 visitors per year, of this about 100,000 are from the rest of the UK and around 15,000 from outside the UK. The number of visitors has been steadily rising over the last ten years, while visitors from outside the UK has more than doubled in that time. Dundee’s hotels also serve as a base for tourism in the popular surrounding rural areas of [[Angus]] and [[Perth and Kinross]].

==Transport==

[[Image:DundeeOverBridge.JPG|thumb|210px|Dundee viewed across the [[River Tay|Tay estuary]] from the southern side. The hill in the background is [[Dundee law]] which is situated in approximately the centre of the city. The bridge on the left is the [[Tay Road Bridge]]]]

Dundee is served by the [[A90 road|A90]] road which connects the city to [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] in the west, and [[Forfar]] and [[Aberdeen]] in the north. The part of the road that is in the city is a [[dual carriageway]] and forms the city's main bypass on its north side, known as the ''Kingsway''. To the east, the [[A92 road|A92]] connects the city to [[Monifieth]] and [[Arbroath]]. The A92 also connects the city to the county of [[Fife]] on the south side of the Tay estuary via a [[Tay Road Bridge|toll bridge]], although tolls are only charged for southbound traffic heading into Fife. The main southern route around the city is Riverside Drive and Riverside Avenue (the A991), that runs alongside the Tay from a junction with the A90 in the west, to the city centre where it joins the A92 at the bridge.

Dundee has an extensive public bus transport system, with the [[Seagate Bus Station]] serving as the city's main terminus. [[Travel Dundee]] operates most of the intra-city services, with other more rural services operated by [[Strathtay Scottish]]. The city's two railway stations are the main [[Dundee railway station|Dundee (Tay Bridge) Station]], which is situated near the waterfront and the much smaller [[Broughty Ferry railway station|Broughty Ferry Station]], which is further east in [[Broughty Ferry]]. Both are on the same [[railway line]], which serves the east coast of Scotland. Passenger services at Dundee are provided by [[First Scotrail]], [[Virgin Cross Country]] and [[GNER]]. There are no freight services that serve the city since Dundee lost its [[Freightliner (UK)|Freightliner]] terminal in the 1980s. A [[Dundee Airport|regional airport]] offers commercial flights to [[London City Airport]] 5 times a day.<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/airport/main.htm

| title = Dundee Airport

| accessdate = 2006-09-20

| format = HTML

| publisher = Dundee City Council

}}</ref> The airport has a 1,400-metre runway capable of serving small aircraft and is located 3&nbsp;kilometres west of the city centre, adjacent to the Tay river. The nearest major international airports are in [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]] and [[Aberdeen Airport|Aberdeen]].

==Culture==

[[Image:McManus Galleries.jpg|thumb|left|300px|McManus Galleries houses a museum and art gallery with a collection of fine and decorative art as well as a natural history collection]]

Dundee is home to Scotland's only full-time [[repertory]] ensemble, established in the 1930s &mdash; one of its most famous alumni, [[Hollywood]] actor [[Brian Cox]] is a native of the city.<ref>{{cite news

| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4880844.stm

| title=Cox may be ambassador for Dundee

| publisher=[[BBC news]]

| date=[[5 April]] [[2006]]

| accessdate=2006-07-08

}}</ref> The [[Dundee Repertory Theatre]], built in 1982 is the base for [[Scottish Dance Theatre]]. Dundee's principal [[concert]] [[auditorium]], the [[Caird Hall]] (named after its benefactor, the jute baron [[James Key Caird]]) regularly hosts the [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]]. Various smaller venues host local and international musicians during Dundee's annual [[Jazz]], [[Guitar]] and [[Blues]] Festivals. An art gallery and an art house cinema are located in [[Dundee Contemporary Arts]], which opened in 1999 in the city's cultural quarter. [[McManus Galleries]] is a [[Gothic Revival]]-style building, located in Albert Square. It houses a museum and art gallery that exhibits a collection of fine and decorative art and a natural history collection.

Dundee has a strong literary heritage, with several authors either having been born, having lived in or studied in the city. These include [[A. L. Kennedy]], [[Rosamunde Pilcher]], [[Kate Atkinson]], [[Thomas Dick]], [[Mary Shelley]] and [[John Burnside]]. The [[Dundee International Book Prize]] is a biennial competition open to new authors, offering a prize of £10,000 and publication by Polygon Books. Past winners have included Andrew Murray Scott, Claire-Marie Watson and Malcolm Archibald. [[William McGonagall]], regularly cited as the "worlds worst poet",<ref>{{cite

|author=William McGonagall

|title=World's Worst Poet: Selections from "Poetic Gems"

|publisher=Templegate Publishers

|date=1992}}</ref> worked and wrote in the city, often giving performances of his work in pubs and bars. Many of his poems are about the city and events therein, such as his work ''The Tay Bridge Disaster''.

===Music===

Popular music groups such as the 1970s [[soul-funk]] outfit [[Average White Band]], the [[Associates]],<ref>{{cite web

| last =

| first =

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| title = The Vault, Biography, Associates

| work = Music Scotland

| publisher = [[BBC]]

| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/musicscotland/thevault/biogs/full_biog.shtml?file=a/associates

| format = HTML

| doi =

| accessdate = 2006-09-06 }}</ref> the band [[Spare Snare]]<ref name="big weekend">{{cite news

| last = Wilson

| first = Alan

| title = Music’s top stars headline Dundee festival

| work = The Courier

| pages =

| publisher = [[DC Thomson]]

| date = [[25 April]] [[2006]]

| url = http://www.thecourier.co.uk/output/2006/04/25/newsstory8263621t0.asp

| accessdate = 2006-09-06 }}</ref>, [[Danny Wilson (band)|Danny Wilson]] and the [[Indie rock]] band [[The View (band)|The View]] hail from Dundee.<ref name="big weekend" /> [[Ricky Ross (musician)|Ricky Ross]] of [[Deacon Blue]] and [[singer-songwriter]] [[KT Tunstall]] are former pupils of the [[High School of Dundee]], although Tunstall is not a native of the city.<ref>{{cite news

| last = Didcock

| first = Barry

| coauthors =

| title = Almost Famous

| work =

| pages =

| language =

| publisher = [[Sunday Herald]]

| date = [[1 May]] [[2005]]

| url = http://www.sundayherald.com/49411

| accessdate = 2006-09-06 }}</ref> The [[Ireland|Irish]] indie rock band [[Snow Patrol]] was formed by students at the [[University of Dundee]],<ref>{{cite web

| last = Borges

| first = Mario Mesquita

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| title = Snow Patrol Biography

| work = [[Yahoo! Music]]

| publisher = [[Yahoo!]]

| date =

| url = http://music.yahoo.com/ar-296554-bio--Snow-Patrol

| format = HTML

| doi =

| accessdate = 2006-09-06 }}</ref> and [[Brian Molko]]; lead singer of [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]], grew up in the city.<ref>{{cite web

| title = NME Interview with Placebo

| url=http://www.placeboworld.co.uk/archive/missiveattack.htm

| publisher=[[NME]]/PlaceboWorld

| accessdate = 2006-07-17 }}</ref> In the autumn, Dundee hosts an annual [[blues]] festival known as the ''Dundee Blues Bonanza''.<ref>{{cite web

| last =

| first =

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| title = Dundee Blues Bonanza

| work =

| publisher =

| date =

| url = http://www.dundeebluesbonanza.co.uk/

| format =

| doi =

| accessdate = 2006-09-06 }}</ref> In May 2006 [[BBC Radio 1]]'s [[Big Weekend]] music festival was held in the city's [[Camperdown Park|Camperdown park]].<ref name="big weekend" /> The city has two radio stations &mdash; [[Wave 102]] and [[Tay FM]] &mdash; which broadcast on 102.0 and 102.8&nbsp;FM respectively. Tay FM also has a sister AM station, [[Tay AM]]. Between 2001 and 2002, the city had its own [[Restricted Service Licence|RSL]] television channel, the [[Channel Six Dundee]], which played music videos and cult children's cartoons.

===Sports===

Dundee has two professional [[soccer|football]] teams &mdash; ([[Dundee F.C.|Dundee ]] and [[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]]). Their stadia ([[Dens Park]] and [[Tannadice Park]]) are closer together than any senior pair in world football. Dundee is one of only three British cities to have produced two [[European Cup]] semi-finalists (the others being [[Glasgow]] and [[London]]). Dundee FC was relegated to the [[Scottish Football League First Division|First Division]] in the [[2004-05 in Scottish football|2004-05 season]], leaving Dundee United as the city's only [[Scottish Premier League]] (SPL) team.<ref>{{cite news

|title = SPL: Dundee relegated after draw

|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4570000/newsid_4570400/4570487.stm

|format = HTML

|work = CBBC Newsround Sport

|publisher = [[BBC]]

|date = [[May 22]] [[2005]]

|accessdate = 2006-09-06

}}</ref> Dundee and surrounding towns are home to a number of [[junior football]] teams. In May 2005, two local teams &mdash; [[Tayport]] and [[Lochee|Lochee United]] &mdash; qualified for the final of the [[Scottish Junior Cup]] at [[Tannadice Park]], which was won by Tayport.<ref>{{cite news

| last =

| first =

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| title = Tayport 2-0 Lochee United

| work = [[BBC Sport]]

| publisher = [[BBC]]

| date = [[29 March]] [[2005]]

| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/football/scot_div_1/4589701.stm

| format = HTML

| doi =

| accessdate = 2006-06-09 }}

</ref> Dundee is home to the [[Dundee Texol Stars]] [[ice hockey]] team which plays at Dundee Ice Arena. The team participates in the [[Scottish National League]] (SNL) with the [[Dundee Tigers]] and the [[Northern League (ice hockey, 2005)|Northern League]] (NL) and in cup competitions. Dundee is home to [[Dundee High School Former Pupils]] rugby club which plays in the First Division of the [[BT Premier League]] rugby club. Menzieshill Hockey Club are one of Scotland's premier field hockey teams and regularly represent Scotland in European competitions. The team plays in the European Indoor Cup A Division and has won the Scottish Indoor National League seven times in the last decade. An outdoor concrete skate park was constructed in Dudhope Park with money from the [[Scottish Executive]]’s Quality of Life Fund.<ref>{{cite news

| last =

| first =

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| title = New skate park opened in Dundee

| work = Evening Telegraph and post

| publisher = [[DC Thomson]]

| date = [[27 February]] [[2006]]

| url = http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2006/02/27/story8072151t0.shtm

| format = HTML

| doi =

| accessdate = 2006-09-06 }}</ref> Opened in 2006, the park was nominated for the [[Nancy Ovens Award]].<ref>{{cite web

| last =

| first =

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| title = Leisure and arts services committee - Agenda

| work =

| publisher = Dundee city council

| date = [[14 August]] [[2006]]

| url = http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/reports/agendas/la210806.pdf

| format = PDF

| doi =

| accessdate = 2006-09-06 }}</ref>

==Education==

===Schools===

Schools in Dundee have a pupil enrollment of over 20,300.<ref name="council HMIE report" /> There are forty-one primary schools and ten secondary schools in the city. Of these, twelve primary and three secondary schools serve the city's Roman Catholic population; the remainder are non-denominational. Dundee is also home to a school for [[Muslim]] girls &mdash; the only one of its kind in Scotland.<ref>{{cite news

| last = Saeed

| first = Osama

| title = Will the state protect Islamic teaching?

| work = Faith schools debate

| publisher = [[The Scotsman]]

| date = [[18 May]] [[2005]]

| url = http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1231&id=540072005

| accessdate = }}</ref> Standards in Dundee's primary schools have shown continuous improvement since 2001, with most meeting or exceeding the national average for rates of improvement.<ref name="inspection followup">{{cite paper

| title = Follow-up to the Inspection of the Education Functions of Dundee City Council

| publisher = [[Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education]]

| date = August 2003

| url = http://www.hmie.gov.uk/documents/followup/DundeeCityCouncilFU1.html

| format = HTML

| accessdate = 2006-09-21

}}</ref> Educational performance at standard and higher grade in secondary schools had been well below the national average in 1997 to 1999,<ref name="council HMIE report" /> although subsequent figures have shown a significant improvement. Between 2003 to 2005, 85% of pupils achieved access 3 or [[Standard Grade|standard grade]], 5–6 in English or Maths and 12% achieving at least 5 [[Higher (Scottish)|higher awards]] at A–C grades.<ref name="education standards">{{cite web

| url = http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/publications/standards0405.pdf

| title = Standards and quality report August 2004 – December 2005

| accessdate = 2006-09-21

| author = Dundee City Council Education Department

| format = PDF

| publisher = Dundee City Council

| pages = 32–33

}}</ref> The average number of graduates who continued on to [[Further education|further]] or [[higher education]] was 56% in the school year 2004/5, 4% higher than the national average of 52%.<ref name="education standards" /> This was an increase from the period of 1997 to 1999 when the rate had had been well below the national average.<ref name="education standards" /> The rate of truancy in Dundee schools has improved to 0.2% from previous rates, which had exceeded the national average of 0.8%.<ref name="council HMIE report" />

Dundee is home to one [[independent school|independent]] ([[private school|private]]) [[grammar school]], the [[High School of Dundee]], which founded in the 13th century by the [[Abbot]] and [[Monks]] of [[Lindores]]. Early students included [[William Wallace]], [[Hector Boece]] and [[James, John and Robert Wedderburn]], the authors of ''[[The Gude and Godlie Ballatis]]'', one of the most important literary works of the [[Scottish Reformation]]. It was the earliest [[Reformed]] school in Scotland, having adopted the new religion in 1554.

The most prominent of Dundee's [[state school|state]] [[secondary school]]s are the [[Harris Academy]] and the [[Morgan Academy]]. The Harris Academy was founded in 1885 and is the largest state school in the city. Former pupils include MP [[George Galloway]], professional footballer [[Christian Dailly]] and the former vice-chairman of [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers Football Club]], [[Donald Findlay]]. The Morgan Academy dates back to 1888 when the Dundee Burgh School Board bought Morgan hospital and reopened it as a school. The school and the prior hospital take their names from [[John Morgan]], who bequeathed much of his fortune to establish a residential institution.

===Colleges and universities===

[[Image:Dundee_University.jpg|thumb|right|Dundee University|300px]]

Dundee is home to two universities and a student population of approximately 17,000.<ref name="population" /> The [[University of Dundee]] was established in 1967, after 70&nbsp;years as a college of the [[University of St Andrews]]. Significant research in [[biomedical]] fields and [[oncology]] is carried out in the "College of Life Sciences".<ref>{{cite web

| last =

| first =

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| year = 2006

| url = http://www.dundee.ac.uk/biocentre/

| title = Overview

| format = HTML

| work = College of Life Sciences Research Biocentre

| publisher = [[University of Dundee]]

| accessdate = 1 August

| accessyear = 2006

}}</ref> The university also incorporates the [[Duncan of Jordanstone School of Art and Design]]. In October 2005, the university became the first [[UNESCO]] centre in the UK; the centre will be involved in research regarding the management of the world's water resources on behalf of the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web

| last =

| first =

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| year = 2005

| url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001410/141094e.pdf

| title = Proposed establishment of an international IHP-help centre for water law, policy and science at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK, under the auspices of UNESCO

| format = PDF

| work = General Conference

33rd session, Paris 2005

| publisher = [[UNESCO]]

| accessdate = 8 July

| accessyear = 2006

}}</ref>

The [[University of Abertay Dundee]] is a [[New Universities|''new university'']]; created in 1994 under [[Further and Higher Education Act, 1992|legislation]] granting the status of university to the Dundee Institute of Technology, which had been founded in 1888. The university has a [[computer games]] technology and design department that holds an annual computer game production competition called ''Dare to Be Digital''. The university is also home to the [[Dundee Business School]]. In May 2002, University of Abertay was ranked number one in the United Kingdom for its investment in IT facilities by the [[Financial Times]].<ref>{{cite web

| last =

| first =

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| title = University of Abertay Dundee

| work = Education UK

| publisher = [[British Council]]

| date =

| url = http://www.educationuk.org/pls/hot_bc/bc_profile.page_pls_profile_details?a=91&z=14998&p_lang=31

| format = HTML

| doi =

| accessdate = 2006-09-06 }}</ref> In ''The Times University Ranking'' [[League tables of British universities|tables]], the University of Dundee and the University of Abertay are 44th and 57th in a list of 109 British universities respectively.<ref name="times-uni-list">{{cite web

| last = O'Leary

| first = John

| authorlink = John O'Leary (journalist)

| coauthors =

| title = Good University Guide 2007

| work = Times Online

| publisher = [[The Times]]

| date =

| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/section/0,,716,00.html

| format = HTML

| doi =

| accessdate = 6 September

| accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> The University of Dundee was ranked third for [[social work]], seventh for [[architecture]] and eighth for [[biological sciences]].<ref name="times-uni-list" />

[[Dundee College]] is the city's only [[further education]] college, which was established in 1985 as an institution of higher education and vocational training. The college is noted for its [[New Media]] centre and the [[Scottish School of Contemporary Dance]]. In a 2005 [[Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education|HMIE]] inspection, the college's teaching and learning process were rated "very good" in six of the seven subject areas and overall evaluations.<ref>{{cite press release

| title = Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Education’s review of Dundee College

| publisher = [[Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education]]

| date = [[25 May]] [[2005]]

| url = http://www.sfc.ac.uk/library/06854fc203db2fbd000001040ec9c592/prfe0605.pdf#search=%22dundee%20education%22

| format = PDF

| accessdate = 2006-09-21 }}</ref>

==See also==

{{Areas of Dundee}}

{{Scottish Cities}}

==References==

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==Further reading==

*{{cite book | title= A history of Dundee | publisher=David Winter & Son | author=W. J. Smith | id=<small>OCLC 62092907 | year = 1973}}

==External links==

{{sisterlinks|Dundee}}

*[http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/ Dundee City Council]

{{oscoor gbx|NO404303}}

*[http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/photodb/ Dundee City Council Photo Archive]

*[http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/dundee.htm Dundee Dialect]

*[http://www.cairdhall.co.uk/Site/Frameset/2/core.htm Caird Hall]

*{{wikitravel|Dundee}}

*[http://www.dundonianforbeginners.co.uk Dundonian for beginners]

*[http://www.indundee.co.uk What's on in Dundee]

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[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{coor dms|56|27|51|N|02|58|13|W|type:city}}

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