Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods: Difference between revisions
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<!--This subpage supports example edits for different citation methods, only edit here if you think the examples need further technical work.-->
{{redirect|WP:CITEX|information on the general Wikipedia citation guidelines|WP:CITE}}
{{Wikipedia how-to|WP:CITEX}}
This page shows some comparative examples for different citation methods using shortened notes and full length references in footnotes. These show representations of edit mode views, with examples of how the edits would render to the reader.
==Full references in footnotes== <!--edit page rather than section if browser misbehaves here-->
===Full references written freehand
This is an edit mode representation showing full references in footnotes written freehand.<!--i.e. construed to look similar when viewed on the page. If you're actually IN edit mode it'll look different with the <div> and <pre> tags used to make the construction work-->
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003><cite id=Kummer2003ch8>Kummer, Corby (2003). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC The Joy of Coffee]'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I Caffeine and Decaf], Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, 151–170. ISBN:0618302409 Retrieved on February 23, 2008.</cite></ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006). "[http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes]". ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' 166(11):1190–1195. DOI:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190 PMID:16772246
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Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>Op. cit. [[#Kummer2003ch8|Kummer 2003]] p.152</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001). "[http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform]". ''Hypertension'' 38(2):227–231. PMID:11509481 Retrieved on February 23, 2008.
</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>Johnson, S. (2001). "[http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency]". ''Medical Hypotheses'' 56(2):
''Information about Caffeine Dependence''. Retrieved on February 23, 2008.</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007). [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm Caffeine in the diet]. ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia''. The U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on February 23, 2008.</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>{{
cite book
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|pages =
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}</ref>
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|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|date = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
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|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>{{
cite journal
|author = Pereira, Mark A.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
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|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>{{
cite web
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}</ref>
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>Op. Cit. {{Harvnb|Kummer|2003|p=152}}</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{
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|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
Line 110 ⟶ 100:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>{{
cite journal
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|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages =
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[
cite web
|author
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>{{
cite journal
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|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>{{
cite web
Line 155 ⟶ 144:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>{{
cite web
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|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>{{cite book | last = Kummer | first = Corby | year = 2003 | title = The Joy of Coffee | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC | chapter = Caffeine and Decaf |chapter-url= http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks | isbn = 0618302409 | pages = 151–170 |access-date= 2008-02-23}}</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Klatsky | first = Arthur L. |
cite web | last = Bakalar | first = Nicholas | date = 2006-08-15 | title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits | publisher = New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>Op. Cit. {{Harvnb|Kummer|2003|p=152}}</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mahmud | first = A. |
== References ==
{{reflist}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
===Rendering for footnote full references
Also, in order to disambiguate the interlinking between the "Kummer 2003" references from earlier examples, the naming of those references has been explicitly set to "DisambiguateKummer".
edit the project page rather than the section if the browser misbehaves here-->
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<div style="margin: 1em; padding: 1em; border:1px solid #999">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kummer | first = Corby | year = 2003 | title = The Joy of Coffee | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC | chapter = Caffeine and Decaf |
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Klatsky | first = Arthur L. |
cite web | last = Bakalar | first = Nicholas | date = 2006-08-15 | title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits | publisher = New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>Op. Cit. {{Harvnb|Kummer|2003|p=152|Ref=DisambiguateKummer}}</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mahmud | first = A. |
;References
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==Shortened notes== <!--edit page rather than section if browser misbehaves here-->
===Shortened notes with references written freehand===
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes. Using shortened footnotes in the Refs allows an editorial choice to be made regarding the arrangement of the full citations. These are usually arranged alphabetically by author surname.
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<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003ch8>Kummer 2003.</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>Klatsky 2006.</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>Pereira 2006.</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>Bakalar 2006.</ref>
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref name=Kummer2003ch8 /> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>Mahmud 2001.</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>Johnson 2001.</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* Bakalar, Nicholas (2006-08-15), ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits]'', New York Times, retrieved 2007-07-28
* BBC News; Lesk, Valerie (2004-07-20), ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm A coffee can make you forgetful]'', BBC News, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007), [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm "Caffeine in the diet"], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'' (The U.S. National Library of Medicine), retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003), [http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources "Use and Common Sources of Caffeine"], ''Information about Caffeine Dependence'', retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johnson, S. (2001), [http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency"] (PDF), ''Medical Hypotheses''(Harcourt Publishers Ltd) '''56''' (2): 163–170, doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133, PMID 11425281, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes"], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (11): 1190–1195, doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190, PMID 16772246, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Kummer, Corby (2003), [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I "Caffeine and Decaf"], ''The Joy of Coffee'', Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, ISBN 0618302409, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Lesk, Valerie E.; Womble, Stephen P. (June 2004), "Caffeine, Priming, and Tip of the Tongue: Evidence for Plasticity in the Phonological System", Behavioral Neuroscience '''118''' (3): 453-461
* Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001), [http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform"], ''Hypertension'' '''38''' (2): 227–231, PMID 11509481, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316,
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
'''Rendering:'''<!--This rendering is produced by copying the above content between the <pre> and </pre> tags into place between the <div> and </div> tags below and, since this is a subsection in this project page and changing "==Notes==" and "==References==" respectively to ";Notes" and ";References.-->
<div style="margin: 1em; padding: 1em; border:1px solid #999">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003ch8>Kummer 2003.</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>Klatsky 2006.</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>Pereira 2006.</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>Bakalar 2006.</ref>
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref name=Kummer2003ch8 /> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>Mahmud 2001.</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>Johnson 2001.</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>BBC 2004.</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>Smith 2002.</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>Johns Hopkins 2003.</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>Haines 2007.</ref>
{{Fake heading|Notes}}
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Fake heading|References}}
{{refbegin}}
* Bakalar, Nicholas (2006-08-15), ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits]'', New York Times, retrieved 2007-07-28
* BBC News; Lesk, Valerie (2004-07-20), ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm A coffee can make you forgetful]'', BBC News, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007), [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm "Caffeine in the diet"], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'' (The U.S. National Library of Medicine), retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003), [http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources "Use and Common Sources of Caffeine"], ''Information about Caffeine Dependence'', retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johnson, S. (2001), [http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency"] (PDF), ''Medical Hypotheses''(Harcourt Publishers Ltd) '''56''' (2): 163–170, doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133, {{PMID|11425281}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes"], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (11): 1190–1195, doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190, {{PMID|16772246}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Kummer, Corby (2003), [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I "Caffeine and Decaf"], ''The Joy of Coffee'', Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, {{ISBN|0618302409}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Lesk, Valerie E.; Womble, Stephen P. (June 2004), "Caffeine, Priming, and Tip of the Tongue: Evidence for Plasticity in the Phonological System", Behavioral Neuroscience '''118''' (3): 453-461
* Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001), [http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform"], ''Hypertension'' '''38''' (2): 227–231, {{PMID|11509481}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316, {{PMID|16801515}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Smith, A. (2002), [http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 "Effects of caffeine on human behavior"], ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' '''40''' (9): 1243-1255, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, {{PMID|12204388}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
{{refend}}
</div>
===Shortened notes with wikilinks===
====Shortened notes with wikilinks to references written freehand====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes including wikilinks from the notes to the references written freehand. Note that an editorial choice has been made here to specify the page number range of the cited chapter in the initial "Kummer 2003" Ref, and to specify a specific page number in the second Ref, rather than to re-use a named Ref without specifying page numbers as was done above.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref>[[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]] pp.151–170.</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>[[#refKlatsky2006|Klatsky 2006]].</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>[[#refPereira2006|Pereira 2006]].</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>[[#refBakalar2006|Bakalar 2006]].</ref>
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>[[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]] p.152.</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>[[#refMahmud2001|Mahmud 2001]].</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>[[#refJohnson2001|Johnson 2001]].</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>[[#refBBC2004|BBC 2004]].</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>[[#refSmith2002|Smith 2002]].</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>[[#refJohnsHopkins2003|Johns Hopkins 2003]].</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>[[#refHaines2007|Haines 2007]].</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refBakalar2006 |reference=Bakalar, Nicholas (2006-08-15), ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits]'', New York Times, retrieved 2007-07-28}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refBBC2004 |reference=BBC News; Lesk, Valerie (2004-07-20), ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm A coffee can make you forgetful]'', BBC News, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refHaines2007 |reference=Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007), [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm "Caffeine in the diet"], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'' (The U.S. National Library of Medicine), retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refJohnsHopkins2003 |reference=Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003), [http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources "Use and Common Sources of Caffeine"], ''Information about Caffeine Dependence'', retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refJohnson2001 |reference=Johnson, S. (2001), [http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency"] (PDF), ''Medical Hypotheses''(Harcourt Publishers Ltd) '''56''' (2): 163–170, doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133, PMID 11425281, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refKlatsky2006 |reference=Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes"], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (11): 1190–1195, doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190, PMID 16772246, retrieved 2008-02-23 }}
* {{wikicite |ref=refKummer2003 |reference=Kummer, Corby (2003), [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I "Caffeine and Decaf"], ''The Joy of Coffee'', Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, ISBN 0618302409, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refMahmud2001 |reference=Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001), [http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform"], ''Hypertension'' '''38''' (2): 227–231, PMID 11509481, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refPereira2006 |reference=Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316, PMID 16801515, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refSmith2002 |reference=Smith, A. (2002), [http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 "Effects of caffeine on human behavior"], ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' '''40''' (9): 1243-1255, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, PMID 12204388, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
====Shortened notes with wikilinks using citation templates====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes including wikilinks from the notes to the references using citations. The body text is the same as the example above (shortened notes with wikilinks to references written freehand). Note how the citations in the references section do not need to be wrapped in the wikicite template however, as the templates all support the reference anchor parameter.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref>[[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]] pp.151–170.</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>[[#refKlatsky2006|Klatsky 2006]].</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>[[#refPereira2006|Pereira 2006]].</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>[[#refBakalar2006|Bakalar 2006]].</ref>
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>[[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]] p.152.</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>[[#refMahmud2001|Mahmud 2001]].</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>[[#refJohnson2001|Johnson 2001]].</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>[[#refBBC2004|BBC 2004]].</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>[[#refSmith2002|Smith 2002]].</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>[[#refJohnsHopkins2003|Johns Hopkins 2003]].</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>[[#refHaines2007|Haines 2007]].</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist|
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refBakalar2006
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
Line 242 ⟶ 311:
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{cite web
|
|
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refHaines2007
|author = Haines, Cynthia Dennison
|year = 2007
Line 260 ⟶ 330:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refJohnsHopkins2003
|author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
|year = 2003
Line 268 ⟶ 339:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|ref = refJohnson2001
|author = Johnson, S.
|date = 2001
Line 279 ⟶ 351:
|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages =
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|ref = refKlatsky2006
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|date = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190
|journal = Archives of Internal Medicine
|volume = 166
|issue = 11
|pages = 1190–1195
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{cite book
|ref = refKummer2003
|author = Kummer, Corby
|year = 2003
Line 306 ⟶ 380:
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|ref = refMahmud2001
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
Line 323 ⟶ 398:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|ref = refPereira2006
|author = Pereira, Mark A.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
Line 336 ⟶ 412:
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|ref = refSmith2002
|author = Smith, A.
|year = 2002
Line 349 ⟶ 426:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
===={{anchor|harvnb}}{{anchor|sfn}}Shortened notes linked with {{tl|sfn}} and citation templates====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes written using {{tl|sfn}} with citation templates.<!--i.e., construed to look similar when viewed on the page. If you're actually IN edit mode it'll look different with the <div> and <pre> tags used to make the construction work--> Templates in the {{cite xxx}} and {{tl|citation}} families allow linking from {{tl|sfn}} via matching author last names and year (part of date). Overriding ref parameter CITEREF''SurnameYear'' may also be used (e.g. when coauthor names mismatch).
A template call like <code><nowiki>{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}</nowiki></code> is equivalent to <code><nowiki><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2007|p=25}}.</ref></nowiki></code>, except that it automatically combines identical footnotes. (To get the equivalent effect using the {{tl|harvnb}} construction, you'd need to add matching {{code|name{{=}}}} parameters to the footnotes to be combined.) The longer form can be used if more control is needed.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.{{sfn|Kummer|2003|pp=151–170}}
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],{{sfn|Klatsky|Morton|Udaltsova|Friedman|2006}} and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.{{sfn|Pereira|Parker|Folsom|2006}} For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.{{sfn|Bakalar|2006}}
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.{{sfn|Kummer|2003|p=152}} Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.{{sfn|Mahmud|Feely|2001}} Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],{{sfn|Johnson|2001}} and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.{{sfn|Lesk|2004}} About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,{{sfn|Smith|2002}} and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.{{sfn|Johns Hopkins|2003}} Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.{{sfn|Haines|2007}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|last = Bakalar
Line 375 ⟶ 458:
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{cite web
|
|
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{cite web
|
|first = Cynthia Dennison
|year = 2007
|title = Caffeine in the diet
Line 393 ⟶ 477:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*{{cite web
|ref = {{harvid|Johns Hopkins|2003}}
|author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
|year = 2003
Line 401 ⟶ 486:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|
|
|year = 2001
|title = The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency
|url = http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf
Line 412 ⟶ 498:
|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages =
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190
Line 431 ⟶ 517:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{cite book
|
|first = Corby
|year = 2003
|title = The Joy of Coffee
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|first2 = J.
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
Line 456 ⟶ 544:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|
|
|last2 = Parker
|first2 = D.
|last3 = Folsom
|first3 = A.R.
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
Line 469 ⟶ 561:
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|
|first = A.
|year = 2002
|title = Effects of caffeine on human behavior
Line 482 ⟶ 575:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
===
All three of the above shortened notes with wikilinks examples would render exactly the same.
'''Rendering:'''<!--This rendering is produced by copying the content for the last example above (Shortened notes using {{tl|sfn}} and citation templates) between the <pre> and </pre> tags into place between the <div> and </div> tags below and, since this is a subsection in this project page and changing "==Notes==" and "==References" respectively to use {{Fake heading}}-->
<div style="margin: 1em; padding: 1em; border:1px solid #999">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.{{sfn|Kummer|2003|pp=151–170}}
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],{{sfn|Klatsky|Morton|Udaltsova|Friedman|2006}} and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.{{sfn|Pereira|Parker|Folsom|2006}} For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.{{sfn|Bakalar|2006}}
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.{{sfn|Kummer|2003|p=152}} Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.{{sfn|Mahmud|Feely|2001}} Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],{{sfn|Johnson|2001}} and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.{{sfn|Lesk|2004}} About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,{{sfn|Smith|2002}} and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.{{sfn|Johns Hopkins|2003}} Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.{{sfn|Haines|2007}}
{{Fake heading|Notes}}
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Fake heading|References}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
Line 513 ⟶ 605:
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*
|
|
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*
|
|first = Cynthia Dennison
|year = 2007
|title = Caffeine in the diet
Line 531 ⟶ 624:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*
|ref = {{harvid|Johns Hopkins|2003}}
|author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
|year = 2003
Line 539 ⟶ 633:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*
|
|
|year = 2001
|title = The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency
|url = http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf
Line 550 ⟶ 645:
|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages =
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190
Line 569 ⟶ 664:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*
|
|first = Corby
|year = 2003
|title = The Joy of Coffee
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|first2 = J.
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
Line 594 ⟶ 691:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*
|
|
|last2 = Parker
|first2 = D.
|last3 = Folsom
|first3 = A.R.
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
Line 607 ⟶ 708:
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*
|
|first = A.
|year = 2002
|title = Effects of caffeine on human behavior
Line 620 ⟶ 722:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</div>
<br>
----
[[Category:Wikipedia how-to |{{PAGENAME}}]]
<!-- This subpage supports example edits for different citation methods, only edit here if you think the examples need further technical work. -->
==Parenthetical references== <!--edit page rather than section if browser misbehaves here-->
This style of citation was a type of referencing used on Wikipedia until September 2020, when a [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|community discussion]] reached a consensus to [[deprecation|deprecate]] this format of citation.
Inline [[WP:Parenthetical references|parenthetical references]] are conceptually very much like shortened footnotes, but insert the shortened reference inline into the article body text rather than in a footnote. The advantages are that the source of the reference is shown more clearly, and getting to the full citation takes only one click rather than two with shortened footnotes (one to reach the shortened footnote, a second to reach the full citation). The disadvantage, though, is that the references clutter up the article text, and for this reason, parenthetical references are not nearly as common as shortened footnotes in Wikipedia articles.
===Parenthetical references with references written freehand===
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of inline parenthetical references, written freehand. Done this way, there is no linking from the references to the citation, so the user has to manually scroll down to find the citation.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption (Kummer 2003, pp. 151–170).
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]] (Klatsky 2006), and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components (Pereira 2006). For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage (Bakalar 2006).
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether (Kummer 2003, p. 152). Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls (Mahmud 2001). Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]] (Johnson 2001) and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information (BBC 2004). About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn (Smith 2002), and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects (Johns Hopkins 2003). Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults (Haines 2007).
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* Bakalar, Nicholas (2006-08-15), ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits]'', New York Times, retrieved 2007-07-28
* BBC News; Lesk, Valerie (2004-07-20), ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm A coffee can make you forgetful]'', BBC News, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007), [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm "Caffeine in the diet"], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'' (The U.S. National Library of Medicine), retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003), [http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources "Use and Common Sources of Caffeine"], ''Information about Caffeine Dependence'', retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johnson, S. (2001), [http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency"] (PDF), ''Medical Hypotheses''(Harcourt Publishers Ltd) '''56''' (2): 163–170, doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133, PMID 11425281, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes"], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (11): 1190–1195, doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190, PMID 16772246, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Kummer, Corby (2003), [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I "Caffeine and Decaf"], ''The Joy of Coffee'', Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, ISBN 0618302409, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Lesk, Valerie E.; Womble, Stephen P. (June 2004), "Caffeine, Priming, and Tip of the Tongue: Evidence for Plasticity in the Phonological System", Behavioral Neuroscience '''118''' (3): 453-461
* Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001), [http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform"], ''Hypertension'' '''38''' (2): 227–231, PMID 11509481, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316,
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
'''Rendering:'''<!--This rendering is produced by copying the above content between the <pre> and </pre> tags into place between the <div> and </div> tags below and, since this is a subsection in this project page and changing "==Notes==" and "==References==" respectively to ";Notes" and ";References.-->
<div style="margin: 1em; padding: 1em; border:1px solid #999">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]]
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether
{{Fake heading|References}}
{{
* Bakalar, Nicholas (2006-08-15), ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits]'', New York Times, retrieved 2007-07-28
* BBC News; Lesk, Valerie (2004-07-20), ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm A coffee can make you forgetful]'', BBC News, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007), [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm "Caffeine in the diet"], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'' (The U.S. National Library of Medicine), retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003), [http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources "Use and Common Sources of Caffeine"], ''Information about Caffeine Dependence'', retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johnson, S. (2001), [http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency"] (PDF), ''Medical Hypotheses''(Harcourt Publishers Ltd) '''56''' (2): 163–170, doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133, {{PMID|11425281}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes"], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (11): 1190–1195, doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190, {{PMID|16772246}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Kummer, Corby (2003), [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I "Caffeine and Decaf"], ''The Joy of Coffee'', Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, {{ISBN|0618302409}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Lesk, Valerie E.; Womble, Stephen P. (June 2004), "Caffeine, Priming, and Tip of the Tongue: Evidence for Plasticity in the Phonological System", Behavioral Neuroscience '''118''' (3): 453-461
* Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001), [http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform"], ''Hypertension'' '''38''' (2): 227–231, {{PMID|11509481}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316, {{PMID|16801515}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
* Smith, A. (2002), [http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 "Effects of caffeine on human behavior"], ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' '''40''' (9): 1243-1255, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, {{PMID|12204388}}, retrieved 2008-02-23
{{refend}}
</div>
===Parenthetical references with wikilinks===
====Parenthetical references with wikilinks to references written freehand====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of inline parenthetical references including wikilinks from the notes to the references written freehand. <div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="border: none; background:white; margin: 0; padding:0; line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;
white-space: -moz-pre-wrap;
white-space: -o-pre-wrap;
white-space: -pre-wrap;
white-space: pre-wrap">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption ([[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]], pp.151–170).
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]] ([#refKlatsky2006|Klatsky 2006]]), and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components ([[#refPereira2006|Pereira 2006]]). For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage ([[#refBakalar2006|Bakalar 2006]]).
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether ([[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]], p.152). Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls ([[#refMahmud2001|Mahmud 2001]]). Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]] ([[#refJohnson2001|Johnson 2001]]), and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information ([[#refBBC2004|BBC 2004]]). About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn ([[#refSmith2002|Smith 2002]]), and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects ([[#refJohnsHopkins2003|Johns Hopkins 2003]]). Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults ([[#refHaines2007|Haines 2007]]).
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refBakalar2006 |reference=Bakalar, Nicholas (2006-08-15), ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits]'', New York Times, retrieved 2007-07-28}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refBBC2004 |reference=BBC News; Lesk, Valerie (2004-07-20), ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm A coffee can make you forgetful]'', BBC News, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refHaines2007 |reference=Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007), [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm "Caffeine in the diet"], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'' (The U.S. National Library of Medicine), retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refJohnsHopkins2003 |reference=Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003), [http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources "Use and Common Sources of Caffeine"], ''Information about Caffeine Dependence'', retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refJohnson2001 |reference=Johnson, S. (2001), [http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency"] (PDF), ''Medical Hypotheses''(Harcourt Publishers Ltd) '''56''' (2): 163–170, doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133, PMID 11425281, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refKlatsky2006 |reference=Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes"], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (11): 1190–1195, doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190, PMID 16772246, retrieved 2008-02-23 }}
* {{wikicite |ref=refKummer2003 |reference=Kummer, Corby (2003), [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I "Caffeine and Decaf"], ''The Joy of Coffee'', Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, ISBN 0618302409, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refMahmud2001 |reference=Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001), [http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform"], ''Hypertension'' '''38''' (2): 227–231, PMID 11509481, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refPereira2006 |reference=Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316, PMID 16801515, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
* {{wikicite |ref=refSmith2002 |reference=Smith, A. (2002), [http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 "Effects of caffeine on human behavior"], ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' '''40''' (9): 1243-1255, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, PMID 12204388, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
====Parenthetical references with wikilinks using citation templates====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of inline parenthetical references including wikilinks from the notes to the references using citations. The body text is the same as the example above (parenthetical references with wikilinks to references written freehand). Note how the citations in the references section do not need to be wrapped in the wikicite template however, as the templates all support the reference anchor parameter.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption ([[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]], pp.151–170).
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]] ([#refKlatsky2006|Klatsky 2006]]), and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components ([[#refPereira2006|Pereira 2006]]). For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage ([[#refBakalar2006|Bakalar 2006]]).
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether ([[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]], p.152). Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls ([[#refMahmud2001|Mahmud 2001]]). Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]] ([[#refJohnson2001|Johnson 2001]]), and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information ([[#refBBC2004|BBC 2004]]). About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn ([[#refSmith2002|Smith 2002]]), and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects ([[#refJohnsHopkins2003|Johns Hopkins 2003]]). Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults ([[#refHaines2007|Haines 2007]]).
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refBakalar2006
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
Line 646 ⟶ 840:
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*
|
|
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*
|ref = refHaines2007
|author = Haines, Cynthia Dennison
|year = 2007
Line 664 ⟶ 859:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*
|ref = refJohnsHopkins2003
|author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
|year = 2003
Line 672 ⟶ 868:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*
|ref = refJohnson2001
|author = Johnson, S.
|date = 2001
Line 683 ⟶ 880:
|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages =
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*
|ref = refKlatsky2006
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|date = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
Line 702 ⟶ 900:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*
|ref = refKummer2003
|author = Kummer, Corby
|year = 2003
Line 710 ⟶ 909:
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*
|ref = refMahmud2001
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
Line 727 ⟶ 927:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*
|ref = refPereira2006
|author = Pereira, Mark A.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
Line 740 ⟶ 941:
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*
|ref = refSmith2002
|author = Smith, A.
|year = 2002
Line 753 ⟶ 955:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
===={{anchor|harv}}Parenthetical references linked with {{tl|harv}} and citation templates====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of
Alternatives to {{tl|harv}} are:
*Template {{tl|harvnb}} omits the parentheses ("brackets") and can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]] together inside a single surrounding pair of parens.
*Template {{tl|harvtxt}} moves the last name outside of the parens ("brackets") and is useful when you want to use the author name as the subject or object of a phrase, e.g. "According to Smith (2009, p. 25), …".
*Templates {{tl|harvcol}}, {{tl|harvcolnb}} and {{tl|harvcoltxt}} are similar but use a colon to separate the page number instead of an abbreviation like "p.". Hence, the output of {{tl|harvcoltxt}} would look something like "According to Smith (2009:25), …".
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption {{harv|Kummer|2003|pp=151–170}}.
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]]
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
Line 786 ⟶ 987:
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{
|
|
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{
|last = Haines
|first = Cynthia Dennison
|year = 2007
|title = Caffeine in the diet
Line 806 ⟶ 1,006:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*{{
|ref = {{harvid|Johns Hopkins|2003}}
|author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
|year = 2003
Line 814 ⟶ 1,015:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Johnson
|first = S.
Line 827 ⟶ 1,027:
|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages =
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
Line 846 ⟶ 1,046:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{
|last = Kummer
|first = Corby
Line 855 ⟶ 1,055:
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|first = J.
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
Line 885 ⟶ 1,073:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Pereira
|first = Mark A.
|last2 = Parker
|first2 = D.
|last3 = Folsom
|first3 = A.R.
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
Line 899 ⟶ 1,090:
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Smith
|first = A.
Line 913 ⟶ 1,104:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
===Rendering for parenthetical references linked with {{tl|harv}} and citation templates===
All three of the above parenthetical references with links examples would render exactly the same.
'''Rendering:'''<!--This rendering is produced by copying the content for the last example above (Parenthetical references linked with {{tl|harv}} and citation templates) between the <pre> and </pre> tags into place between the <div> and </div> tags below and, since this is a subsection in this project page and changing "==Notes==" and "==References" respectively to use {{Fake heading}}-->
<div style="margin: 1em; padding: 1em; border:1px solid #999">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption {{harv|Kummer|2003|pp=151–170}}.
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]] {{harv|Klatsky|Morton|Udaltsova|Friedman|2006}}, and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components {{harv|Pereira|Parker|Folsom|2006}}. For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage {{harv|Bakalar|2006}}.
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether {{harv|Kummer|2003|p=152}}. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls {{harv|Mahmud|Feely|2001}}. Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]] {{harv|Johnson|2001}}, and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information {{harv|Lesk|2004}}. About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn {{harv|Smith|2002}}, and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects {{harv|Johns Hopkins|2003}}. Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults {{harv|Haines|2007}}.
{{Fake heading|References}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refBakalar2006
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
Line 939 ⟶ 1,132:
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{
|
|
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{
|
|
|year = 2007
|title = Caffeine in the diet
Line 959 ⟶ 1,151:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*{{
|ref = refJohnsHopkins2003
|author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
|year = 2003
Line 967 ⟶ 1,160:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|ref = refJohnson2001
|
|
|title = The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency
|url = http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf
Line 980 ⟶ 1,172:
|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages =
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|ref = refKlatsky2006
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190
Line 999 ⟶ 1,192:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{
|
|
|year = 2003
|title = The Joy of Coffee
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
Line 1,038 ⟶ 1,219:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|
|
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
Line 1,052 ⟶ 1,233:
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|
|
|year = 2002
|title = Effects of caffeine on human behavior
Line 1,066 ⟶ 1,247:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</div>
Line 1,074 ⟶ 1,255:
----
[[Category:Wikipedia how-to |{{PAGENAME}}]]
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